Application Of Bioactive Glass Research Articles

Bioactive Glass and Silica Particles for Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle Tissue Regeneration.

When skeletal and cardiac tissues are damaged, surgical approaches are not always successful and tissue regeneration approaches are investigated. Reports in the literature indicate that silica nanoparticles and bioactive glasses (BGs), including silicate bioactive glasses (e.g., 45S5 BG), phosphate glass fibers, boron-doped mesoporous BGs, borosilicate glasses, and aluminoborates, are promising for repairing skeletal muscle tissue. Silica nanoparticles and BGs have been combined with polymers to obtain aligned nanofibers and to maintain controlled delivery of nanoparticles for skeletal muscle repair. The literature indicates that cardiac muscle regeneration can be also triggered by the ionic products of BGs. This was observed to be due to the release of vascular endothelial growth factor and other growth factors from cardiomyocytes, which regulate endothelial cells to form capillary structures (angiogenesis). Specific studies, including both in vitro and in vivo approaches, are reviewed in this article. The analysis of the literature indicates that although the research field is still very limited, BGs are showing great promise for muscle tissue engineering and further research in the field should be carried out to expand our basic knowledge on the application of BGs in muscle (skeletal and cardiac) tissue regeneration. Impact statement This review highlights the potential of silica particles and bioactive glasses (BGs) for skeletal and cardiac tissue regeneration. These biomaterials create scaffolds triggering muscle cell differentiation. Ionic products from BGs stimulate growth factors, supporting angiogenesis in cardiac tissue repair. Further research is required to expand our know-how on silica particles and BGs in muscle tissue engineering.

Advances in Dental Materials: Bioactive Glass and Ceramic Composites: A Review

In recent times, there have been notable advancements in dental materials, with particular emphasis on the progress made in the development of bioactive glass and ceramic composites. The unique capacity of bioactive glass to promote bone regeneration and repair has garnered significant attention. This has led to its widespread use in the field. The utilisation of ceramic composites as dental materials has exhibited favourable outcomes owing to their superior strength, biocompatibility, and aesthetic. The present review article provides an overview of the latest developments in bioactive glass and ceramic composites, encompassing their characteristics, manufacturing techniques, and employment in the field of dentistry. The present study will concentrate on the application of bioactive glass in the fields of restorative dentistry, bone augmentation interventions, and endodontic treatment. The utilisation of ceramic composites in implant dentistry will be examined, along with their prospective implementation in other dental contexts. This review aims to elucidate the difficulties that are linked with the utilisation of said materials, including their fragility and the requirement for meticulous handling, in addition to plausible remedies for mitigating these difficulties. The current review article illustrates the advancements in bioactive glass and ceramic composites possess the capacity to considerably enhance the results of diverse dental procedures, thereby furnishing patients with restorations that are more enduring, visually appealing, and biocompatible.

Effects of Bioactive Glasses (BGs) on Exosome Production and Secretion: A Critical Review.

There is an increasing trend toward the application of bioactive glasses in different areas of biomedicine, including tissue engineering and oncology. The reason for this increase is mostly attributed to the inherent properties of BGs, such as excellent biocompatibility, and the ease of tailoring their properties by changing, for example, the chemical composition. Previous experiments have demonstrated that the interactions between BGs and their ionic dissolution products, and mammalian cells, can affect and change cellular behaviors, and thereby govern the performance of living tissues. However, limited research exists on their critical role in the production and secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as exosomes. Exosomes are nanosized membrane vesicles that carry various therapeutic cargoes such as DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipids, and thereby can govern cell-cell communication and subsequent tissue responses. The use of exosomes is currently considered a cell-free approach in tissue engineering strategies, due to their positive roles in accelerating wound healing. On the other hand, exosomes are known as key players in cancer biology (e.g., progression and metastasis), due to their capability to carry bioactive molecules between tumor cells and normal cells. Recent studies have demonstrated that the biological performance of BGs, including their proangiogenic activity, is accomplished with the help of exosomes. Indeed, therapeutic cargos (e.g., proteins) produced in BG-treated cells are transferred by a specific subset of exosomes toward target cells and tissues, and lead to a biological phenomenon. On the other hand, BGs are suitable delivery vehicles that can be utilized for the targeted delivery of exosomes to cells and tissues of interest. Therefore, it seems necessary to have a deeper understanding of the potential effects of BGs in the production of exosomes in cells that are involved in tissue repair and regeneration (mostly mesenchymal stem cells), as well as in those that play roles in cancer progression (e.g., cancer stem cells). This review aims to present an updated report on this critical issue, to provide a roadmap for future research in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

