Application Of Hair Dye Research Articles

Dermal exposure and hair dye: Assessing potential bladder cancer risk from permanent hair dye

Hair dye products include a range of chemicals, depending on the type and color. A common primary intermediate compound used to achieve the permanent effect of hair dye is para-phenylenediamine (PPD). 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP) has reportedly been found as a trace contaminant (presumably from the para-phenylenediamine [PPD] ingredient) in consumer permanent hair dye. While several regulatory agencies have designated 4-ABP as a human bladder carcinogen based on evidence in humans and experimental animals, only the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) have established a cancer risk value for 4-ABP of 0.03 μg/day based on liver tumors developed in mice. A hypothetical dermal risk assessment was performed to estimate the bladder cancer risk associated with exposure to 4-ABP from personal use of permanent hair dye potentially containing incidental 4-ABP. Previously published laboratory analyses characterizing 4-ABP concentrations in consumer hair dyes indicate the concentrations can range from below the limit of detection to 8120 ppb. Precautionary estimates of human scalp surface area, maximum skin adherence, hair dye retention factor, and percent dermal absorption were used to estimate the daily systemic exposure doses (SEDs) from dermal application of hair dye. The estimated SEDs ranged from 0.05 to 3000 pg/day. A margin of safety (MOS) was calculated as the ratio of the NSRL to the SED and ranged from 10 to 570,000. The results of this study suggest that there is no indication of increased risk of bladder cancer in humans from exposure to 4-ABP in consumer hair dye, especially as it is extremely unlikely that a consumer would use permanent hair dye on a daily basis (as this assessment models).

Contact Dermatitis Follow-up Care in a Comorbid, Elderly Woman Using Patient-assisted Teledermatology Consultation in Covid-19 Era

Teledermatology is a boon in the current situation considering the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The use of teledermatology with the available technology for follow-up care in a comorbid, geriatric and COVID-19 situation is reported. An elderly female with comorbidities presented to us with acute history of itchy red lesions over the face and scalp after application of hair dye. She was diagnosed with a case of contact dermatitis and was treated with topical corticosteroids and antihistamines after routine investigations. Considering her status of being elderly, comorbidities and no caretakers, we offered patient-assisted teledermatology consultation (PATC) through mobile messenger app for her follow-up. We were able to assess the serial images sent by the patient on days 3, 5, and 7 and observed improvement. Mobile messenger apps are convenient for the patients and reduce 75% of follow-up visits. It achieves both patient and physician satisfaction. We suggest PATC for follow-up, especially in the elderly with comorbidities. It minimizes multiple follow-up visits, save time, and cost.

Immediate Allergic Reaction, Generalized Urticaria and Palmar Itching, After Application of Hair Dye

We report a case of a 26-year-old woman, a hairdresser referred to the Allergology service for a study of allergy to hair dyes. Her personal history includes migraine treated with indomethacin on demand and intervention for appendicitis and otoplasty in 2006. She reported that 3 months ago after applying a hair dye, she immediately presented a picture of generalized urticaria and itching on the palms of her hands, for which she went to the emergency department. Upon arrival she presented a TA: 110/75; FC: 75; O2 saturation: 99%, urticaria was observed on the neck and arms. Rest of exploration was normal. Methylprednisolone and dexchlorpheniramine were administered and she was discharged with oral corticosteroids and levocetirizine. At 2 days she presented flaking on the scalp

Trichoscopic features of hair and scalp in noncomplaining individuals: A descriptive study

Trichoscopy is a simple noninvasive tool that is used in calculating different hair parameters and the diagnosis of different hair/scalp diseases at variable magnifications. The aim of this work is to describe the features and parameters of hair and scalp in a healthy sample of Egyptian population using videodermoscopy. This may help to provide standard range of measurements of normal hair in both males and females. A nonrandomized, observational study for features and parameters of hair structure, performed on 368healthy Egyptian subjects with no hair/scalp complaint. Each scalp area has its own vascular pattern. Male subjects showed different values regarding their hair parameters from the female subjects. No significant difference was seen after application of hair dye, except for few values. In both genders, there was a change in hair parameters with age. Smoking had a negative influence on hair parameters. Hair features and parameters observed in our population are different from those reported by other populations. Smoking affects hair thickness and density. Dyed hair has greater thickness mostly due to the protective effect of hair conditioners.

