Application Of Nanotechnology Research Articles

Advancements in Nanoparticle-Based Strategies for Enhanced Antibacterial Interventions.

The escalating global threat of antibiotic resistance underscores the urgent need for innovative antimicrobial strategies. This review explores the cutting-edge applications of nanotechnology in combating bacterial infections, addressing a critical healthcare challenge. We critically assess the antimicrobial properties and mechanisms of diverse nanoparticle systems, including liposomes, polymeric micelles, solid lipid nanoparticles, dendrimers, zinc oxide, silver, and gold nanoparticles, as well as nanoencapsulated essential oils. These nanomaterials offer distinct advantages, such as enhanced drug delivery, improved bioavailability, and efficacy against antibiotic-resistant strains. Recent advancements in nanoparticle synthesis, functionalization, and their synergistic interactions with conventional antibiotics are highlighted. The review emphasizes biocompatibility considerations, stressing the need for rigorous safety assessments in nanomaterial applications. By synthesizing current knowledge and identifying emerging trends, this review provides crucial insights for researchers and clinicians aiming to leverage nanotechnology for next-generation antimicrobial therapies. The integration of nanotechnology represents a promising frontier in combating infectious diseases, underscoring the timeliness and imperative of this comprehensive analysis.

Bio-Nano Synergy in Therapeutic Applications: Drug-Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites for Modulated Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition and Radical Scavenging.

The current study explores the synergistic application of biophysical chemistry and nanotechnology in therapeutic treatments, focusing specifically on the development of advanced biomaterials to repurpose FDA-approved Alzheimer's disease (AD) drugs as potent antioxidants. By integration of AD drugs into graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposites, an attempt to enhance the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition and increase radical scavenging activity is proposed. This bionano synergy is designed to leverage the unique properties of both the nanomaterial surface and the bioactive compounds, improving treatment effectiveness. The nanocomposites also promise targeted drug delivery, as GO can traverse the blood-brain barrier to inhibit AChE more effectively in AD patients. Furthermore, the drug-GO nanocomposite exhibits enhanced radical scavenging capabilities, offering additional therapeutic benefits. This study also elucidates a molecular level understanding on how the properties of the drugs are modified when integrated into nanocomposites with GO, enabling the development of more effective materials. The interdisciplinary approach presented in this study exploits the potential of nanotechnology to enhance drug delivery systems and achieve superior therapeutic outcomes through bionano synergy.

Simulating magnetism in Borospherene-like nanostructure: a Monte Carlo exploration

ABSTRACT This study employs a Monte Carlo approach to investigate the magnetic properties and thermal behaviour of the Borospherene-like nanostructure, yielding insightful information. The analysis delves into the blocking temperature (TB ) concerning external magnetic field (H), biquadratic coupling interaction (K), linear coupling interaction (JSS ), and crystal field (Δ). Results highlight the impact of JSS , K, and |Δ| on coercive field (Hc) and hysteresis loop. A distinct magnetisation plateau is observed at |Δ|=−5, underscoring the crucial roles of JSS , K, and |Δ| in dynamic magnetic behaviour. The current research provides a comprehensive understanding of the system's magnetic dynamics, offering valuable insights for potential applications in nanotechnology.

Comprehensive Assessment of Force-Field Performance in Molecular Dynamics Simulations of DNA/RNA Hybrid Duplexes.

Mixed double helices formed by RNA and DNA strands, commonly referred to as hybrid duplexes or hybrids, are essential in biological processes like transcription and reverse transcription. They are also important for their applications in CRISPR gene editing and nanotechnology. Yet, despite their significance, the hybrid duplexes have been seldom modeled by atomistic molecular dynamics methodology, and there is no benchmark study systematically assessing the force-field performance. Here, we present an extensive benchmark study of polypurine tract (PPT) and Dickerson-Drew dodecamer hybrid duplexes using contemporary and commonly utilized pairwise additive and polarizable nucleic acid force fields. Our findings indicate that none of the available force-field choices accurately reproduces all the characteristic structural details of the hybrid duplexes. The AMBER force fields are unable to populate the C3'-endo (north) pucker of the DNA strand and underestimate inclination. The CHARMM force field accurately describes the C3'-endo pucker and inclination but shows base pair instability. The polarizable force fields struggle with accurately reproducing the helical parameters. Some force-field combinations even demonstrate a discernible conflict between the RNA and DNA parameters. In this work, we offer a candid assessment of the force-field performance for mixed DNA/RNA duplexes. We provide guidance on selecting utilizable force-field combinations and also highlight potential pitfalls and best practices for obtaining optimal performance.

