Programmers Research Articles

Securing the development and delivery of modern applications

This study analyzes the significant difficulties and solutions for ensuring the security of developing and deploying contemporary software applications in the current fast-paced technological landscape. It examines the escalating hazards linked to expedited software delivery cycles via agile and DevOps methodologies, emphasizing critical domains such as static code analysis, CI/CD pipeline security, container image scanning, and container platform security. This research consolidates findings from existing studies and practical case scenarios, assessing the efficacy of SonarQube, Clair, Trivy, and Kube-bench in detecting vulnerabilities, improving operational efficiency, and guaranteeing adherence to industry standards. Case studies, such as Skyscanner's implementation of SonarQube and DAZN's utilization of Checkmarx, underscore the concrete advantages of incorporating sophisticated security protocols. The results underscore the significance of multi-tiered security approaches and highlight prospects for utilizing artificial intelligence to improve vulnerability identification and real-time surveillance. This paper offers practical recommendations to assist organizations in tackling current security issues and anticipating future threats.

Transcriptomic Analysis of Effects of Developmental PCB Exposure in the Hypothalamus of Female Rats.

This study investigated the consequences of perinatal exposure to Aroclor 1221 (A1221), a weakly estrogenic polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixture and known endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC), in female rats. Previous work has shown behavioral and physiological effects of A1221, and the current study extended this work to comprehensive transcriptomic profiling of two hypothalamic regions involved in the control of reproduction: the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV). Female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a cookie treated with a small volume of A1221 (1 mg/kg) or vehicle (3% DMSO in sesame oil) during pregnancy from gestational days 8-18 and after birth from postnatal (P) days 1-21, exposing the offspring via placental and lactational transfer. In female offspring, developmental, physiological, and hormonal effects of A1221 were relatively modest. However, because prior work has implicated this exposure in neurobehavioral disruptions, we sought to determine whether developmental programming of the brain transcriptome could underlie these phenotypes. We used 3' targeted RNA sequencing in the hypothalamus (arcuate nucleus, anteroventral periventricular nucleus) of experimental females at P8, 30, and 60 and identified significant alterations in gene expression and gene ontology (GO) terms in an age- and tissue-specific manner. Most notably, terms related to synaptic signaling, neurotransmitter regulation, immune response, and cellular structure were identified. Changes in pathways associated with synaptic functions and cellular metabolism were further identified, indicating that A1221 exposure can impact neurodevelopmental and neuroendocrine processes at a molecular level, even in the absence of overt developmental changes. These findings of molecular reprogramming may explain the behavioral effects of A1221 and highlight novel molecular targets and pathways that warrant further investigation to understand the effects of EDCs on the developing brain.

Effect of American-Based Professional Development Program on Acculturation Strategies of Kazakhstan Mathematics Faculty

Effect of American-Based Professional Development Program on Acculturation Strategies of Kazakhstan Mathematics Faculty

The Role of Universities in Building Strong Institutions as a Sustainable Development Goal

The aim of the research is to assess the impact of implementing sustainable development programmes in universities on their effectiveness in achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs). The research employed the following methods: SWOT analysis, case study, and impact assessment. The standard methods of descriptive statistics were used. Triangulation and internal consistency models were used to check the validity and reliability of research methods. Universities from Group 1 are significantly inferior to universities from Group 2 for all indicators. They have a smaller share of educational sustainable development programmes — 17.5% vs. 52.5%. The level of energy consumption per unit area is higher — 165 kWh/m² vs. 85 kWh/m², and the waste recycling rate is lower — 27.5% vs. 82.5%. Students’ average environmental awareness score is also lower — 3.35 vs. 4.5, with significantly fewer student eco-initiatives — 4 vs. 16.67. Universities are critical to sustainable development, influencing through the integration of strategy, investment, and student engagement. Different universities have their own advantages and challenges, which require adapting strategies to the specific conditions of each of them. Further research may focus on partnerships between universities and businesses and on implementing innovative approaches in project-based learning to achieve the SDGs in Ukraine.

