Application Of CPPU Research Articles

Improving Seed Productivity of Garlic By Using Nitrogen, Potassium Fertilization and Some Growth Regulators تحسين إنتاج تقاوى الثوم بإستخدام التسميد النيتروجينى والبوتاسى وبعض منظمات النمو

Two field experiments were conducted under Egyptian conditions at Kaha Vegetables Research Farm, Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research Centre to study the effect of the high nitrogen and potassium levels and two growth regulators, Cytokinin at 2.5 ppm and Gibberellic Acid (GA3) at 100 ppm on the growth and seed yield of garlic (Allium sativum L.) cv. Sids 40. The obtained results showed that increasing nitrogen and potassium fertilizer up to 150 % NK. of the recommended rate (120 kg N + 72 kg K2O fed-1), significantly improved most studied growth traits (plant length, number of leaves, leaf area, total fresh weight, total plant dry weight), bulb characters, chemical constituents, yield, and yield components. Moreover, 150 % NK combined with GA3 + CPPU foliar spraying resulted in the highest average bulb weight, average glove weight and bulb. The obtained results confirm that garlic seed yield could be improve by N, K nutrition and foliar application of GA3 and CPPU.

EFFECT OF SOME GIBBERELLIC ACID AND FORCHLORFNURON APPLICATION ON PRODUCTIVITY AND BERRIES DEVELOPMENT OF EARLY SWEET GRAPES

This study was conducted during the two consecutive seasons of (2016 and 2017) in a private vineyard located at El-Sadat City, Menoufia Governorate, to study the effect of gibberellic acid (GA3) and forchlorfnuron (CPPU) application on productivity and berries development of Early Sweet grape cultivar. The vines were five years old, spaced at 2×3 meters apart, grown in a sandy soil and trellised according to the Spanish Parron system. Eight treatments were applied by using dipping clusters with CPPU at concentrations from 1 to 7ppm after fruit set directly in combined plus spraying with GA3 at 20 ppm at 6-8mm berry diameter in additionally control treatment. The results revealed that all CPPU and GA3 applications had the best results in comparison with control in both seasons. Excessive CPPU doses + spraying clusters with GA3 increases yield and physical properties of berries i.e. berry weight, size and firmness, but it delay maturation. In contrast, lower CPPU doses + spraying clusters with GA3 cause a slightly in retarding maturation but reduces yield and its components. On the other hand, moderate CPPU doses (dipping clusters with CPPU at 5ppm + spraying clusters with GA3 at 20 ppm) had an achieving in appropriate balance between yield and cluster quality attributes of Early Sweet grapevines in both seasons.

Effect of CPPU on postharvest attributes of Chinese flowering cabbage during storage

Chinese flowering cabbage is an important cultivated leafy vegetable. Experiments were conducted to test the effect of exogenous application of N-phenyl-N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl) urea (CPPU) as a cytokinin analogue on postharvest attributes of Chinese flowering cabbage during storage at low temperature. The results revealed that CPPU treatment significantly delayed the de-greening of Chinese flowering cabbage. The treatment reduced the H2O2 accumulation, O2.− production rate and malondialdehyde content, maintained membrane permeability and delayed the decrease in the contents of total unsaturated fatty acids. Meanwhile, the deficiency of energy status referred to the ATP level and energy charge in relation to the expressions of energy-related genes of Chinese flowering cabbage was slowed down after CPPU treatment. Furthermore, the decreases in the contents of chlorophylls, the transcript levels of chlorophyll catabolic genes BrPAO1, BrPPH1, BrSGR1 and BrNYC1 and senescence associated genes BrSAG12 and BrSAG19 were markedly suppressed. These results exhibited that exogenous application of CPPU efficiently retarded the oxidative damage of membrane integrity, helped to maintain the energy status, slowed down the rapid degradation of chlorophylls and, thus, delayed the leaf senescence of Chinese flowering cabbage during storage, which suggested that the application of CPPU might be as a postharvest handling for quality maintenance and shelf life extension of leafy vegetables.