Emerging Trends in Targeted Magnetic Nanoparticle Imaging for Precision Medicine in Oncology

In cancer care's dynamic landscape, targeted imaging is pivotal for advancing precision medicine. This review focuses on the role of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), particularly magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MIONPs) and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), in personalized diagnostics and treatments for oncology. Current trends and future directions in MNP imaging, addressing challenges like biocompatibility, toxicity, and regulatory considerations, are discussed. The review explores MIONPs' theranostic potential, especially in brain drug delivery monitoring through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or magnetic particle imaging (MPI). Variousnanoparticle types, including SPIONs as MRI contrast agents, are highlighted. The article covers challenges in nanoparticle modification, including methoxy- polyethylene glycol (mPEG), and discusses gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for photoacoustic imaging, as well as insights into fluorescent semiconductor quantum dots (QDs). The conclusion emphasizes rapid and accurate tumoridentification, introduces carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for cancer therapy and diagnosis, and underscores the transformative role of lipid-based nanocarriers incancer research. The multifaceted applications of nanotechnology in cancer diagnostics and treatment are discussed throughout, showcasing a paradigm shift.Crucial challenges in unlocking nanotechnology's full potential in cancer care, such as safety concerns, robust clinical trials, synthesis methods standardization, regulatory approval, biodegradability, tailoring nanotherapies, economic viability, ethical considerations, and interdisciplinary collaboration, are addressed. Addressing these challenges holds the promise of elevating nanotechnology into a potent force in the ongoing battle against cancer.

Nano-Fortifying the Future Plate: A Critical Review of Nanotechnology Applications in Food Enrichment

Proportion of children globally experience dietary deficiencies, which have a negative imp A considerable act on their physical and cognitive growth and heighten their vulnerability to illnesses. In addition, undernutrition worsens the intensity of several infections, such as measles and malaria. Food fortification is an important nutritional strategy that helps to combat micronutrient deficiencies and decrease their occurrence in many low- and middle-income nations. Although there has been a significant rise in recent years, food fortification schemes have also encountered considerable criticism from the scientific community. The present review aimed to clarify the actual influence of food fortification measures on the mitigation of malnutrition. A detailed review of the current state of the art in nanotechnology applications for food enrichment is provided in this manuscript. A comprehensive literature search was conducted utilizing databases such as Web of Science/ Knowledge, Google Scholar, Elsevier ScienceDirect, and Springer Online Journals. The search query included phrases such as food fortification, micronutrient shortages, fortified food, the impact of food fortification, and food-to-food fortification. The paper discusses the nanostructures, such as nanoparticles, nanocapsules, and nanoemulsions, in encapsulating, delivering, and safeguarding bioactive compounds within food matrices, with a particular emphasis on nanofortification. Recent advancements in nano-enabled food fortification are summarised in the manuscript, which also identifies significant challenges and opportunities for future commercialization and research. Food fortification is essential for both developed and developing nations to ensure that processed foods contain the necessary nutrients, hence improving their nutritional value for human consumption. Nanotechnology can be applied to enrich food by improving bioavailability and providing a delivery system for phytochemicals, vitamins, and minerals. This review enhances our knowledge regarding the profound consequences it may have on the future of nutrition and food technology.

Non-Classical Euler Buckling and Brazier Instability in Cylindrical Liquid Droplets.

Crystalline monolayers prevalent in nature and technology possess elusive elastic properties with important implications in fundamental physics, biology, and nanotechnology. Leveraging the recently discovered shape transitions of oil-in-water emulsion droplets, upon which these droplets adopt cylindrical shapes and elongate, we investigate the elastic characteristics of the crystalline monolayers covering their interfaces. To unravel the conditions governing Euler buckling and Brazier kink formation in these cylindrical tubular interfacial crystals, we strain the elongating cylindrical droplets within confining microfluidic wells. Our experiments unveil a nonclassical relation between the Young's modulus and the bending modulus of these crystals. Intriguingly, this relation varies with the radius of the cylindrical crystal, presenting a nonclassical mechanism for tuning of elasticity in nanotechnology applications.