Creating custom GPTs for faculty development: An example using the Johari Window and Crucial Conversation frameworks for providing feedback to struggling students

Feedback plays a crucial role in the growth and development of trainees, particularly when addressing areas needing improvement. However, faculty members often struggle to deliver constructive feedback, particularly when discussing underperformance. A key obstacle is the lack of comfort many faculty experience in providing feedback that fosters growth. Traditional faculty development programs designed to address these challenges can be expensive and too time-intensive, for busy clinicians.. Generative AI, specifically custom GPT models simulating virtual students and coaches, offers a promising solution for faculty development in feedback training. These AI-driven tools can simulate realistic feedback scenarios using widely accepted educational frameworks and coach faculty members on best practices in delivering constructive feedback. Through interactive, low-cost, and accessible virtual simulations, faculty members can practice in a safe environment and receive immediate, tailored coaching. This approach enhances faculty confidence and competence while reducing the logistical and financial constraints of traditional faculty development programs. By providing scalable, on-demand training, custom GPT-based simulations can be seamlessly integrated into clinical environments, fostering a supportive feedback culture prioritizing trainee development. This paper describes the stepwise process of design and implementation, of a custom GPT-powered feedback training based on an accepted framework. This process can has the potential to transform faculty development in medical education.

Rural Surgery Experiences in General Surgery Residency Training-The Current State an ACGME Sponsored Survey of General Surgery Program Directors.

Nationwide there is a significant shortage of surgeons in rural communities, which has led to a growing interest in training more general surgeons specifically for entry into rural practice. Despite noble intentions, exactly how this training should be performed is unclear, and highly variable across programs. The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Surgery Residency Review Committee (RRC) sought to better understand the current state of rural focused training options in general surgery residencies. The Surgery RRC surveyed all 314 ACGME accredited surgery programs about their rural surgery training options. General surgery residency programs. One hundred thirty programs responded to the survey, of which 37 (28%) included some type of rural experience (rural track, or a required or elective rotation). Three programs had fully dedicated tracks with separate match numbers, while other programs recruited from within, or simply offered elective rotations to interested residents. There was significant variability in the structure, duration, timing, and frequency of experiences across programs. Lack of funding was identified as the number one barrier to new or ongoing development of rural surgery programs. Rural surgery training is highly variable across general surgery residency programs, ranging from dedicated rural tracks with deliberate recruitment, to short elective experiences. This mismatch of available training to current and future workforce needs is an opportunity for innovation.

Qualitative assessment of primary care providers' attitudes toward genetic services and genetics education.

As the role of primary care providers (PCPs) in genetic medicine increases, there is a need for training related to the integration of genetics into primary care. However, little is known about PCPs' attitudes towards and perceived needs for such training. We conducted semi-structured interviews with nine PCPs to capture information about their perceptions of their role in genetics and their continuing medical educational needs related to genetics in primary care, and we conducted thematic analysis. The identified themes fell into the following topics: perceptions of genetics, PCPs' roles in genetics, common reasons for referrals to genetic services, barriers to referrals to genetic services, genetic tests ordered by PCPs, and PCPs' educational needs regarding genetics. The most common perception of genetics was for the indication of personal or family history of cancer. PCPs' self-described role in genetics fell into two categories: recognition for when a referral for genetic services is warranted and education of families. Participants were divided in their opinion as to whether they should order genetic tests. PCP's education needs fell into four main categories: how and when to refer to genetic services, test interpretation, basic genetics, and co-management of genetic conditions, with a particular emphasis on cancer. While PCPs expressed an interest in further genetics education, they also questioned the applicability of genetics to their practice. The information obtained in this study can help inform the development of successful education activities and programs in genetics for PCPs.

Creating Immersive Learning Experiences With AI: An Android App Approach

This paper explores the development of AI-powered Android-based learning media to enhance immersive learning experiences. Utilizing Design-Based Research (DBR), the study involved the iterative design, development, and evaluation of an interactive Android application. AI tools, including ChatGPT, Quizziz AI, and various image generation software, were embedded to personalize and support the learning process. The app's interactive features, such as quizzes and instant feedback mechanisms, aim to increase learner engagement and motivation. Preliminary testing among trainers highlighted the app's effectiveness in improving user experience and the potential for broader adoption in educational settings. The results suggest that integrating AI into mobile learning platforms can enhance the accessibility and adaptability of educational content. Future research will focus on further app refinements and assessing its long-term impact on student learning outcomes.

