High-performance Supercapacitor Applications Research Articles

Heteroatom-doped porous carbon derived from covalent organic framework for high performance supercapacitor applications

Heteroatom-doped porous carbon derived from covalent organic framework for high performance supercapacitor applications

Hydrothermally synthesised novel α-Bi2O3-ZnO heterojunctions for high performance supercapacitor application

Supercapacitors are a viable alternativefor next-generation sustainable energy storage systems, but their capacitance muststill be improved by selecting an appropriate electrode material. Hereinwe devised a cost effective, one-step hydrothermal technique to fabricateporous α-Bi2O3-ZnO heterojunction composites with a high aspect ratio. The prepared materials were systematically characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis. Electrochemical measurements revealed that in contrast to pristine α-Bi2O3 and ZnO nanostructured electrodes, the proposed α-Bi2O3-ZnO heterojunctions demonstrated robust pseudocapacitance performance owing to the synergistic effect, convenient ion transport channels and more exposed surface area. At a scan rate of 10 mVs−1, the α-Bi2O3-ZnO supercapacitor electrode exhibited a high specific capacitance of 582.5 Fg−1 and outstanding long-term cycling stability by maintaining approximately 86.3% of its original charge after 3000 cycles. Furthermore, an asymmetric supercapacitor based on α-Bi2O3-ZnO positive electrode and activated carbon was constructed whichdemonstrated high specific capacitance (74.03 Fg−1 at 8 mAcm−2) and renderedmaximum energy densityof 23.13 Whkg−1 at 607.5 Wkg−1, making it a useful and promising material for electrochemical energy storage applications.

2D/2D nanoarchitecture of Ni/NiCo2O4 deposited onto reduced graphene oxide for high-performance hybrid supercapacitor applications

The advanced energy storage electrode materials should mainly be focused on nanoarchitecture, multiple redox states, large surface area, and plenty of surface-active sites. Thereby, designing well-defined nanostructured electrode materials and tailoring them with a suitable supporting material is a prime requirement for supercapacitor application. Herein, we report the facile solvothermal synthesis of Ni/NiCo2O4 nanosheets directly decorated onto reduced graphene oxide (rGO) followed by thermal treatment. The porous 2D/2D Ni/NiCo2O4@rGO framework could enable easier ion diffusion to the electroactive site with reduced resistance for charge and mass transportation. In addition, a 2D/2D nanoarchitecture with strong face-to-face contacts can provide an extremely coupling interface that exhibits to have tremendous potential for energy storage performance. Interestingly, the resulting Ni/NiCo2O4@rGO nanoarchitecture electrode exhibits a higher specific capacitance of 1110 F g−1 at a specific current of 1 A g−1, which is much higher than those of Ni/NiO@rGO (500 F g−1) and CoO/Co3O4@rGO (425 F g−1) electrodes under the similar condition. Besides, the Ni/NiCo2O4@rGO nanoarchitecture electrode shown considerably high specific capacitance (574 F g−1) even though the specific current increased to 20 A g−1, demonstrating that the nanoarchitecture electrode preserves good rate capability. Further, a hybrid supercapacitor was constructed using the Ni/NiCo2O4@rGO nanoarchitecture electrode, and it delivered a high specific capacitance of 127 F g−1, with a high energy density of 40.63 Wh kg−1 for a power density of 854.81 W kg−1. As well as the hybrid supercapacitor exhibited excellent long-term cyclability with 90.1 % retention over 20,000 charge-discharge cycles.

Design of nickel oxide nanoclusters on nano-graphitized coil sheets derived from Sapindus mukorossi for high-performance supercapacitor applications

Design of nickel oxide nanoclusters on nano-graphitized coil sheets derived from Sapindus mukorossi for high-performance supercapacitor applications

Nanoporous Carbon Materials from Terminalia bellirica Seed for Iodine and Methylene Blue Adsorption and High-Performance Supercapacitor Applications