Correlation between fruit weight and nutritional metabolism during development in CPPU-treated Actinidia chinensis 'Hongyang'.

Forchlorfenuron, N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N-phenylurea (CPPU), is often used to promote fruit growth and improve production. The role of CPPU in kiwifruit growth has been established. However, the correlation between fruit weight and nutritional metabolism during development after CPPU treatments remains largely undetermined. Here, we surveyed the variations in weight and nutrient components of the ‘Hongyang’ kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) when CPPU was sprayed on fruit 25 days after anthesis. The CPPU application did not significantly influence the dry matter, soluble solids, starch, vitamin C or protein concentrations. However, the fresh weight, length and maximum diameter were significantly increased compared with the control. Moreover, in fruit of the same developmental stage, the fructose, glucose and soluble sugar levels increased after the CPPU treatment, compared with the control. On the contrary, citric, quinic and titratable acid concentrations decreased. However, a correlation analysis between fresh weight and the nutritional contents revealed that CPPU did not affect the concentrations of the most abundant organic acids (quinic and citric) and sugars (glucose, fructose and sucrose), compared with control fruit of the same weight. Therefore, CPPU applications enhance ‘Hongyang’ kiwifruit weight/size. However, there were no significant differences in the nutritional qualities of treated and untreated fruit having the same weights.

Improving postharvest storage of fresh red-fleshed pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus sp.) fruit by pre-harvest application of CPPU

The appearance, flavor, and taste are important criteria of fruit quality, which is affected by environmental conditions, orchard management, and postharvest storage. The current study was conducted to investigate the influence of the pre-harvest application of forchlorfenuron (CPPU) on the red-fleshed cv. ‘Fu Kwai Hong’ pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus sp.) fruit during storage at 5 °C. On the flowering day, 100 mg L−1 CPPU was sprayed on the bracts and water was used as the control. The significantly higher bract thickness (1.49 mm and 1.67 mm), shorter fruit length (88.6 mm and 99.4 mm), lower fruit shape index (0.91 and 0.95), and less cracking ratio (0% and 2.17%) were recorded on CPPU treated fruit in both winter and summer seasons, respectively. Moreover, CPPU resulted in more chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll content in the bracts than in the control, which caused fresh-green color of the bracts when CPPU treated fruit was harvested compared to the control, and was significantly less degree of bract browning than the control fruit during storage. Additionally, CPPU treated fruit exhibited later incidence of chilling injury than the control fruit during 5 °C storage. On the other hand, CPPU treated fruit had more weight loss and a slight increase of respiration rate compared to the control during storage at 5 °C.

Effects of Forchlorfenuron on the Morphology, Metabolite Accumulation, and Transcriptional Responses of Siraitia grosvenorii Fruit.

Siraitia grosvenorii fruit, called luo-han-guo (LHG), have been used as a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and dietary supplements for many years. Mogrosides, the main bioactive ingredients in LHG, are commercially available worldwide as a non-sugar-based and noncaloric sweetener. However, the production cannot meet the increasing market demand because of the low content of mogrosides and the small size of LHG. Therefore, some advanced technologies have been applied for improving the quality of LHG. Forchlorfenuron (CPPU), a plant growth regulator, is widely applied to promote plant yield and the secondary metabolite synthesis. Here, the content of nine mogrosides and three intermediates in LHG that were treated with three different concentrations of CPPU were determined by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS, respectively. The total content of mogrosides in LHG treated with CPPU was not enhanced, and the proportion of some main bioactive ingredients, including mogroside V (MV), were decreased relative to that of the control treatment. Morphological and cytological observations showed CPPU could make an early lignification in fruit epidermal cells, and 5 or 25 mg L−1 CPPU could inhibit LHG growth. The expression levels of 24 key genes in the mogroside biosynthesis pathway were measured and revealed that genes downregulated in upstream, and different expressions of SgUGTs would affect the accumulations and proportions of mogrosides in LHG induced by CPPU. This was the first study that applied CPPU individually on LHG, and assessed effects of CPPU on the morphology, the accumulation of metabolites, and expression profiles of 24 structural genes. The CPPU effects on LHG were undesirable, including development inhibition and the decrease of main mogroside content. These will provide guidance for the rational application of CPPU.