High-Tech Sustainable Beauty: Exploring Nanotechnology for the Development of Cosmetics Using Plant and Animal By-Products

In a world increasingly focused on eco-conscious living, the cosmetic industry is actively adopting nanotechnology to transform plant and animal by-products into high-value beauty products. This comprehensive review explores the innovative and sustainable approaches for extracting and utilizing bioactive compounds from these by-products. The application of nanocarrier systems is highlighted for their role in enhancing the delivery efficacy and safety of these ingredients in skincare and beauty products. Consumer demand and environmental concerns drive the shift towards natural and sustainable cosmetic products. Traditional cosmetic production often involves significant ecological impacts, prompting the industry to seek greener alternatives. This review addresses the critical need for sustainable beauty solutions that align with global sustainability goals, particularly those outlined in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The review provides valuable insights into current trends and future directions in sustainable cosmetics by focusing on nanotechnology and by-products. The review uniquely integrates nanotechnology with sustainability practices in the cosmetic industry. It details the benefits of using nanocarriers to improve the stability, bioavailability, and efficacy of bioactive compounds derived from natural waste. This intersection of high-tech methodologies and sustainability offers a novel perspective on cosmetic innovation. Future research should focus on overcoming the technical, regulatory, and economic challenges of scaling up nanotechnology applications. Investigations should include the development of transparent supply chains, standardization methods for characterizing nanoparticles, and comprehensive lifecycle assessments to ensure environmental safety. Additionally, fostering collaboration between scientific research, industry practices, and consumer education is vital for advancing sustainable practices. This review contributes to the broader discourse on sustainable beauty by presenting a clear pathway for integrating these innovative approaches. It ensures that future cosmetic products meet consumer expectations for efficacy and safety and promote environmental stewardship and a circular economy, ultimately benefiting both the skin and the planet.

At the Limit of Interfacial Sharpness in Nanowire Axial Heterostructures.

As semiconductor devices approach dimensions at the atomic scale, controlling the compositional grading across heterointerfaces becomes paramount. Particularly in nanowire axial heterostructures, which are promising for a broad spectrum of nanotechnology applications, the achievement of sharp heterointerfaces has been challenging owing to peculiarities of the commonly used vapor-liquid-solid growth mode. Here, the grading of Al across GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs/GaAs heterostructures in self-catalyzed nanowires is studied, aiming at finding the limits of the interfacial sharpness for this technologically versatile material system. A pulsed growth mode ensures precise control of the growth mechanisms even at low temperatures, while a semiempirical thermodynamic model is derived to fit the experimental Al-content profiles and quantitatively describe the dependences of the interfacial sharpness on the growth temperature, the nanowire radius, and the Al content. Finally, symmetrical Al profiles with interfacial widths of 2-3 atomic planes, at the limit of the measurement accuracy, are obtained, outperforming even equivalent thin-film heterostructures. The proposed method enables the development of advanced heterostructure schemes for a more effective utilization of the nanowire platform; moreover, it is considered expandable to other material systems and nanostructure types.

Exploring the impact of mycogenic selenium nanoparticles on production of exopolysaccharides from arid zone bacteria

Modulating bacterial exopolysaccharides (EPS) with nanoparticles is an emerging application of nanotechnology due to the enhancement of soil fertility, encouragement of nutrient uptake, and plant growth in agriculture. This study highlights the seamless integration of nanotechnology with EPS, the fungus, Serendipita indica strain is used here to reduce selenium ions and forms selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs). Se NPs has been characterized by visual observation, UV–vis spectroscopy, FTIR, TEM, SEM-EDX, XRD, DLS and Zeta potential. Production of EPS was monitored in the presence of Se NPs. Extracted EPS was characterized by FTIR, SEM-EDX, HPLC, and NMR. Results exhibit the successful formation of spherical, crystalline Se NPs with size ranging between 20-80 nm with 92.24% selenium. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to identify and optimise the production of exopolysaccharides (EPS) from Bacillus subtilis that was isolated from arid zone agricultural soil. The central composite rotatable design (CCRD) exhibited the highest yield of EPS 11.332 g/l. EPS was then characterized by FTIR, HPLC, NMR, and SEM which revealed the presence of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups and flakes-like structure of EPS. Hence, the present work will pave the way for the application of nanotechnology for increasing EPS production and will also offer new dimensions for further research.