Eczéma de contact des paupières après une teinture des sourcils

Herein we present two cases involving young women who developed severe dermatitis on the eyelids and peri-orbital regions due to the application of hair dye to their eyebrows. Patch tests revealed a positive reaction to para-phenylenediamine in the first patient. The hair dye in question contained the para-phenylenediamine. Para-phenylenediamine is known to be a potent skin sensitizer and to cause allergic contact dermatitis. It is an ingredient of hair dyes and certain cosmetics. Several types of allergic dermatitis to para-phenylenediamine have been described. Eyelid contact dermatitis due to application of hair dye to the eyebrows has been reported only rarely.

New study links hair chemicals to breast cancer.

New study links hair chemicals to breast cancer.

Lichen Planus Pigmentosus: A Clinico-etiological Study.

Introduction:Lichen planus pigmentosus (LPP) is a distinct clinical entity commonly encountered in the Indian population.Aim:To study the clinicoetiological profile of LPP at a tertiary care hospital.Methods:A total of 100 patients with clinically and histopathologically confirmed diagnosis of LPP were included. Demographic details including the age of onset, duration of disease, symptoms, and family history were obtained. History regarding any precipitating factors, cosmetics, drug intake, and associated cutaneous or systemic diseases was taken. Clinical examination of the skin, oral cavity, hair, and nails was carried out.Results:Of the total 100 patients, 56 (56%) were females and 44 (44%) males with age ranging from 18 to 54 years (mean age - 31.23 years). The duration of disease ranged from 2 to 60 months with a mean of 19.31 months. Cosmetic disfigurement (68%) was the commonest complaint, followed by itching (41%) while, 30% of the patients were asymptomatic. History of topical mustard oil and hair dye application was present in 62% and 48% of the cases each. Other topicals included perfumes (24%), aftershave lotion (36%), and cosmetics (20%). Face (54%) and neck (48%) were the commonest sites affected, followed by upper back (36%), upper limbs, and chest (each 32%). A total of 11 patients showed only flexural involvement. The commonest pattern of pigmentation was diffuse (56%) followed by reticular in 16%. The color of the pigmentation varied from slate grey to brownish-black in varying proportions. A positive association was found between hypothyroidism with diffuse LPP where the P value was <0.001.Conclusion:LPP is a distinct clinical entity caused by diverse etiological factors and shows varied clinical patterns. All the patients should be advised to stop using mustard oil/henna/hair dye/after shave lotions and cosmetics. Hypothyroidism can be considered to be a disease associated with LPP and all the patients should be investigated for the same.

Ultrasound-enhanced hair dye application for natural dyeing formulations

Advances made in recent years have allowed the application of colorants obtained from natural sources into textile dyeing. The use of ultrasound in the dyeing method is reported to increase dye uptake and decrease dyeing times. The aim of this work is to further extend the knowledge of natural hair dyes considering the use of ultrasound in the dyeing method with commercially available herbal dyes and using goat hair as a model for human hair. Optimal ultrasonic parameters were selected by considering the effects of sonication times (5, 10 and 15 min), frequencies (44, 400 and 1000 kHz) and total dyeing times (30, 60 and 120 min) in the morphology of the dyed hair and the colour intensity. Damage to the hair surface was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, differences in colour of the dyed hair was obtained by ImageJ analysis and quantification of dye uptake was determined by UV–visible spectroscopy. The evidence from this study suggests an increase in goat hair coloration with the use of ultrasonic energy. Optimal dyeing conditions in consideration of colouration efficacy without hair damage were identified as sonication at 400 kHz for 10 min with a total dyeing time of 60 min.

Photo-patch and patch tests in patients with dermatitis over the photo-exposed areas: A study of 101 cases from a tertiary care centre in India.

Many patients with dermatitis over photo-exposed body areas are positive to many contact allergens and have a pre-existing allergic contact dermatitis. This study included patients who presented to a tertiary centre in India with dermatitis on photo-exposed body areas suspected of chronic actinic dermatitis. Their detailed histories were recorded and cutaneous and systemic examinations were performed. Patch testing was done in all the patients and photo-patch testing was carried out in 86 patients. Altogether 101 patients were included (69 males, 32 females). The most common presentation was lichenified hyperpigmented plaques on the photo-exposed sites. Photosensitivity was recorded in 64 (63%) patients and summer exacerbation in 52 (52%). Exposure to the Parthenium hysterophorus weed was recorded in 70 (69%) patients, 27 (26.7%) had a history of hair dye application and 20 (20%) had a history of atopy. Photo-patch test was positive in 11 (12.8%) patients and patch testing was positive in 71 (70%). Parthenium hysterophorus was the most common allergen implicated and was positive in three (4%) photo-patch and 52 (52%) patch tests. Other positive photo-patch test allergens were perfume mix, balsam of Peru, thiuram mix, Compositae mix and promethazine hydrochloride. Other common patch test allergens were parthenolide, colophony, fragrance mix and p-phenylenediamine (PPD) base. In the Indian population parthenium and perfume mix are the most common photoallergens in patients with dermatitis over photo-exposed areas, while parthenium, colophony, fragrance mix and PPD are the common positive allergens.

