Building Applications Research Articles

Thermo-Mechanical Behavior of Green Sandwich Structures for Building and Construction Applications

In this work, three different types of sandwich structures were manufactured, each using a Formica sheet (a paper-based sheet) as the skin and perlite/sodium silicate foam as the core, with or without a paper honeycomb. The sandwich structures were fabricated by attaching the Formica sheets on both sides of a paper honeycomb core panel, a perlite/sodium silicate foam core panel, and a perlite/sodium silicate foam-filled honeycomb core panel. The flexural characteristics were studied by a three-point bending test and the thermal conductivity was measured using Lee’s thermal conductivity apparatus. The results demonstrated a significant improvement in flexural properties, including core shear stress, facing stress, bending stress, and energy absorption, when incorporating the paper honeycomb reinforcement. The thermal conductivity and flexural properties of the paper honeycomb reinforced and unreinforced perlite/sodium silicate foam-based sandwich panels were found to be very compatible with existing building materials described in the literature that are used for similar applications. The failure investigation revealed that the sandwiches with paper honeycomb failed prematurely only due to core buckling, while the foam-filled honeycomb core-based sandwiches were able to sustain higher loads while exhibiting material failures such as core shear failure, skin rapture, and delamination. It was found that the foam-filled paper honeycomb sandwich structures can withstand higher bending loads than the foam core-based sandwich structure or the paper-honeycomb-based sandwich structure. These developed sandwiches offer potential as green materials due to the characteristics of their constituent materials and they can provide valuable applications in the thermal insulation of buildings.

Establishment of Building Material Carbon Emission Coefficient Database and Application in Architectural Cases: Energy Conservation and Carbon Reduction Big Data Project

Establishment of Building Material Carbon Emission Coefficient Database and Application in Architectural Cases: Energy Conservation and Carbon Reduction Big Data Project

Ordering Information System Design Weddings Organizer Putri Minang uses YII2 Framework

Wedding Organizer is services that work in a manner personal For help candidate bride in planning And supervision implementation party wedding in accordance timetable And budget that has set . Objective study This is produce design For build application web- based that provides service related booking at the Princess Wedding Organizer Minang does the ordering process product during This done Still the manual way then need built system information in a manner hurry And more easy . Where system information this is made use use Object Oriented Programming (OOP) concepts and use Unified Modeling Language (UML) modeling . Frameworks used is Yii2 with Language mainly PHP and Java Script. Analysis observation system walk covers a number business processes and data against service booking . Testing to results developed design _ showing that application can used as where should , be proper service _ complete application _ And capable help with the ordering process product.

Development of high-volume steel slag as cementitious material by ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid induced accelerated carbonation

Steel slag, a by-product of primary steel production, is produced in large quantities and is primarily used as landfill or aggregate. Due to its high reactivity with CO2, steel slag can form calcium carbonate at room temperature and pressure, making it an ideal material for CO2 capture in the development of sustainable construction materials. Due to the transport properties of CO2 and carbonation kinetics, carbonation of steel slag is frequently carried out using pure gas under high pressure. In this study, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)-induced accelerated carbonation was used to produce cement paste mixes consisting of up to 100% steel slag powder. Combination of cement and EDTA with steel slag proved to be effective in accelerating the carbonation reaction. EDTA increased the leaching of Ca from the steel slag, thereby enhancing the carbonation reaction, which was more obvious in longer durations (up to 28 days). The optimum cement paste mix (80% steel slag and 20% cement, with 0.1 mol/L EDTA solution) achieved maximum compressive strength of 14 MPa and CO2 uptake of 8.7% after 28 days of accelerated carbonation. Results demonstrated that the use of high-volume steel slag as a cementitious material has great potential in non-structural building applications.