Unveiling the Potential of Spirulina Biomass—A Glimpse into the Future Circular Economy Using Green and Blue Ingredients

The present work aims to explore Spirulina biomass’ functional and technological marvels and its components, such as C-phycocyanin (C-PC), in modern food systems from a circular economy perspective, evaluating a decade of insights and innovations. This comprehensive review delves into the pivotal studies of the past decade, spotlighting the vital importance of maintaining stability in various food matrices to unleash the full biological impacts. Through the lens of food science intertwined with circular economy principles, this analysis meets health and environmental requisites and explores the harmonious synergy between food systems, economy, and industry. While Spirulina has typically served as a supplement, its untapped potential as a fundamental food ingredient has been unveiled, showcasing its abundant nutritional and functional attributes. Technological hurdles in preserving the vibrant color of C-PC have been triumphantly surmounted through simple temperature control methods or cutting-edge nanotechnology applications. Despite the gap in sensory acceptance studies, the emergence of blue foods introduces groundbreaking functional and innovative avenues for the food industry.

Unveiling the Potential of Spirulina Biomass—A Glimpse into the Future Circular Economy Using Green and Blue Ingredients

The present work aims to explore Spirulina biomass’ functional and technological marvels and its components, such as C-phycocyanin (C-PC), in modern food systems from a circular economy perspective, evaluating a decade of insights and innovations. This comprehensive review delves into the pivotal studies of the past decade, spotlighting the vital importance of maintaining stability in various food matrices to unleash the full biological impacts. Through the lens of food science intertwined with circular economy principles, this analysis meets health and environmental requisites and explores the harmonious synergy between food systems, economy, and industry. While Spirulina has typically served as a supplement, its untapped potential as a fundamental food ingredient has been unveiled, showcasing its abundant nutritional and functional attributes. Technological hurdles in preserving the vibrant color of C-PC have been triumphantly surmounted through simple temperature control methods or cutting-edge nanotechnology applications. Despite the gap in sensory acceptance studies, the emergence of blue foods introduces groundbreaking functional and innovative avenues for the food industry.

Advancing Atomic Force Microscopy: Design of Innovative IP-Dip Polymer Cantilevers and Their Exemplary Fabrication via 3D Laser Microprinting

This paper presents the design and fabrication of new types of polymer-based cantilevers for atomic force microscopy. The design and fabrication are aimed at the capability of 3D laser microprinting technology based on two-photon polymerization on a standard silicon substrate. IP-Dip commercial material from the Nanoscribe company was used for the fabrication of the designed cantilevers. The fabricated microprinted cantilevers facilitate precise manipulation at the nanoscopic scale, which is essential for studying nanomaterials’ mechanical, electrical, and optical properties. The cantilevers’ flexibility allows for the integration of functional elements such as piezoelectric layers and optical fibers, enabling combined measurements of multiple physical parameters. Various cantilever geometries, including rectangular and V-shaped, are examined, and their resonance frequencies are calculated. The experimental process involves preparing the cantilevers on a silicon substrate and coating them with aluminum for enhanced reflectivity and conductivity. Scanning electron microscope analysis documents the precise form of prepared polymer cantilevers. The functionality of the probes is validated by scanning a step-height standard grating. This study demonstrates the versatility and precision of the fabricated cantilevers, showcasing their potential for large-area scans, living cell investigation, and diverse nanotechnology applications.