Chronic Interstitial Nephritis Induced by Long-Term Topical Application of Hair Dye

We provide a patient, habitually used a hair dye contained P-araphenylenediamine once every month for almost six years, who presents elevated creatinine and proteinuria and renal interstitial fibrosis by renal biopsy. Hair dye is widely used all over the world. There have been some literatures about hair dye induced acute kidney injury, but few about the topical application of it can induce chronic interstitial fibrosis. In view of the persistent usage of small dosage of hair dye can cause chronic kidney disease, it is indeed necessary for people to pay attention to the side effect of hair dye.

Toxicity Effects of Hair Dye Application on Liver Function in Experimental Animals

Objective: This study was conducted to assess the hair dye toxicity by using hair dye among experimental rats in order to verify the biochemical and haematological abnormalities and liver dysfunction. Methods: Albino Wistar Rats were obtained from the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum– Sudan. The rats were divided into two batches on the basis of using the commercial hair dye as oral or subcutaneous administration respectively; each batch has four groups (control and three test groups) each comprising six rats. Batch-1 (group-2, 3, and 4 orally administered with 10, 20, and 30mg/kg body weight of the commercial hair dye, respectively); and Batch-2 (group-2, 3, and 4 subcutaneously administered with 10, 20, and 30 mg/kg body weight of the commercial hair dye, respectively). Results: The clinical features were shown in all rats batches, administered orally or subcutaneously with the commercial hair dye. These clinical features rates from slight weakness in group 2 to head, neck, and pharyngeal oedema in group-3 up to severe weakness in hinds and fore limbs with election of hair, tremors, shivering of the whole body and respiratory distress, severe convulsions, and respiratory difficulty prior to death in group-4. The Biochemical parameters showed significant (P<0.05) increase in the activities of the liver enzymes concomitant with the increase of the commercial hair dye dosage in the two batches, and decrease in the total plasma protein levels, albumin, and cholesterol with the increase of commercial hair dye dosage in the two batches. Hematological parameters showed a significant (p value <0.05) decrease in complete blood count (associated with significant decreases in neutrophils and significant increases of lymphocytes) concomitant with the increasing of commercial hair dye concentration. Conclusion: The study highlighted the major toxicity of commercial hair dye and its association with liver dysfunction.

Erythema multiforme following application of hair dye

Erythema multiforme (EM) is an acute mucocutaneous hypersensitivity reaction with varying degrees of blistering and ulceration. Common causes of EM are herpes simplex virus infection, mycoplasma infection, drug hypersensitivity, vaccination and drug–virus interaction. EM induced by contact dermatitis is rare. Paraphenylene diamine, a common ingredient in many hair dyes, is well known to produce allergic contact dermatitis. We report a 35-year-old lady presenting with EM following severe contact dermatitis to hair dye. So far as we know, this is the first report from India describing EM following contact dermatitis.

Clinical and experimental aspects of allergic contact dermatitis to para-phenylenediamine

The allergenicity of para-phenylenediamine (PPD) is related to oxidative processes on and in the skin. Patients with stronger reactions to PPD are significantly more likely to have a clear history of reacting to normal consumer hair dye. Those with stronger reactions are much less likely to be still dyeing their hair. Individuals allergic to PPD have a significant frequency of simultaneous sensitivity to chemically related clothing dyes. A 24-hour test application of hair dye, which has been proposed as a self-screen, does not reliably predict all individuals allergic to PPD. Duration studies have proven that exposures of 5 to 30 minutes, the period used for hair dyeing, are sufficient to elicit reactions. A significant rise in the frequency of PPD allergy was observed over 7 years among our patch test population. Active sensitization from standard PPD patch testing is not common. Immunologic findings relating to PPD can correctly predict that if hair dyes are commonly used there will be a significant prevalence of allergy to PPD among the normal adult population and that some clinical reactions will be severe. To protect the public from allergy to chemicals in consumer products, immunologic and epidemiologic data should both be used by regulatory authorities.