Investigation of issues affecting thermal comfort in water system underfloor heating applications of buildings with Bayesian networks

Thermal comfort is related to the stability of the ambient temperature. Constant changes in ambient temperature appear as a situation that negatively affects comfort. The selected build-ing systems must be arranged to maintain this stability for the continuity of thermal comfort. In this study, issues affecting thermal comfort in water system underfloor heating applications of buildings are handled and analyzed using the Bayesian Network modeling methodology. Visual examples of the problems encountered in field applications are also given. Three dif-ferent scenarios are tested with the constructed Bayesian Network model. In the first scenario, assumed that mechanical project failures were prevented. In this case, it was observed that the failure rate decreased by about 5%. In the second scenario, assumed that mechanical applica-tion failures are prevented along with mechanical project failures. The failure rate decreased by 11% compared to the first situation. The third scenario assumed that the mechanical proj-ect preparation phase was concluded without any problems, the mechanical project was im-plemented without any failures, and the mechanical system was commissioned without any problems. In the last scenario, the failure rate decreased by 14% compared to the first case, and the probability of not providing thermal comfort remained at 2%. As a result of these three scenarios, the possibility of not providing thermal comfort in the underfloor heating system is detailed and interpreted.

Retracted: University Education Management Model Based on Artificial Intelligence Programming and Analysis Technology Foundation for Building Models and Applications

Retracted: University Education Management Model Based on Artificial Intelligence Programming and Analysis Technology Foundation for Building Models and Applications

Demonstration of a Solar-Driven Ejector Chiller Assisting the Air Conditioning System of a Building

Days with greater amounts of sunshine often have higher cooling demands. This makes solar energy one of the best solutions to mitigate the use of fossil fuels in cooling systems. On the other hand, scientific studies on ejector technology have demonstrated promising improvements in terms of enhancing the efficiencies of cooling and refrigeration systems. This work involved field testing of a solar thermal plant combined with an ejector-compression system for space cooling applications in buildings. The thermal plant uses parabolic solar collectors that focus a large area of sunlight toward tubes where circulating oil captures the energy. This energy activates the ejector system, which produces a nominal 15-kW cooling effect. A solar ejector cooling system is integrated into the CanmetENERGY Research Centre’s building, covering part of its air conditioning load, and consequently decreasing the electrical consumption of the main building’s chiller. The system has operated with a coefficient of performance (COP) of up to 0.27 at this location. Design characteristics of the system are presented and the mode of operation and analysis of collected data are elaborated.

Development of super-hydrophobic surface using Tio2 to reduce adverse effects of environmental pollutants on buildings

The development of self-cleaning surfaces in recent years has been significant in preserving buildings from environmental contaminants and improving visual durability. Titanium dioxide (or titania), a photocatalyst, is used with cement to improve aesthetic durability and de-pollution properties. Super hydrophilic materials were developed by covering glass, ceramic tiles, or polymers with the semiconducting photocatalyst titanium dioxide (TiO2). Grease, grime, and organic pollutants disintegrate when TiO2 is exposed to light and are simply swept away by water (rain). Ink and vehicle smoke are utilised to evaluate the self-cleaning properties of TiO2-containing concretes, and the oxidation of carbons (COx), gaseous atmospheric pollutants responsible for acid rain and photochemical smog, is explored using nano titanium dioxide. The research allowed for the identification of photo-oxidation mechanisms of stain and COx on TiO2-containing cement, as well as parallels and differences with pure unsupported TiO2. Engineering TiO2 particles with certain crystallite sizes and modifying the photocatalyst electrokinetic properties by changing the overall pKa of the TiO2 surface have both been shown to be efficient approaches for controlling the attractive features of ion-ion correlation forces. The effects on applications in a concrete building, specifically on the exterior surface, to improve overall photocatalytic activity are reviewed. The experimental data on photocatalytic performances measured for regular and nano-coated samples are examined regarding photocatalyst qualities and the effect of cement's chemical environment on titania particles. The research allowed for the identification of photo-oxidation mechanisms of stain and COx on TiO2-containing cement, as well as parallels and differences with pure unsupported TiO2.

Pultruded composites contribute to a more sustainable future for construction

Increasing energy and resource efficiency in the construction sector will be key to the EU's ambition of achieving climate neutrality by 2050. By enabling the manufacture of strong, durable and lightweight products, composite materials can help the construction sector improve its environmental sustainability, as well as reduce total lifecycle costs. Pultruded composite parts answer the need for design flexibility, high performance, faster installation, corrosion resistance and low maintenance in a wide variety of building and infrastructure applications, from bridge decks to rebar for concrete, from railway platforms to building panels, stairs and fencing.