Abstract Here we report the methylene blue adsorption and energy storage supercapacitance performances of the nanoporous activated carbons obtained by the zinc chloride (ZnCl2) activation of biowaste, Terminalia bellirica (Barro) seed stone. The activation was performed at lower temperatures (400–700 °C) under an inert nitrogen gas atmosphere. The total specific surface area and pore volume range from 1077 to 1303 m2 g−1 and 0.752 to 0.873 cm3 g−1, depending on the carbonization temperature. Due to the well-developed porosity, the sample with optimal surface area showed excellent iodine and methylene blue adsorption properties with a maximum iodine number and methylene blue value of 909.8 mg g−1 and 357.2 mg g−1, respectively. Batch adsorption studies revealed that the optimum methylene blue adsorption is favorable in an alkaline medium, with a contact time of 270 min and an adsorbent dose of 8 g L−1, respectively. The Langmuir isotherm model could best explain the equilibrium adsorption with a monolayer adsorption capacity of 312.5 mg g−1. The electrochemical measurements performed in a three-electrode system revealed a high specific capacitance of 319 F g−1 at 1 A g−1. Furthermore, the electrode retained 46% capacitance at 50 A g−1 with an excellent cycle life of 98.5% after 10,000 consecutive charging/discharging cycles. These results imply that a biowaste Terminalia bellirica seed has a considerable potential to produce high surface area porous carbons materials desired in adsorption technology and high-performance supercapacitor applications.

Facile Synthesis of Functionalized Porous Carbon by Direct Pyrolysis of Anacardium occidentale Nut-Skin Waste and Its Utilization towards Supercapacitors.

Preparing electrode materials plays an essential role in the fabrication of high-performance supercapacitors. In general, heteroatom doping in carbon-based electrode materials enhances the electrochemical properties. Herein, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur co-doped porous carbon (PC) materials were prepared by direct pyrolysis of Anacardium occidentale (AO) nut-skin waste for high-performance supercapacitor applications. The as-prepared AO-PC material possessed interconnected micropore/mesopore structures and exhibited a high specific surface area of 615 m2 g-1. The Raman spectrum revealed a moderate degree of graphitization of AO-PC materials. These superior properties of the as-prepared AO-PC material help to deliver high specific capacitance. After fabricating the working electrode, the electrochemical performances including cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were conducted in 1 M H2SO4 aqueous solution using a three-electrode configuration for supercapacitor applications. The AO-PC material delivered a high specific capacitance of 193 F g-1 at a current density of 0.5 A g-1. The AO-PC material demonstrated <97% capacitance retention even after 10,000 cycles of charge-discharge at the current density of 5 A g-1. All the above outcomes confirmed that the as-prepared AO-PC from AO nut-skin waste via simple pyrolysis is an ideal electrode material for fabricating high-performance supercapacitors. Moreover, this work provides a cost-effective and environmentally friendly strategy for adding value to biomass waste by a simple pyrolysis route.

Polypyrrole-decorated hierarchical carbon aerogel from liquefied wood enabling high energy density and capacitance supercapacitor

Carbon aerogels (CAs) from biomass have low energy density and specific capacitance due to underutilized structure, severely hindering their application in high-performance supercapacitors. Herein, we address this issue through a binary composite in which psudocapacitive polypyrrole (PPy) microparticles are in situ grown on the surfaces of hierarchical porous liquefied wood carbon aerogels (LWCA). The deposited pseudocapacitive PPy microparticles contributes to the high energy density and specific capacitance. The hierarchical structure of LWCA prevents aggregation of PPy microparticles and ensures rapid transfer of electrolyte ions. In three electrodes system, the optimized hybride capacitive LWCA-PPy-65 composite exhibites excellent capacitive performance of 421.45 F g−1 and cycle stability with 82.9% after 5000 cycles. In KOH electrolyte, the hybrid supercapacitor from LWCA-PPy-65 demonstrates a high energy density of 52.0 Wh kg−1 with a power density of 2012.8 W kg−1, and excellent cyclic performance of 92.81% retention after 5000 cycles at 5 A g−1. In H2SO4 electrolyte, the fabricated solid state supercapacitor displays prominent cyclic performance of 92.81% retention after 5000 cycles at 5 A g−1. Such three-dimensional biomass-based composite aerogels with high energy density and capacitance demonstrated a promising application prospect in energy storage devices.