Advancing Atomic Force Microscopy: Design of Innovative IP-Dip Polymer Cantilevers and Their Exemplary Fabrication via 3D Laser Microprinting

This paper presents the design and fabrication of new types of polymer-based cantilevers for atomic force microscopy. The design and fabrication are aimed at the capability of 3D laser microprinting technology based on two-photon polymerization on a standard silicon substrate. IP-Dip commercial material from the Nanoscribe company was used for the fabrication of the designed cantilevers. The fabricated microprinted cantilevers facilitate precise manipulation at the nanoscopic scale, which is essential for studying nanomaterials’ mechanical, electrical, and optical properties. The cantilevers’ flexibility allows for the integration of functional elements such as piezoelectric layers and optical fibers, enabling combined measurements of multiple physical parameters. Various cantilever geometries, including rectangular and V-shaped, are examined, and their resonance frequencies are calculated. The experimental process involves preparing the cantilevers on a silicon substrate and coating them with aluminum for enhanced reflectivity and conductivity. Scanning electron microscope analysis documents the precise form of prepared polymer cantilevers. The functionality of the probes is validated by scanning a step-height standard grating. This study demonstrates the versatility and precision of the fabricated cantilevers, showcasing their potential for large-area scans, living cell investigation, and diverse nanotechnology applications.

Application of Nanotechnology for Targeted Drug Delivery and Nontoxicity

Nanotechnology has applications in various fields of medicine. The health and biomedical fields can apply nanotechnology to treatment and drug delivery, enabling the targeted and controlled delivery of drugs and therapeutic compounds. Normally, the body quickly metabolizes drugs upon their entry, potentially affecting their efficiency. Additionally, drugs are often unable to specifically target cells, leading to harmful effects on healthy cells. Nanotechnology is currently being used to address these issues. Nanoparticles, which are tiny particles made up of either synthetic or semi-synthetic polymers, have introduced targeted drug delivery by allowing accurate and regulated secretion of therapeutic agents at specific activity sites. Their efficiency depends on features such as size, shape, surface, charge, and loading techniques. By utilizing their distinct attributes, nanoparticles can overcome biological barriers, improving the bioavailability of drugs and decreasing systemic toxicity. However, excessive use of nanotechnology also raises concerns about its potential nanotoxicity. The interaction between biological systems and nanoparticles can lead to hazardous effects such as genotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and neurotoxicity. Thus, it is important to examine the nanotoxicity of nanoparticles and develop various ways to diminish their toxic effects. This review aims to summarize the use of nanoparticles for drug delivery to specific sites, as well as their nanotoxicity.

High operational functionality nanofluids from choline chloride, ethylene glycol, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes – Economical substitutes for ionanofluids

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are an emerging class of green, easy-to-synthesize, and inexpensive solvents with designable properties widely used in nanotechnology applications. The optimization of such working fluids for energy transfer purposes requires the simultaneous maximization of their thermal/electrical conductivities and thermal/shelf-life stabilities, as well as minimization of their viscosity and overall material/maintenance costs. In this work, there is provided a comprehensive analysis of physicochemical properties, including, first-ever measurements of electrical conductivity and refractive index, of new highly-concentrated DES-based nanofluids composed of choline chloride/ethylene glycol (ChCl/EG) with molar ratios of 1:15, 1:5, 1:3, and 0.25–1 wt% of originally 860-µm-long multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), cut upon sonication to 14.0–16.9 µm. The study deepens the understanding of the mechanisms occurring at the molecular level during heat and electricity transfer in DES-based nanofluids and provides new empirical transport-property correlations. The analyzed nanodispersions are highly viscous (150–840 mPa·s at 25 °C, 9.3 s–‍1) non-Newtonian fluids (flow behavior index 0.49 ≤ m ≤ 0.66), though their viscosity can be notably reduced by elevated temperature and shear rate (28.3–120 mPa·s at 40 °C, 186 s−1). Importantly, DES-based nanofluids exhibit significant improvement in thermal conductivity (λ = 0.307 W·m−1·K−1), AC electrical conductivity (σ = 42.6 mS·cm−1), and decomposition temperature (T50%=255 °C) for ChCl/EG 1:3 + 1 wt% MWCNTs at 25 °C, thus, they can potentially become an interesting alternative to ionanofluids with up to 83 times lower raw material costs and at least 30-month shelf-life stability.