Occupational Dermal Exposure to Permanent Hair Dyes Among Hairdressers

Skin exposure to permanent hair dye compounds was assessed in 33 hairdressers using a previously evaluated hand rinse method. Hand rinse samples were collected from each hand before the start of hair dyeing, after application of the dye and after cutting the newly-dyed hair. Sixteen of the hairdressers did not use gloves during dye application, and none used gloves while cutting the dyed hair. The samples were analysed for pertinent aromatic amines and resorcinol (RES) using an HPLC method. 10 of 54 hair dye mixtures contained 1,4-phenylenediamine (PPD), 40 toluene-2,5-diaminesulphate (TDS), and 44 RES. After application of the hair dye, PPD was found in samples from 4 hairdressers, TDS in 12 and RES in 21. PPD was found in samples from 3 of the 17 hairdressers that used gloves during application of the hair dye, TDS in 5 and RES in 11. In the group that did not use gloves during the application of hair dye (n = 16) PPD was found in samples from 1 hairdresser, TDS in 7 and RES in 11. After cutting the dyed hair, PPD was found in samples from 5 hairdressers, TDS in 14 and RES in 20. Analysis of samples of newly-dyed hair cuttings revealed the presence of aromatic amines and/or RES in 11/12 samples. Our conclusion is that hairdressers' skin is exposed to allergenic compounds during hair dyeing. Exposure occurs from dye application, from cutting newly-dyed hair and from background exposure. The exposure loadings are in the level, where there is a risk of sensitization and/or elicitation of contact allergy (i.e. for PPD 22-939 nmol per hand). The glove use observed in this study was often improper, and was insufficient to prevent exposure. To reduce exposure, improved skin protection and work routines are important.

Maternal hair dye use and risk of neuroblastoma in offspring*

Studies have suggested an association between maternal hair dye use and elevated risk of childhood cancer, including neuroblastoma. We analyzed data from a large case-control study to investigate the relationship between maternal hair dye use around pregnancy and risk of neuroblastoma in offspring. Cases were children with neuroblastoma diagnosed between 1992 and 1994 at hospitals in the United States and Canada participating in the Children's Cancer Group or the Pediatric Oncology Group. Random-digit dialing was used to identify one matched control for each case. Information on hair dye use was gathered from telephone interviews of 538 case and 504 control mothers. Use of any hair dye in the month before and/or during pregnancy was associated with a moderately increased risk of neuroblastoma (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.6; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.2-2.2). Temporary hair dye use (OR = 2.0, CI = 1.1-3.7) was more strongly associated with neuroblastoma than use of permanent hair dye (OR = 1.4, CI = 1.0-2.0). Although the results of this study provide evidence of an association between maternal hair dye use and neuroblastoma, further research is necessary to evaluate effects by method of hair dye application, color, and chemical composition.

P50 Occupational dermal exposure to permanent hair dyes in hairdressers

Objective: To assess occupational dermal exposure to permanent hair dyes in hairdressers.Methods: Dermal exposure was assessed in 31 hairdressers using a previously evaluated method, hand wash sampling with bag rinsing. The measurements were performed in hairdressing saloons during working hours. Hand wash samples were collected from each hand before start of the hair dyeing process, after application of the hair dye and after cutting the newly dyed hair. 13 of the hairdressers did not use gloves during application of the hair dye, and during cutting of the dyed hair no one used gloves. The samples were analysed for aromatic amines and resorcinol using an HPLC‐method.Results: After application of the hair dye PPD (p‐phenylenediamine) was found in samples from 1 hairdressers (148–185 nmol/hand), TDA (toluenediamine) in samples from 12 hairdressers (range 10–735 nmol/hand) and resorcinol in 22 individuals (range 19–769 nmol/hand). In the samples taken after cutting the dyed hair PPD was found in 2 hairdressers (range 36–358 nmol/hand), TDA in 14 (range 8–361 nmol/hand) and resorcinol in 20 (range 10–725 nmol/hand.Conclusion: Skin exposure to aromatic amines and resorcinol was detected in more than half of the hairdressers after application of hair dye and also after cutting newly dyed hair. To reduce exposure improved skin protection is important.