S-Doped Graphene Oxide/N-Doped Graphene Oxide/PANI: A Triple Composite for High-Performance Supercapacitor Applications

In this study, nitrogen doped graphene oxide(N-GO) and sulfur doped graphene oxide(S-GO) were produced in one step, and two of these prepared materials were converted into composite form with polyaniline(PANI). For the first time in the literature, triple composite electrode materials with two heteroatom doped graphene oxides and PANI were prepared for supercapacitors. In this context, heteroatom doped graphene oxides and PANI were characterized using spectroscopic and microscopic methods. With the ternary composites formed, anode and cathode electrode materials for coin cell type supercapacitors in asymmetrical form were characterized by electrochemical methods. The capacitive behavior of the prepared supercapacitors was investigated by cyclic voltammetry(CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) method. The change of capacitive behavior according to the number of cycles was determined by cyclic charge-discharge tests. With the electrode materials obtained with heteroatom doped graphene oxides/PANI composites, it reached the highest areal capacitance value of 79.7 mF.cm−2 at 10 mV.s−1 scan rate. The coin cell type asymmetric supercapacitors retained more than 100% of their initial specific capacitance at the end of the 1500 cycle.

MOF derived NiCo2O4 nanosheets for high performance asymmetric supercapacitor

The electrochemical performance of the faradaic battery-type metal oxide electrodes is dependent on the calcination temperature. Herein, we report metal–organic framework (MOF) derived bimetallic oxide (NiCo2O4-MOF) electrode materials for high-performance supercapacitor (SC) applications. Remarkably, the optimal NCM electrode with the annealing temperature 300 °C (NCM-300) achieves the maximum specific capacity of 188 mAh/g at 5 Ag−1 and the excellent rate capability of 85.25% after 3000 cycles, far exceeding those of their single counterpart. Interestingly, designed asymmetric device (ASC) using NiCo2O4-MOF (positive electrode) and activated carbon (AC) (negative electrode) showed excellent energy density 84.26 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 1185 W kg−1 with 83.23% capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles. This report illustrates a novel route for synthesis and fabrication of metal oxides derived MOF having a large porosity which is beneficial to the electrochemical energy storage applications.

Experimental and theoretical insights into colossal supercapacitive performance of graphene quantum dots incorporated Ni3S2/CoS2/MoS2 electrode

Transition metal sulfides (TMS) are promising electrode materials for supercapacitor applications due to their unmatchable advantages. To overcome the deficiency of individual metal sulfides, the combination of one or more pseudocapacitive transition metals with conductive carbon material can be a plausible solution. In this work, a simple and one-step hydrothermal synthesis method is used to fabricate the flower-like Ni3S2/CoS2/MoS2 (NCMS) and Ni3S2/CoS2/MoS2-GQDs (NCMS-G) directly on Ni foam and used it as a binder-free electrode for high-performance supercapacitor applications. The NCMS-G-2.5 electrode possessed colossal specific capacitance (2364 Fg−1 at the current density of 2 Ag−1), excellent rate capability (55 % at the current density of 10 Ag−1), as well as good cycling stability (93 % retention after 10,000 cycles at the current density of 20 Ag−1). Furthermore, assembled NCMS-G-2.5//rGO asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) device delivered an excellent energy density of 84.8 Wh kg−1 and superior cycling performance (98 % capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles). We have investigated the interactions between Ni3S2/CoS2/MoS2 and carbon based nanostructure GQDs employing state-of-the-art Density Functional Theory (DFT) simulations. The interactions between Ni3S2/CoS2/MoS2 and GQDs is not only long range van der Waals interactions, but also chemical interactions involving charge transfer from metal 3d orbital to C 2p orbital of GQDs are also present. Due to this synergic effect, there is enhancement in electronic states near Fermi level which may improve the conductivity of the hybrid structure. Enhanced quantum capacitance, improved conductivity and increased surface area for the hybrid structure may attribute towards superior charge storage performance for the hybrid structures which support experimental data. It is expected that the fabricated, unique, 3D flower NCMS-G-2.5 has potential prospects for developing advanced and high-performance energy storage devices.