Application of gibberellic acid and CPPU increases berry size and yield of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) ‘Spartan’

Application of gibberellic acid and CPPU increases berry size and yield of highbush blueberry (<i>Vaccinium corymbosum</i>) ‘Spartan’

Induction of Parthenocarpy in Pointed Gourd (&lt;i&gt;Trichosanthes dioica&lt;/i&gt; Roxb.) by Application of Plant Growth Regulators

Pointed gourd (TrichosanthesdioicaRoxb.) is a dioecious, cucurbit summer vegetable, and green fruit is the main edible part at 15-18 days after pollination. However, consumer preference goes to fruit without seed since seeds are unpalatable to have after cooking due to their hard seed coat. To overcome this problem by parthenocarpy induction, six types of plant growth regulators [2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D); naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); N-(2-chloro-4 pyridyl)-N-phenylurea (CPPU); forchlorophenuron (Fulmet); gibberellic acid (GA3) and 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) with four concentrations (25, 50, 100 and 200ppm) were sprayed to the unpollinated ovaries of three different female accessions of pointed gourd at anthesis. Results revealed successful parthenocarpy induction by plant growth regulators in all the studied accessions while progressive variation observed in fruit length, diameter and weight according to the differences of plant growth regulators concentrations. The length, diameter and weight of parthenocarpic fruit induced by GA3at 200ppm, CPPU and TIBA at 100ppm in three studied accessions of pointed gourd were comparable with those of their respective hand-pollinated fruits. In most of the parthenocarpic fruits, seeds were found as empty at ripening stage apart from NAA and GA3at 200ppm treated fruits had few abnormal seeds. The results confirmed the useful technique of producing seedless fruits in pointed gourd through the application of GA3at 200ppm, CPPU and TIBA at 100ppm regardless of accessions.

Transcriptome sequencing analyses reveals mechanisms of eliminated russet by applying GA3 and CPPU on ‘Shine Muscat’ grape

Russet on grape peel is a physiological disorder that effects grape quality and can be reduced or eliminated by different concentrations of GA3 (gibberellic acid) + CPPU (N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N'-phenylurea). We have performed transcriptome and differential transcript expression analyses in ‘Shine Muscat’ grape at fruiting stage using Illumina RNA-seq to elucidate the mechanisms of russet elimination. ‘Shine Muscat’ clusters were treated with 25 mg/L GA3 (GA) at full-bloom stage and 15 days after the full-bloom stage had a far less rusted appearance (˜5% of total peel) as compared to control treatment (CK) (> 20% of total peel). Approximately all russeted peel was eliminated after treatment with (25 mg/L GA3 + 10 mg/L CPPU) at full-bloom stage and 15 days after full-bloom stage (GA + CPPU). Measurement of enzyme activity indicated the GA + CPPU treatment had the lowest phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), 4-coumarate (4CL), and peroxidase (POD) enzyme activity. Analyses of three RNA-seq libraries identified 2385 transcripts (1271 up-regulated transcripts and 1114 down-regulated transcripts) with significant expression changes. RNA-seq and qRT-PCR following GA3 and CPPU application identified two putative mechanisms responsible for reducing or eliminating russet at berry pericarp: PAL activity was positively correlated with russet on peel and up-regulation of condition-specific genes expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi non-clathrin-coated vesicles genes are potentially involved in the elimination of russet. GA3 coupled with CPPU can approximately eliminate russet after application of above mentioned treatments.and PAL activity is shown to positively correlated with the elimination of russet. Furthermore, other factors are likely to be involved in the elimination of russet due to up-regulation of condition-specific coatomer subunit beta'-2 like genes.