A critical review of bioactive glasses and glass–ceramics in cancer therapy

AbstractThere is an ongoing profound shift in using glass as a primarily passive material to one that instills active properties. We believe and demonstrate that bioactive glasses (BGs) and glass–ceramics (BGCs) as functional biomaterials for cancer therapy can transform the world of healthcare in the 21st century. Melt/gel‐derived BGs and BGCs can carry many exotic elements, including less common rare‐earth, and trigger highly efficient anticancer properties via the combination of radiotherapy, photothermal therapy, magnetic hyperthermia, along with drug or therapeutic ions delivery. The addition of these dopants modifies the bioactivity, imparts novel functionalities, and induces specific biological effects that are not achievable using other classes of biomaterials. In this paper, we have briefly reviewed and discussed the current knowledge on promising compositions, processing parameters, and applications of BGs and BGCs in treating cancer. We also envisage the need for further research on this particular, unique class of BGs and BGCs.

A sol-gel based bioactive glass coating on laser textured 316L stainless steel substrate for enhanced biocompatability and anti-corrosion properties

In this study, we have synthesized a new family of bioactive glass (BAG) comprising of SiO2, Na2O, CaO, K2O, P2O5 and MgO via sol-gel route. The composition of these oxides has been selected in such a way that the BAG has a coefficient of thermal expansion close to the 316L stainless steel (SS). In vitro test by soaking the BAG in simulated body fluid (SBF) showed good bioactivity due to ion exchange between alkali ions from the BAG and the ions present in the SBF. The 316L SS substrates were textured using laser before application of BAG using sol-gel dip coating. Pull off test showed that the adhesion strength in case of textured and non-textured surfaces were 4.2 MPa and 2.46 MPa, respectively. This implies that texturing of the surface is helpful in increasing the adhesion strength of the coating. The bioactive glass-coated textured surface of 316L SS substrate showed better corrosion resistance in SBF than the bare substrate for which the respective corrosion current densities were 35 nA/cm2 and 353 nA/cm2, thereby indicating that the single layer sol-gel dip coating of bioactive glass improved the corrosion resistance of the 316L SS implants. The analysis of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the coating after immersion in SBF shows the formation and growth of the apatite layer that will further inhibit the corrosion of the substrate. These results demonstrate the potential of the synthesized BAG as a coating material for 316L SS implants.

Characterization and Application of Bioactive Glass and Chitosan Nanoparticles for Tooth Enamel Remineralization

We investigated the remineralization of demineralized enamel surfaces through the application of bioactive glass (BG) and chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs). BG and CNPs were immersed in artificial saliva for 7 days. The resulting crystals were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Embedded enamel blocks were immersed in demineralization solution and then classified into five treatment groups: (1) No material applied; (2) toothpaste containing NaF (F); (3) CNP hydrogel; (4) distilled water slurry containing BG; and (5) CNP hydrogel containing BG (BG-CNP). The enamel blocks were immersed in an artificial saliva solution for 1 month; each material was applied twice per day. Nanoindentation testing of enamel surfaces was performed during the immersion period. We found that unidirectional rod-shaped crystals formed in the artificial saliva solutions treated with BG and BG-CNP, showing multiple XRD peaks for hydroxyapatite. The mechanical properties of enamel surfaces decreased markedly following immersion in the demineralization solution, and significantly recovered after 1 month of BG-CNP and BG treatment compared to other the specimens. Porous demineralized enamel surfaces were filled with a remineralization layer after immersion in saliva and application of NaF, BG, and CNP-BG. Thus, daily application of CNP-BG or BG facilitates enamel remineralization.

The cardioprotective effect and mechanism of bioactive glass on myocardial reperfusion injury

Myocardial reperfusion treatment for ischemic infarction may cause lethal injury of cardiomyocytes, which is known as ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. As a kind of prospective biomaterial with superior properties, the application of bioactive glasses (BGs) in myocardial tissue engineering have received great interests. In this study, the cardioprotective effect and relevant mechanism of BG on myocardial reperfusion injury were investigated in vitro. H9c2 cardiomyocytes were pretreated with BG extracts and then cultured in hypoxic environment for 30 min followed by reoxygenation for 1 h. The activity of released lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in H9c2 cells were tested by assay kits. Cell viability was analyzed by Live/Dead staining assay and the number of living cells was detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. The cytoskeletal protein F-actin was stained and observed under inverted fluorescence microscope. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) level, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and apoptosis ratio were evaluated by fluorescent observation and flow cytometry simultaneously. The gene expressions relevant to apoptosis were detected by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis. The results showed that BG extracts effectively inhibited hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-induced cell injury by suppressing oxidative stress and mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) within H9c2 cells. Meanwhile, apoptosis caused by H/R injury was alleviated and three classic apoptotic signaling pathways were proved to be regulated by BG extracts. Further analysis showed that phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway was up-regulated in H/R-induced H9c2 cells by BG extracts, leading to relieved cellular apoptosis. These results indicated that BG might exert cardioprotective effect in reperfusion injury when applied in myocardial tissue regeneration and repair.