Synergistic effect of carbon nanotube and tri-metallic MOF nanoarchitecture for electrochemical high-performance asymmetric supercapacitor applications and their charge storage mechanism

To develop innovative energy-storage devices, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with various nano-geometries must be rationally combined. In this research, a trimetallic-based MOF with varying ratios of carbon nanotubes (CNT) was synthesized and optimized for use in electrochemical supercapacitor devices. The composite material has a corrugated-layered structure that allows for fast ion transport and electrolyte storage. The synergistic features of CNT and MOF, along with the stronger redox reactions of multimetallic ionic species, enable effective charge storage. The 1D nanotube form of CNT provides stability and electrical conductivity. MOF-CNT(5 %) showed a higher capacitive efficiency than MOF due to its high specific capacitance and rate capacity (86.1 % retention at 5 A/g). The MOF-CNT(5 %)//ACarbon composite exhibited a capacitance of 166.4 F/g at 1 A/g, 79.2 % retention after 10,000 charging/discharging cycles, a high-power density of 501.5 W/kg, and an energy density of 23.6 Wh/kg, making it a potential nanomaterial for asymmetric supercapacitors. Dunn's and Trasatti's model were used to extract regression parameters and capacitive-diffusive contributions of the supercapacitor.

Porous activated carbon materials from Triphala seed stones for high-performance supercapacitor applications

Porous activated carbon materials derived from biomass could be the suitable materials for high-rate performance electrochemical supercapacitors as it exhibits high surface area due to well-defined pore structure. Here, we report the novel porous activated carbon from Triphala seed stones by chemical activation with zinc chloride at different carbonization temperature (400-700 °C) under the nitrogen gas atmosphere. The activated carbon was characterized by Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman scattering and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements was used to study the surface properties (effective surface areas, pore volumes and pore size distributions). The electrochemical measurements were performed in an aqueous 1 M sulphuric acid (H2SO4) solution in a three-electrode cell set up. Triphala seed stones-derived porous carbon materials with well-defined micro- and mesopores exhibit high specific surface area ranges from 878.7 to 1233.3 m2 g-1 and total pore volume ranges from 0.439 to 0.626 cm3 g-1. The specific capacitance obtained by electrochemical measurement experiment was 208.7 F g-1 at 1 A g-1. These results indicate that the prepared nanoporous activated carbon material from Triphala seed stones would have significant possibility as supercapacitor electrode material for high-energy-storage supercapacitor applications.

Fabrication of Co-Fe-Mn composites with a mixed-dimensional structure for applications in high-performance supercapacitors

Reasonably regulating the dimensionality and interface of an electrode material can effectively improve its surface chemical reactivity, charge transfer rate, and ion transport performance, which is crucial to solving several problems with supercapacitors, including low energy density and poor cycle stability. The multidimensional hybrid morphology of Co-Fe carbonate hydroxide (CH) coupled with Co-Mn layered double hydroxide (LDH) is generated directly on the nickel foam substrate by a two-stage process. The prepared multidimensional hybrid materials with pore morphology with the synergistic effect of 1D nanorods, 2D nanosheets, and 3D “porous coral” not only ensure sufficient contact between the electrolyte and electrode material but also enhance the charge transfer and ion diffusion of the electrolyte. The strong coupling effect of Co, Fe, and Mn metals between the heterojunction surface can produce various ionic valence states and high conductivities, resulting in increased redox activity, which thus improves the electrochemical performance. The results of the electrochemical performance test show that when the current density is 10 mA cm−2, the high area-specific capacitance of 7.33 F cm−2 is two times (3.85 F cm−2) that of a Co-Fe CH electrode and five times that of a Co CH electrode. The quasi-solid state asymmetric supercapacitor with a Co-Fe-Mn positive electrode and an active carbon negative electrode displays an energy density of 0.723 mWh cm−2 at a power density of 8.53 mW cm−2. After 5500 cycles, the apparatus exhibits 101.72 % of the initial capacitance, which can effectively drive small electrical appliances. The results indicate that the supercapacitor exhibits excellent cycle stability and application potential in energy storage.