Effects of Forchlorofenuron (CPPU) treatment on fruit properties in the fruit of common guava

&lt;p&gt;The common guava is a small tree from Myrtacaeae family which is cultivated for its fruits. Researches have explored new methods to promote fruit yields and quality of crops. Application of Forchlorofenuron or CPPU (with Molecular Formula: C12H10CIN3O) improves the fruit size as well as its quality, but there has not been an investigation evaluating its effects on common guava fruit under field conditions. This research was performed to study the effects of different doses of CPPU (0, 10, 20 and 40 mg L-1) on common guava fruit size and quality characteristics under field conditions. Analysis of variance and LSD (least significant differences) mean compression indicated that total soluble solids, total acidity, ascorbic acid or vitamin C, fruit firmness, phenolics, 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), polygalacturonase, pectin methyl esterase and ethylene were significantly different in most traits and CPPU-40 produced high means. The principal components (PC) analysis explained 95% of the total variation and the first two principal components (PC1 and PC2) explained 78% and 17% of the total variation, respectively. According to biplot, CPPU-40 had the highest values for all of the measured traits except DPPH, ethylene and polygalacturonase. The most prominent relations by biplot were a strong positive correlation among phenolics, fruit firmness, total acidity, total soluble solids and ascorbic acid as indicated by the small obtuse angles between their vectors. The measured traits were grouped into two clusters and cutoff point verified via Wilks’ lambda statistics. Cluster I consisted of three traits (ascorbic acid or vitamin C, fruit firmness and ethylene) while cluster II included total soluble solids. Findings of this study suggest that CPPU can be used as an effective growth regulator to improve the size and quality of common guava fruit.&lt;/p&gt;

Use of growth regulator CPPU in harmonising the growth and quality of apple cv. Red Delicious

Two different stages, full bloom flowers and pea size fruits of ‘Delicious’ apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) were sprayed single and repeatedly after 15 days during fruit sets with 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 ppm CPPU {N-(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl)N-phenyl urea} in temperate conditions. Maximum fruit set increased 1.74 times with Sitofex application as compared to control. At both application times, the fruit length and diameter of treated fruit linearly increased with increasing concentration. Fruit length: diameter (L/D) ratios generally increased with higher doses. Fruit weight and volume significantly influenced with all CPPU concentrations. The maximum fruit volume increased by 79% with CPPU application as compared to control. Maximum yield 37.26 kg tree−1 with 10 ppm Sitofex was superior to 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 ppm Sitofex application. The yield was minimum in control, 28.09 kg tree−1. These effects either in an increase or decrease were associated with increasing Sitofex concentrations. Thus, proper PGR use could play an important role in providing higher quality products to their customers at lower cost.

Study on russet-related enzymatic activity and gene expression in ‘Shine Muscat’ grape treated with GA3 and CPPU

ABSTRACTPhysiological (metabolite analysis) and molecular (gene expression) approaches were used to understand the mechanism underlying russet formation in response to the application of GA3 and CPPU (Forchlorfenuron) in a Japanese table grape cultivar ‘Shine Muscat’. Several different concentrations of GA3 and GA3 + CPPU [25 mg L−1 GA3 (A), 25 mg L−1 GA3 + 5 mg L−1 CPPU (B), 25 mg L−1 GA3 + 10 mg L−1 CPPU (C), and 25 mg L−1 GA3 + 15 mg L−1 CPPU (D)] were applied to grape berry clusters at two weeks after flowering (WAF). No russet was observed on the berries treated with the ‘C’ combination. Lower levels of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity was observed in the treated samples, relative to the untreated material. Reduced peroxide (POD) activity was also observed in response to different treatments, while the expression of Peroxidase 17 and Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase G1 genes mirrored lignin content. Increased activity of 4-coenzyme A ligase (4CL) may contribute to decreasing the level of russet and help to improve grape berry quality.