Impact of transparent tray-based application of bioactive glasses desensitizer on the permeability of enamel and dentin to hydrogen peroxide: an in vitro study

BackgroundTo investigate the effect of transparent tray-based application of bioactive glasses (BGs) desensitizer on the permeability of enamel and dentin to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).MethodsFreshly extracted human first premolars were divided into 6 groups (n = 8). Group A and B: without pretreatments; Group C and E: treated with BGs desensitizer only; Group D and F: treated with BGs desensitizer dispensed with a transparent tray. After roots and pulp tissues of the treated tooth specimens were thoroughly removed, acetate buffer was added into pulp chambers and the treated specimens were immersed in distilled water (Groups A, E, and F) or 30% H2O2 (Groups B, C, and D) for 30 min at 37 °C. The amount of H2O2 in the pulp chamber of each group was measured using ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry.ResultsIn control groups (Group A, E, and F), H2O2 was not detected. The amount of pulpal H2O2 in Group B, C, and D were 21.149 ± 0.489 μg, 9.813 ± 0.426 μg, and 4.065 ± 0.268 μg respectively. One-way ANOVA analysis indicated that significant differences existed in these groups (F = 459.748, p < 0.05).ConclusionsThe effect of BGs desensitizer in reducing the permeability of enamel and dentin to H2O2 could be enhanced when dispensed with a transparent tray.

Imaging studies of bacterial biofilms on cochlear implants-Bioactive glass (BAG) inhibits mature biofilm.

The capability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus to form biofilm on varying CI component materials differs in the presence and absence of bioactive glass (BAG). The application of BAG induces significant changes in biofilm morphology which can be visualized via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Bacterial biofilm formation on medical devices, such as cochlear implants (CI), can lead to chronic infections. Interestingly, BAG of type S53P4 seems to be a promising tool for use in the reduction of biofilm development. Primarily, four bacterial species known to cause implant-related infections, P.aeruginosa (ATCC9027), S. aureus (ATCC6538), Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC12228) and Streptococcus pyogenes (ATCC19615) were analyzed regarding their capacity to form biofilm on CI components manufactured from three kinds of material: silicone, platinum and titanium. Subsequently, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus biofilms were visualized using scanning electron microscopy, comparing BAG-treated biofilm with non-treated biofilm. The four bacterial species presented biofilm-forming capabilities in a species and surface dependent manner. Metal CI components allowed for the greatest proliferation of biofilm. S. aureus and P. aeruginosa showed the highest rate of biofilm formation on polystyrene surfaces. For both species, SEM revealed altered biofilm morphology after treatment of S53P4 BAG. This study indicates that bacterial biofilm formation and structure on CI components is dependent on the surface composition, altering between metal and silicone surfaces. After application of BAG, changes in biofilm morphology on CI components were observed. These data highlight the impact of BAG on bacterial biofilm morphology.

Bioactive glass in dentistry: A systematic review

Bioactive glass (BAG) is a benevolent biocompatible material used as an adjunct to various materials used in dentistry. BAG is proved to have a beneficent effect in promoting material–tissue bond. The objective is to analyze significant information available in the literature regarding application of BAG in dentistry. A literature search of electronic databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate using the keywords: (Dentifrice OR Dentifrices) OR (Toothpaste OR Toothpastes) AND (Treatment) AND (Dentin OR Dentine OR Tooth) AND (Hypersensitivity OR Sensitivity) AND (Dentifrício OR Dentifrícios) AND (Tratamento OR Tratamentos) AND (Dentinária OR Dentina OR Dente) AND (Hipersensibilidade OR Sensibilidade). The papers found were analyzed regarding title and abstract contents to eliminate the ones that were out of context and not relevant to the review. After this first filter, 31 papers were selected, in which the full-text available was considered of good quality and relevant to the context. The languages of the papers were predominantly English and articles published before 1999 were excluded. The material BAGs are currently used for implant coating, bone grafting, dentin desensitizer, and restorative materials. The current paper reviews the significant developments of BAGs in clinical application, especially dentistry.