Graphene Oxide/Metal Sulfide and Oxide Nanocomposite Electrodes for High Electrochemical Performance Supercapacitor Applications

Graphene Oxide/Metal Sulfide and Oxide Nanocomposite Electrodes for High Electrochemical Performance Supercapacitor Applications

The electrochemical fabrication of CoCr2O4/electro-reduced graphene oxide electrodes for high-performance supercapacitors

In this study, cobalt chromite (CoCr2O4)/electro-reduced graphene oxide (ERGO) (CCO/ERGO) nanocomposites were electrochemically fabricated on nickel foam (NF) electrode by a two-step synthesis method including the one-pot electrochemical deposition technique and thermal annealing. The analytical and morphological structure of the CCO/ERGO nanocomposite was studied by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) techniques. The characterization results indicated that CCO/ERGO nanocomposite included CCO spinel structure and ERGO. For the first time, the electrochemical fabrication of CCO/ERGO was reported via a one-pot synthesis strategy for high-performance supercapacitors applications. The electrochemical performances of CCO/ERGO nanocomposites were investigated in detail based on cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and cyclic stability test. The CCO/ERGO nanocomposite electrodes exhibited a high specific capacitance of 1610 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1 in 1 M KOH solution. The results show that the synthesized CCO/ERGO electrode has high performance for future-generation supercapacitors applications.

Electrochemical performance of aqueous electrolytes in porous carbon derived cassava peel electrode material-based for sustainable symmetrical supercapacitor

Electrolytes have been generally recognized as one of the most important components in enhancing the electrochemical performance of supercapacitors. On the other hand, aqueous electrolytes are considered prime candidates for the development of the next generation of symmetric supercapacitors due to their low-cost, environmentally friendly, high ionic conductivity, fine ionic size, and high capacitance. Herein, the symmetrical supercapacitor of the sustainable porous carbon-based electrode material was confirmed through various aqueous electrolytes consisting of neutral, basic, and acidic Na2SO4, KOH, and H2SO4. Activated carbon is obtained from high potential biomass sources of cassava peel waste. Activated carbon synthesis was performed with a comprehensive approach in order to obtain abundant pore structure, high porosity, and improved wettability through a combination of high-temperature chemical and physical activation. in addition, the electrode material is designed to resemble a solid disc without the addition of a synthetic binder. The evaluation of the disc dimensions showed high porosity in the obtained activated carbon. Furthermore, the symmetrical supercapacitor of the optimized electrode material exhibit excellent specific capacitances of 112, 150, and 183 F g-1 at 1 mV s-1 in the electrolytes Na2SO4, KOH, and H2SO4, respectively. In addition, the highest rate capability of 70% was confirmed in the H2SO4 acid electrolyte. Moreover, their coulombic efficiency can be maintained around 89% with low equivalent series resistance 0.21-0.42 ?. Therefore, the activated carbon-based supercapacitor symmetric cell device from cassava peel shows high performance for developing high-performance supercapacitor applications with guaranteed stability in aqueous electrolytes.

Single-step fabrication of surface morphology tuned iron oxide anchored highly porous carbon nanotube hybrid foam for a highly stable supercapacitor electrode

The pseudocapacitive metal oxide anchored nanocarbon-based three-dimensional (3D) materials are considered attractive electrode materials for high-performance supercapacitor applications. However, the complex multistep synthesis approaches raise production costs and act as a major barrier to the practical real-world field. To overcome this limitation, in this study, an easily scalable and effective fabrication approach for the development of iron oxide (Fe3O4) anchored highly porous carbon nanotube hybrid foam (f-Fe3O4/O-CNTF) with micro/mesoporous structure was suggested to improve the durability and energy storage performance. The surface morphology-tuned f-Fe3O4/O-CNTF (f-Fe3O4/O-CNTF(M)) was fabricated through electromagnetic interaction between the anchored magnetic Fe3O4 on the CNT surface and the applied magnetic field. The obtained results clearly demonstrated that the changed surface morphology of the f-Fe3O4/O-CNTF(M) strongly affected the meso- and micropore structure, electrochemical performance, and durability. Consequently, the f-Fe3O4/O-CNTF(M) showed an almost 120% enhanced specific surface area and nearly 1.9 times increased specific capacitance compared to that of the f-Fe3O4/O-CNTF. Furthermore, the changed surface morphology successfully prevented the re-aggregation of the initial structure and significantly improved durability. As a result, f-Fe3O4/O-CNTF(M) showed outstanding cycling stability, maintaining almost 100% capacitance retention after 14,000 cycles. Consequently, the assembled symmetric supercapacitor device delivered an energy density of 20.1 Wh·kg−1 at a power density of 0.37 kW·kg−1 with good cycling stability. These results suggest that the f-Fe3O4/O-CNTF(M) can potentially be used as an electrode for supercapacitors with good durability.