CPPU (N-(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl)-N’-phenylurea) Enhancement of Cotton Yields

The gradual depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer under the Southern High Plains of Texas during the past fifty years has resulted in reduced well capacities for cotton irrigation. Water table declines have already led some to shift from irrigated to dryland farming, and many of the remaining wells cannot provide enough water for full irrigation. The present study evaluated the effectiveness of the synthetic cytokinin CPPU (N-(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl)-N’-phenylurea) on the stimulation of lateral root production and enhancement of cotton yields under dryland conditions. Seed treatments of 250 µmol/mol or seedling sprays of 5 µmol/mol at the cotyledon stage, increased lateral root production. Cotton yield increases associated with the increased rooting ranged from 8 to 20% in three years of field studies under dryland conditions. The greatest yield increases were associated with dry shallow soils. Evaluation of water-deficit stress levels in untreated and CPPU-treated cotton showed reduced water-deficit stress levels throughout the growing season in the CPPU-treated cotton. This study showed that application of CPPU to cotton, early in development, has the potential to reduce water stress and increase yields.

Effects of exogenous application of CPPU, NAA and GA4+7 on parthenocarpy and fruit quality in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)

In protected vegetable fields, plant growth regulators are often used to improve cucumber fruit growth. However, the effects of plant growth regulators on the appearance and nutritional quality of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) remain largely unknown. In the present study, 100 mg/L N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N′-phenylurea (CPPU), naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) or gibberellin A4+A7 (GA4+7) was applied to the female cucumber flowers 1 day before anthesis and at anthesis. The CPPU, NAA and GA4+7 treatments resulted in parthenocarpic fruits with similar weights, sizes and shapes as the pollinated fruits. NAA treatment did not affect the appearance and nutritional characteristics of cucumber at harvest and after storage. CPPU treatment increased the flesh firmness at harvest but decreased phenolic acid and vitamin C contents after storage. GA4+7 treatment decreased the flesh firmness but increased total flavonoids and protein content after storage.

Pre-anthesis CPPU Treatment Modifies Quality and Susceptibility to Post-harvest Berry Cracking of Vitis vinifera cv. ‘Thompson Seedless’

Plant growth regulators (PGRs), especially gibberellic acid (GA), are often used in table grape (Vitis vinifera) production to increase berry size. However, overuse of this PGR (for example, more than 200 g·ha−1·season−1 of GA) may result in problems with berry condition at the post-harvest stage. A synthetic cytokinin, florchlorfenuron (CPPU), could be considered an alternative to GA. Thus, our objective was to study the effects of pre-anthesis CPPU treatment on berry quality and susceptibility to post-harvest cracking of table grapes. CPPU applied to ‘Thompson Seedless’ inflorescences 48 or 36 days prior to anthesis increased ovary size, number of cells in the ovary pericarp at bloom and berry size at harvest. It also increased the amount of soluble solids and decreased titratable acidity of the fruit, thus allowing an earlier harvest. Finally, if GA was applied during berry growth, CPPU at pre-anthesis improved berry potential tolerance to post-harvest cracking and spoilage. This work demonstrates that application of CPPU at the pre-anthesis stage modifies grape development, improving berry size and potential post-harvest fruit performance facilitating also an early harvest.

Developmental, chemical and transcriptional characteristics of artificially pollinated and hormone-induced parthenocarpic fruits of Siraitia grosvenorii

Unpollinated ovaries of Siraitia grosvenorii grew parthenocarpically in response to the application of GA3 and CPPU.

Proteomic Response and Quality Maintenance in Postharvest Fruit of Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) to Exogenous Cytokinin.

The limitations in current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying fruit response to the application of plant growth regulators have increasingly become major challenges in improvement of crop quality. This study aimed to evaluate the response of strawberry to the preharvest application of exogenous cytokinin known as forchlorfenuron (CPPU). Postharvest internal and physiological quality attributes were characterized following storage under different conditions. Hierarchical clustering analysis via a label-free proteomic quantitative approach identified a total of 124 proteins in strawberries across all treatments. The expression profiles of both proteins and genes spanned the ranged role of cytokinin involved in primary and secondary metabolism, stress response, and so on. Eighty-eight proteins and fifty-six proteins were significantly regulated immediately at harvest and after storage, respectively. In general, the glycolysis in strawberry was only regulated by CPPU before storage; in addition to the accelerated photosynthesis and acid metabolism, CPPU application maintained higher capacity of resistance in strawberry to stress stimuli after storage, in comparison to control. Nevertheless, the volatile biosynthesis in strawberry has been suppressed by exogenous CPPU. Novel cytokinin response proteins and processes were identified in addition to the main transcriptomic expression to gain insights into the phytohormone control of fruit postharvest quality.