Model-driven design of bioactive glasses: from molecular dynamics through machine learning

ABSTRACTResearch in bioactive glasses (BGs) has traditionally been performed through trial-and-error experimentation. However, several modelling techniques will accelerate the discovery of new BGs as part of the ongoing endeavour to ‘decode the glass genome.’ Here, we critically review recent publications applying molecular dynamics simulations, machine learning approaches, and other modelling techniques for understanding BGs. We argue that modelling should be utilised more frequently in the design of BGs to achieve properties such as high bioactivity, high fracture strength and toughness, low density, and controlled morphology. Another challenge is modelling the biological response to biomaterials, such as their ability to foster protein adsorption, cell adhesion, cell proliferation, osteogenesis, angiogenesis, and bactericidal effects. The development of databases integrated with robust computational tools will be indispensable to these efforts. Future challenges are thus envisaged in which the compositional design, synthesis, characterisation, and application of BGs can be greatly accelerated by computational modelling.

Bioactive glass and glass‐ceramic orbital implants

AbstractThis review focuses on the applications of bioactive glasses and glass‐ceramics in the field of orbital implants for ocular surgery. This use is relatively novel and less popular compared to the applications in orthopedics and dentistry for the repair of bone and teeth. Recent studies have shown the suitability of bioactive glasses and glass‐ceramics in contact with soft tissues for promoting additional effects associated to the release of therapeutic inorganic ions. Specifically, the angiogenic and antibacterial actions that may be elicited by selected glass compositions are highly appealing for the development of new‐generation orbital implants, since improved vascularization and antiseptic properties are the key for a higher success rate of anophthalmic socket procedures. An overall picture of existing orbital implants based on bioactive glasses is here provided, and the further potential and open challenges for future research in this field are highlighted and discussed.

Bioactive Glass Granules Inhibit Mature Bacterial Biofilms on the Surfaces of Cochlear Implants.

Biofilm formation on cochlear implant (CI) surfaces differs between bacterial species and can be reduced by the application of S53P4 bioactive glass. The formation of bacterial biofilms on medical devices, such as cochlear implants, can lead to chronic infections resulting in the need for implant removal. In this study, various surfaces of three CI implant kits from different manufacturers were examined for bacterial biofilm formation and reduction of a pre-existing biofilm by the application of bioactive glass. Biofilm formations of 4 bacterial species causing implant-related infections were tested on 17 different surfaces: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC9027), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC6538), Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC12228), and Streptococcus pyogenes (ATCC19615). For P. aeruginosa and S. aureus biofilm reduction after application of S53P4 bioactive glass was evaluated. All tested microbial species formed biofilms on the examined CI surfaces in a strain-dependent manner. For S. aureus, a significantly higher biofilm formation on metal components compared with silicone was found whereas the other strains did not show a material specific biofilm formation. Application of S53P4 bioactive glass resulted in a significant reduction of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus mature biofilm. The four bacteria species displayed biofilm formation on the CI surfaces in a species- and material-specific manner. The results show that bioactive glass can reduce biofilm formation on CI materials in vitro. Future studies are necessary to confirm the results in vivo.

Fabrication of Mesoporous Bioactive Glass Nanoparticles by Sol-Gel Method

Bioactive glass (BG) is characteristic of its great biocompatibility as well as osteoconductivity. Application of BG after surgery (e.g., tumor resection) aids rehabilitation of previously traumatized area, promotes bone regeneration, and prevents aggravation of wounds. In this in vitro study, bioglass nanoparticles (BGN) were successfully produced via sol-gel method. We observed the morphology of BGN through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Particle size was measured by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS): 182.9 nm ± 37.7 nm in diameter, which corresponds to images obtained by SEM and TEM. We then synthesized BGs containing different proportions of Ca and P ions. Under different pH values, gels with various morphologies were formed.

Silver- and fluoride-containing mesoporous bioactive glasses versus commonly used antibiotics: Activity against multidrug-resistant bacterial strains isolated from patients with burns

The wound healing process is frequently associated with a number of major clinical challenges, due to the failure of commonly used antibiotics as a remedy for wounds. There have always been fascinating questions about the novel applications of bioactive glasses (BGs) and it is expected that in the next few years these types of materials may play an important role in many aspects of soft tissue regeneration. This research focuses on the feasibility of using silver- and fluoride-containing BGs against multidrug-resistant bacterial strains isolated from patients with burns. According to the results obtained, fluoride did not exhibit antibacterial activity against the tested bacteria, while both 1% and 2% silver-containing BGs inhibited the bacterial growth. It is an important finding that 1% silver-containing BGs showed a potential antibacterial activity without any toxicity against fibroblasts, suggesting that this class of BGs could play a key role in the prevention of infection, reduction of pain, and removal of excessive exudates.