To the problem of the need to install thermoregulators on heating appliances in buildings with district heat supply

The article is devoted to the question of the degree of expediency of installing automatic thermostats on heating appliances in buildings with centralized heat supply. The data of actual temperature measurements and the feeling of thermal comfort are given.

First of its kind in Hong Kong - innovative reuse of treated effluent and enhanced energy efficiency for air-conditioning systems

In Hong Kong, air-conditioning (A/C) systems are major consumers of electricity. Although water-cooled air-conditioning systems (WACSs) are more energy efficient, the need for water towers, water treatment and other operation and maintenance (O&M) demands restrain their application in most buildings. This paper reviews a pilot application of treated effluent from sewage treatment works as a cooling medium for the Direct Expansion type of A/C system within the treatment Plant. The Drainage Services Department (DSD) installed a WACS with a self-assembled effluent-cooled condenser to study the energy efficiency, cooling performance and actual O&M requirements of the new system over a one-year pilot. It revealed that an energy saving of up to 27.6% per year could be achieved when compared with a conventional air-cooled air-conditioning system (AACS). This innovative effluent cooling A/C system achieves innovative reuse of treated effluent as well as reduction in carbon footprint as a result of higher energy efficiency for sustainable development.

IDENTIFIKASI DAMPAK LINGKUNGAN PADA PROSES PENGOLAHAN LUMPUR TINJA (IPLT) JABON DENGAN METODE LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA)

Pengolahan lumpur tinja di IPLT adalah suatu kegiatan pengolahan lanjutanlumpur tinja di tangki septik belum layak dibuang ke lingkungan karena masihmengandung beban organik yang tinggi. IPLT Jabon Sidoarjo menjadi objek dalampenelitian dan bertujuan untuk menentukan dampak lingkungan yang ditimbulkanoleh proses pengolahan lumpur tinja di IPLT Jabon Sidoarjo dengan Metode LifeCycle Assessment (LCA). Life cycle assessment (LCA) digunakan untukmelakukan penilaian dampak lingkungan dengan metode Impact 2002+ danmenggunakan pendekatan gate to gate. Data setiap proses pengolahan dianalisisdengan software SimaPro 9.0. Kontribusi tiga dampak terbesar dari analisis LCApada proses pengolahan lumpur tinja adalah non-renewable energy, globalwarming, dan respiratory inorganic. Untuk alternatif program perbaikan yang disarankan yaitu Penerapan green building di daerah sekitar pengolahan, penggunaaninverter dalam upaya menghemat listrik, pemantauan secara berkala pembersihanataupun pembaruan pada unit pengolahan.

Inspired by chromophores: A intelligent transparent bamboo with intrinsic photo- and pH-responsiveness

The color of bamboo itself mainly comes from the chromophores in lignin, tannin and other resinous compounds, while bamboo can achieve the bleaching effect by delignification. Inspired by chromophore coloration strategies, this study employed a thermosetting epoxy resin Ag-80/DDM with responsive diarylmethane chromophores, which was impregnated into delignified bamboo via vacuum impregnation. This resulted in the creation of an intelligent transparent bamboo with intrinsic photo- and pH-responsiveness. The diarylmethane chromophores in the thermosetting epoxy resin system are capable of undergoing reversible color changes through electron transfer, thereby avoiding potential leakage issues associated with externally added functional agents. Additionally, the intelligent transparent bamboo exhibited high light transmittance (89%) and excitation fluorescence, as well as low thermal conductivity (0.2496 W/mK at −20 ℃, 0.2569 W/mK at 55 ℃). And it maintained its original quality even after 30 days of immersion in strong acid or alkaline solutions. Moreover, intelligent transparent bamboo showed excellent mechanical properties with longitudinal and radial tensile strengths of 173.6 MPa and 11.5 MPa, respectively. This paper proposes a new viewpoint and basic information for manufacturing functional bamboo that is transparent, which establishes the foundation for potential applications in intelligent windows and energy-efficient buildings.