Fabrication of sodium and MoS2 incorporated NiO and carbon nanostructures for advanced supercapacitor application

Transition metal oxides and carbonaceous nanocomposites have triggered enormous interest in the application of high-performance supercapacitors due to the outstanding electrical conductivity and superior theoretical capacitance. In this study, we prepared highly porous nanostructured NiO/C yolk-shell nanocomposites via a simple calcination of nickel-based metal-organic frameworks. The porosity and electrochemical property were further enhanced by incorporating sodium and hierarchical MoS2 nanostructures via a facile hydrothermal method. It was found that the as-synthesized Na-doped MoS2@NiO/C nanocomposites with hierarchical porosity exhibited superior electrochemical performance. Particularly, the delivered electrochemical capacitance of NiO/C yolk-shell structure was 1779.50 F g−1 in an aqueous electrolyte (2 M KOH), and a superior specific capacitance of 2540.63 F g−1 was acquired after the incorporation of sodium and 2D layered MoS2 into the nanocomposite. When a symmetrical supercapacitor was fabricated, a remarkable energy density of 36.93 Wh kg−1 was recorded in an environmental-friendly aqueous-based electrolyte. More significantly, the outstanding delivered capacitance retention and coulombic efficiency were 111.92 % and 97.6 %, respectively after 4000 continuous GCD cycles. Hence, the Na-doped MoS2@NiO/C with hierarchical porous nanostructures and extraordinary electrochemical performance was explicitly demonstrated in this study and can be utilized as electrode active materials in realizing high-performance supercapacitors.

Nanoporous Hollow Carbon Spheres Derived from Fullerene Assembly as Electrode Materials for High-Performance Supercapacitors

The energy storage performances of supercapacitors are expected to be enhanced by the use of nanostructured hierarchically micro/mesoporous hollow carbon materials based on their ultra-high specific surface areas and rapid diffusion of electrolyte ions through the interconnected channels of their mesoporous structures. In this work, we report the electrochemical supercapacitance properties of hollow carbon spheres prepared by high-temperature carbonization of self-assembled fullerene-ethylenediamine hollow spheres (FE-HS). FE-HS, having an average external diameter of 290 nm, an internal diameter of 65 nm, and a wall thickness of 225 nm, were prepared by using the dynamic liquid-liquid interfacial precipitation (DLLIP) method at ambient conditions of temperature and pressure. High temperature carbonization (at 700, 900, and 1100 °C) of the FE-HS yielded nanoporous (micro/mesoporous) hollow carbon spheres with large surface areas (612 to 1616 m2 g-1) and large pore volumes (0.925 to 1.346 cm3 g-1) dependent on the temperature applied. The sample obtained by carbonization of FE-HS at 900 °C (FE-HS_900) displayed optimum surface area and exhibited remarkable electrochemical electrical double-layer capacitance properties in aq. 1 M sulfuric acid due to its well-developed porosity, interconnected pore structure, and large surface area. For a three-electrode cell setup, a specific capacitance of 293 F g-1 at a 1 A g-1 current density, which is approximately 4 times greater than the specific capacitance of the starting material, FE-HS. The symmetric supercapacitor cell was assembled using FE-HS_900 and attained 164 F g-1 at 1 A g-1 with sustained 50% capacitance at 10 A g-1 accompanied by 96% cycle life and 98% coulombic efficiency after 10,000 consecutive charge/discharge cycles. The results demonstrate the excellent potential of these fullerene assemblies in the fabrication of nanoporous carbon materials with the extensive surface areas required for high-performance energy storage supercapacitor applications.

Enhanced electrochemical properties of (V2O5/GO) composite electrodes for high-performance supercapacitor applications

Enhanced electrochemical properties of (V2O5/GO) composite electrodes for high-performance supercapacitor applications