Remineralization potential of bioactive glass and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate on initial carious lesion: An in-vitro pH-cycling study

Aims:The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the remineralization potential of bioactive-Glass (BAG) (Novamin®/Calcium-sodium-phosphosilicate) and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) containing dentifrice.Materials and Methods:A total of 30 sound human premolars were decoronated, coated with nail varnish except for a 4 mm × 4 mm window on the buccal surface of crown and were randomly divided in two groups (n = 15). Group A — BAG dentifrice and Group B — CPP-ACP dentifrice. The baseline surface microhardness (SMH) was measured for all the specimens using the vickers microhardness testing machine. Artificial enamel carious lesions were created by inserting the specimens in de-mineralizing solution for 96 h. SMH of demineralized specimens was evaluated. 10 days of pH-cycling regimen was carried out. SMH of remineralized specimens was evaluated.Statistical Analysis:Data was analyzed using ANOVA and multiple comparisons within groups was done using Bonferroni method (post-hoc tests) to detect significant differences at P < 0.05 levels.Results:Group A showed significantly higher values (P < 0.05) when compared with the hardness values of Group B.Conclusions:Within the limits; the present study concluded that; both BAG and CPP-ACP are effective in remineralizing early enamel caries. Application of BAG more effectively remineralized the carious lesion when compared with CPP-ACP.

An Investigation about the Reminerlization Potential of Bio-active glass on Artificially Carious Enamel and Dentin using Raman Spectroscopy

The remineralization of artificially carious enamel as well as dentin using bioactive glass particles is investigated and compared to the application of mineralizing solutions. The role of Zeolite powder in enhancing the remineralization process is also studied. Four treatment combinations were done for each tissue. They were, the application of bioactive glass alone, Zeolite followed by bioactive glass, mineralizing solution alone, and Zeolite followed by mineralizing solution. All specimens were kept in a humidifier at 37 o C. Two studies were carried out, the scanning electron microscopy to study surface topography, and Raman spectroscopy to evaluate quantitatively possible chemical changes in mineral profiles. The results indicate that Bioactive glass has the potential for remineralizing artificially carious enamel and dentin, the application of Zeolite enhances the effect of the mineralizing agent and the remineralization ability of carious dentin is greater than that of enamel.

The effect of the topical administration of bioactive glass on inflammatory markers of human experimental gingivitis

Recent studies demonstrated that bioactive glass attenuated inflammatory reactions and bacterial growth in vitro. The aim of the present clinical study was to evaluate the effects of local bioactive glass-administration in vivo in subjects with experimental gingivitis. In each individual, contralateral teeth served as test and control over a 21-day non-hygiene (preventive phase) and a 7-day therapeutic phase. A 45S5 bioactive glass (10% solution) was applied daily (2×1 h) on the test teeth during the preventive and therapeutic phase of the study. Inflammation assessment was based on the plaque index record (PI), on the bleeding frequency (BOP) and the gingival crevicular fluid volume (GCF). Interleukin-1 β levels (IL-1 β) in the GCF were measured by ELISA. Bacterial deposits on teeth increased during the 21-days non-brushing period, with no difference in plaque accumulation between test and control sides. BOP levels were significantly reduced during the therapeutic phase by the application of bioactive glass. GCF-values showed a significant reduction on the test compared to control side during the preventive and therapeutic phase. IL-1 β counts decreased during the last 7 days of the study on the test side, but no significance was given. The topical application of 45S5 bioactive glass in humans with experimental gingivitis attenuated the clinical signs of inflammation, although the bacterial accumulation was not inhibited in this clinical trial.

Mechanical properties of bioactive glasses, glass-ceramics and composites.

The application of bioactive glass and glass-ceramics has been widely documented over the past twenty years but the high modulus and low fracture toughness has made them less applicable for clinical, load bearing, applications. The development of non-resorbable polyethylene and polysulphone matrices for these materials has improved the mechanical properties. However, the primary concern of whether the bioactivity of the composites is reduced is still unresolved. The more recent development of resorbable carrier systems, dextran and collagen, for bioactive glasses does not introduce such problems, hence making this form of composite suitable for novel soft tissue applications. The development of a simple quality index has enabled some of the materials described within this paper to be ranked by their ability to replace bone, thus enabling possible new research directions to be emphasized.