Experimental study on thermoelectric effect pattern analysis and novel thermoelectric coupling model of BIPV facade system

Electrical and thermal energy are the primary forms of useful energy generated by building integrated photovoltaic façade (BIPV façade) systems, while their interaction during operation remains unclear. This study aims to analyze the energy generation patterns and quantify the impact of thermoelectric coupling in BIPV façade systems. Through long-term outdoor experiment conducted on an actual BIPV façade system, the underlying regularity of thermoelectric coupling was discovered by analyzing the electrical and thermal characteristics. Results showed that under same solar radiation, enlarged air channel spacing led to a 53.22% increase in air channel heat and a 12.27% increase in mean thermal efficiency. Additionally, the heat proportion increased by approximately 15%, while the electricity proportion decreased by 15%. Furthermore, the mathematical relationships of the thermoelectric association factors were determined to quantify the observed thermoelectric generation patterns. A novel thermoelectric coupling model was established and validated with errors below 6.21% for accurate estimation of thermoelectric performance under actual operating conditions. Results emphasized both thermal and electrical energy generation of BIPV façade, which offers a new perspective on the comprehensive utilization of thermoelectric association in BIPV façade design and building applications, opening avenues for enhanced energy efficiency in renewable energy systems.

Development of Composite Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials for Multi-Temperature Thermal Energy Storage

Phase change energy storage materials have been recognized as potential energy-saving materials for balancing cooling and heating demands in buildings. However, individual phase change materials (PCM) with single phase change temperature cannot be adapted to different temperature requirements. To this end, the concept of fabricating different kinds of microencapsulated PCM (MEPCM) and combing them to form a multiphase change material (MPCM) for multi-seasonal applications in buildings has been proposed. To prove the feasibility of this idea, three kinds of MEPCMs were fabricated and used for the development of three different composite MPCMs, classified as MPCM-1, MPCM-2, and MPCM-3. Analysis of the results shows that each MPCM sample was able to release latent heat at two different temperatures thus making them suitable for multi-temperature thermal energy storage applications. The phase change temperatures of the MPCMs were however found to be slightly reduced by 0.09–0.31 °C as compared with the MEPCMs samples. The measured energy storage capacities for the MPCMs were also reduced in the range of 6.3–11.4% as compared with the theoretical values but they displayed relatively good thermal stability behaviour of up to 197.8–218.8 °C. It was further identified that the phase change temperatures and latent heat of the MPCM was attributed to the weight percentages of individual components, as the theoretical values for the three MPCM samples were all in good accordance with the measured values. Therefore, optimizing the weight ratios of the MEPCM in MPCM samples and their corresponding thermophysical properties based on specific climatic conditions would be a necessary step to take in future investigations. Thermal performance enhancement of the MPCM is also being recommended as an essential part of further research.

Retracted: Ecological Adaptability and Application of Traditional Historical Buildings under the Background of Environmental Protection.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1155/2022/5107325.].

A Review on Durability of Foam Concrete

Foam concrete is a promising material in building and construction applications, providing such outstanding properties as high specific strength, excellent thermal insulation, and effective acoustic absorption in human-inhabited buildings. However, because the porosity and permeable water absorption properties of foam concrete are significantly higher, its durability is often not comparable to that of ordinary concrete, and so the durability of foam concrete requires significant attention during the life cycle of building applications. Durable materials can greatly reduce the environmental impact of waste from maintenance and replacement and the consumption of natural resources resulting from the production of repair and replacement materials. After hardening, the durability of foam concrete includes freeze-thaw cycle resistance, elevated temperature resistance, carbonation resistance, efflorescence resistance, sulfate resistance, chloride resistance, alkali-silica reaction, and so on. This paper reviews articles on the durability of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) foam concrete, geopolymer foam concrete (GFC), magnesium phosphate cement (MPC) foam concrete, sulphoaluminate cement (SAC) foam concrete, and limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) foam concrete and compares their durability to provide a reference for the life cycle design and service life estimation of foam concrete members.