Application of Nanotechnology for Herbal Medicine Development: A Review

Background: Herbal medicines have been extensively used to treat diseases since the prehistoric era, but written records date back more than 5,000 years only. All civilizations developed their knowledge of herbal medicines in a well-ordered system, such as Ayurveda, Unani, Traditional Chinese Medicine, etc. The interest in traditional medicine declined after the discovery of modern medicine. However, in the 21st century, herbal medicines are staging a comeback as the dangers and limitations of modern medicine have become more apparent and herbal medicines are viewed as a balanced and moderate approach to healing. Methods: This review includes the nanoformulations of phytoconstituents and extract. Advancements in analysis and clinical research prove the efficacy of nano-herbal medicines in preventing and treating diseases. This review is mostly about how nanotechnology can be used to help herbal medicines work better. Result: The major problems with herbal medicines are their poor solubility and stability. New technological advancements are capable of removing the problems associated with herbal medicine. Novel drug delivery systems such as microemulsion, liposome, niosome, and nano-drug delivery systems are used to enhance the safety and efficacy of herbal medicines. Conclusion: Nanotechnology has significant merit for herbal medicines, such as improving solubility, bioavailability, pharmacological activity enhancement, and stability enhancement.

Green synthesis of Carica papaya mediated silver nanoparticles: Characterization, antibacterial activity, and bioelectricity generation for sustainable applications in nanotechnology

This study presents a sustainable method for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using green Carica papaya extract (CPE) as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The green synthesis minimizes environmental impact and utilizes bioactive compounds in Carica papaya (CP), offering an economical and sustainable alternative. The goal is to employ CPE for the eco-friendly synthesis of Ag NPs, followed by comprehensive characterization, antibacterial evaluation, cytotoxicity against brine shrimp, and examination of bioelectricity generation. Locally sourced CP was boiled in deionized water, then cooled and filtered twice. The bio-reduction of silver ions to Ag NPs was confirmed by a color change when 45 mL of 0.005 M AgNO3 was mixed with 5 mL of CPE. Characterization through UV–vis absorption spectrophotometry (UV), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis confirms the successful formation and consistent size distribution of Ag nanoparticles. CPE is a crucial reducing agent, as evidenced by a distinct UV-visible peak at 422 nm. X-ray crystal analysis verifies highly crystalline Ag NPs with a face-centered cubic lattice structure. The d-spacing values in SAED images are consistent with the results obtained from XRD. Antimicrobial effectiveness against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis is demonstrated. The study explores the bioelectricity generation potential of CPE-synthesized Ag NPs, indicating promising prospects for sustainable energy solutions. Preliminary experiments show the ability of the nanoparticles to catalyze bio-electrochemical reactions. This dual-benefit study underscores CPEs role in antibacterial properties and bioelectricity generation, laying the groundwork for further research in sustainable nanotechnology applicable to healthcare and energy sectors and contributing to the advancement of environmentally friendly technologies.

Rocket Dynamics of Capped Nanotubes: A Molecular Dynamics Study.

The study of nanoparticle motion has fundamental relevance in a wide range of nanotechnology-based fields. Molecular dynamics simulations offer a powerful tool to elucidate the dynamics of complex systems and derive theoretical models that facilitate the invention and optimization of novel devices. This research contributes to this ongoing effort by investigating the motion of one-end capped carbon nanotubes within an aqueous environment through extensive molecular dynamics simulations. By exposing the carbon nanotubes to localized heating, propelled motion with velocities reaching up to ≈0.08 nm ps-1 was observed. Through systematic exploration of various parameters such as temperature, nanotube diameter, and size, we were able to elucidate the underlying mechanisms driving propulsion. Our findings demonstrate that the propulsive motion predominantly arises from a rocket-like mechanism facilitated by the progressive evaporation of water molecules entrapped within the carbon nanotube. Therefore, this study focuses on the complex interplay between nanoscale geometry, environmental conditions, and propulsion mechanisms in capped nanotubes, providing relevant insights into the design and optimization of nanoscale propulsion systems with various applications in nanotechnology and beyond.

Nanosensors: Unveiling the Invisible-Advancement in Drug Detection

Nanosensors: Unveiling the Invisible-Advancement in Drug Detection