Timing of blue and red light exposure and CPPU application during the raising of seedlings can control flowering timing of petunia

Timing of blue and red light exposure and CPPU application during the raising of seedlings can control flowering timing of petunia

Integrated analysis of metabolites and proteins reveal aspects of the tissue-specific function of synthetic cytokinin in kiwifruit development and ripening

Fruit development and ripening depends on highly coordinated phyto-hormonal activities. Although the role of synthetic cytokinin N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N′-phenylurea (CPPU) in promoting fruit growth has been established, knowledge regarding the underlying mechanism is still lacking. Here, we characterize the effect of CPPU application 20d after full bloom at pre- and post-harvest biology of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa [A. Chev.] C.F. Liang et A.R. Ferguson var. deliciosa cv. ‘Hayward’). Data revealed that CPPU stimulates kiwifruit growth through the enlargement of small cells. During fruit development, the abundance of 16 proteins that are mainly related to defence was increased by CPPU while CPPU altered the expression of 19 polar metabolites in outer pericarp. Sugar homeostasis, cell wall modifications, TCA cycle and myo-inositol pathway were mostly affected by CPPU in kiwifruit during development. Upon postharvest ripening at 20°C following 2months of cold storage (0°C), CPPU suppressed ethylene production and retained central placenta softening, indicating that CPPU induced tissue-dependent disturbances in climacteric ripening. Nineteen central placenta proteins and up to 15 metabolites of outer pericarp and central placenta tissues were affected by CPPU in ripened kiwifruits. These observations amplified our understanding in the regulation of fruit development and ripening by exogenously supplied cytokinins. Biological significanceThis study demonstrates that CPPU application, apart from fruit development, influenced also the kiwifruit climacteric ripening behaviour. An insight on the action of CPPU during kiwifruit development is provided, showing that it is partially based on a general stimulation of TCA cycle and myo-inositol pathway along with alternation in sugar and cell wall metabolism. Data also revealed that CPPU regulates ethylene biosynthesis and influences central placenta softening, indicating that this tissue may play a prominent role in kiwifruit ripening. Also, this work provides a first characterization of the ripening-affected central placenta proteins that offers insights into kiwifruit ripening. The current study provides a baseline of information for understanding the metabolic processes that are regulated by exogenous cytokinin during fruit development and ripening.

CPPU treatment and pollination: Their combined effect on kiwifruit growth and quality

The influence of N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N′-phenylurea (CPPU) on ‘Hayward’ kiwifruits was evaluated in the field under different pollination conditions: (a) natural pollination, (b) assist pollination and (c) absence of pollinators. Residue dynamics of CPPU on kiwifruit revealed that half life values in all treatments did not exceed 6 days, although in absence of pollinators the dissipation rate was reduced. At harvest, CPPU treatment increased the weight and the size only of pollinated fruits compared to untreated pollinated ones. Absence of pollinators resulted to more soften fruits with lower seed number and Ca2+ content, while CPPU application resulted additionally to misshapen fruits. No differences were detected on fruit total soluble solids, titrable acidity and ascorbic acid. In contrast, phenolics were higher on kiwifruits grown in absence of pollinators irrespective of CPPU treatment and antioxidant capacity was significantly lower only on untreated with CPPU fruits under assist pollination. These results suggest that (i) under good pollination conditions, CPPU indeed contributes to superior product quality of kiwifruits, and (ii) a strong influence of seed number on Ca2+ accumulation and phenolic content probably exists as indicated in the case of fruits grown under limited pollination conditions.