Unsupervised domain adaptation with and without access to source data for estimating occupancy and recognizing activities in smart buildings

Energy-efficient buildings have gained increasing interest in the last decades as they provide optimal energy management. With the emergence of smart homes, many smart tools have been developed to optimize energy efficiency such as activities recognition (AR) and occupancy estimation (OE). The creation of these smart building tools may be disrupted by the scarcity of labeled data. Indeed, data labeling is a tedious and time-consuming task and, it can be very expensive for building objectives. However, labeled data scarcity can be solved by sharing knowledge from different domains using unsupervised domain adaptation techniques. Also, privacy issues can emerge and prevent the use of certain types of data that share residents’ attitudes. However, data privacy can be preserved by considering approaches that do not have direct access to original data. In this research, we provide a comparative analysis between unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) methods, applied to the tasks of AR and OE, with and without direct access to source domain data. We have 6 adapted approaches for UDA with access to labeled source data: domain separation networks (DSN), cluster alignment with a teacher (CAT), CAT+ gradient reversal (RevGrad), CAT + robust RevGrad (rRevGrad), Auxiliary Target Domain-Oriented Classifier (ATDOC) with nearest centroid classifier (NC), and ATDOC with neighborhood aggregation (NA). Also, we have 6 adapted methods for UDA without labeled source data: confidence score weighting adaptation using joint model data structure (CoWA-JMDS), CoWA-JMDS without weights mixup, divide and contrast (DaC), attracting and dispersing (AaD), source hypothesis transfer with information maximization (SHOT-IM), and source hypothesis transfer with self-supervised pseudo-labeling (SHOT-Pseudo-labeling). All the considered methods have been tested on AR and OE datasets collected using ambient sensors. The comparative analysis made in this work has shown us impressive findings and has given great ideas about the type of approaches (with access or without access to the source data) that we should consider for real-world smart building applications.

Applications of IoT and digital twin in electrical power systems: A comprehensive survey

AbstractThis paper reviews the applications of Internet of Things (IoT) and digital twin technology in electrical power systems. It begins by discussing the generalized IoT value chain, followed by the terminology of smart grid, with clarifying the role of IoT‐systems and the digital twin structure within the Smart Grid. A comparison between different short‐range and long‐range transports is presented. The paper then discusses the use of IoT and digital twin technology for effective energy management with applications in smart homes, smart buildings, smart grids, smart industries (Industry 4.0), smart transportation and smart cities. Additionally, the paper explores the use of IoT and digital twin technology for condition monitoring and diagnosis (CMD) in electrical power systems. Three different cases are presented for CMD, that is, CMD of power transformers, CMD of electrical grids and CMD of substations. IoT and digital twin applications are also highlighted in power electronic systems. Finally, the paper discusses the challenges and opportunities of applying IoT and digital twin technology to electrical power systems and provides recommendations for future research.

Critical dynamic characteristics of brain activity in thermal comfort state

Thermal comfort is a crucial aspect of building design that can have a direct impact on people's health, productivity, and overall comfort. Evaluating indoor thermal comfort could be done through various methods, and this paper explored the feasibility of using electroencephalogram (EEG) critical dynamic parameters to evaluate thermal comfort. The study aimed to determine the critical dynamic characteristics of brain activity under different thermal conditions, and to establish the relationship between comfort and brain energy consumption. The experiment involved three conditions of cold, neutral, and hot environment, with 20 participants' EEG, thermal sensation vote (TSV), and thermal comfort vote (TCV) collected. The study calculated the critical dynamic parameters of EEG, including the mean frequency, avalanche size, avalanche duration, and branch parameters of brain activity at different temperature levels. The results showed that the parietal occipital lobe, right frontal lobe, and temporal lobe were sensitive to cold and hot, with brain activity tending to be large-scale and long-term during cold environment. In addition, 80% and 35% of the participants had higher brain activity energy consumption in cold environment and hot environment, respectively, compared to the neutral environment. This study represents a new interdisciplinary approach combining medicine and engineering to evaluate indoor thermal comfort, and provides a new research framework and knowledge system for understanding the cognitive activities of the brain in indoor thermal environments, as well as the application of smart buildings.