School-based mental health interventions: a feasibility study of the R.E.A.C.T. programme

ABSTRACT School examinations and assessments in the school setting can cause increased anxiety and may lead to the development of mental health issues. Early intervention has been suggested to combat stress and mental health issues in adolescents. The present study investigated the feasibility of implementing the multi-component R.E.A.C.T. (Reducing Exam Anxiety through Activity and Coping Techniques) intervention, an educational and physical activity-based programme aimed at reducing test anxiety and improving well-being. Outcomes were measured at baseline and post-intervention. The feasibility was explored through programme feedback, observations, a focus group and interviews. Data analysis was conducted through thematic analysis and statistical analysis (descriptive and Wilcoxon Rank Tests). A total of 199 students and 3 teachers from Northern Ireland took part in the study. Findings indicated that the intervention was feasible to be delivered with teachers. Both students and teachers found the programme engaging and described it as enjoyable and beneficial, reporting that it facilitated discussion on mental health and that students felt less anxious around examination periods. Finally, the R.E.A.C.T. programme was shown to be acceptable to be delivered as part of pastoral care or personal development programmes.

Enhancing Efficiency, Transparency, Fairness, Competition and Obtaining Best Value for Money Through the Implementation of an E-Procurement Management System for Public Sector and PSDP/Donor Funded Projects in Gilgit Baltistan.

This study aims to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the public procurement system in Pakistan, with a specific focus on exploring electronic/online procurement methods that can improve transparency in public sector and Public Sector Development Programme (PSDP)/donor organizations in Gilgit Baltistan. The research adopts a two-pronged approach: firstly, providing an overview of the existing procurement landscape in Pakistan, and secondly, proposing innovative strategies to implement a transparent electronic procurement system. Drawing from a diverse array of sources such as publications, journal articles, government documents, regulations, laws, news articles, webpages, and a relevant dissertation, this study goes beyond national boundaries by examining procurement experiences in other countries. By doing so, it aims to glean valuable insights and lessons that could contribute to enhancing Pakistan's public procurement system. Employing a conceptual analysis technique, this research extensively examines current trends and progress in procurement practices within Pakistan's public sector. The findings of this study make a substantial contribution to understanding the strengths and areas requiring improvement in the public procurement system. Furthermore, the proposed electronic procurement system, informed by international experiences, offers a pragmatic solution to enhance Efficiency, Transparency, Fairness, and Competition. It strives to achieve the best value for money in both the public sector and donor-funded projects in the Gilgit Baltistan province.

Problems of forming political literacy of youth

In the modern world, political literacy of young people is becoming one of the most important factors determining their active participation in socio-political life. The relevance of this topic is due to the fact that young people, representing a significant part of the population, often face problems of low political awareness, which affects their activity and influence on the processes taking place in the country. The purpose of this study is to analyze the main problems that affect the formation of political literacy of young people. The main findings show that a low level of political literacy negatively affects the degree of involvement of young people in political processes, which requires the development of effective educational programs and initiatives aimed at raising their awareness. Prospects for further research include the need for a thorough study of the influence of mass media on the formation of political literacy of young people, as well as the development of new approaches to educational strategies that could contribute to more active participation of young people in political life. The authors propose various forms of work with young people to improve the level of political literacy of young people (holding debates and election simulations, involving young people in volunteer initiatives and projects aimed at solving social problems).

Lessons Learned from the Implementation of the Wake County, North Carolina EMS Medication for Opioid Use Disorder Program

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVES Buprenorphine has recently emerged as a prehospital treatment for opioid use disorder. Limited data exist regarding the implementation of prehospital buprenorphine programs. Our objective was to describe the development, deployment, lessons learned, and ongoing evolution of the Wake County EMS buprenorphine program using data from the first year following implementation. METHODS We developed a protocol to provide buprenorphine in the prehospital setting to patients who 1) suffered an opioid overdose with reversal using naloxone, or 2) experienced withdrawal symptoms at least 72 hours after last opioid use. Measures included encounters with screening for buprenorphine induction, successful inductions with buprenorphine, successful follow up with outpatient treatment, and successful continued outpatient treatment. For the period 7/5/2023 – 7/4/2024, we report descriptive statistics. RESULTS We identified 1,378 encounters for adult patients who received naloxone, of which 953 had documentation of opioid overdose as the primary impression. During the same timeframe, 342 encounters included screening for prehospital buprenorphine induction. Of encounters with screened patients, 66 (19.3%) encounters were eligible for buprenorphine induction and of these, 61 encounters (92.4%) resulted in buprenorphine induction. Of encounters with induction, 29 (47.5%) resulted in successful follow up with our outpatient provider, and 7 (11.4%) remained in treatment at the end of the review period. CONCLUSIONS Our prehospital buprenorphine induction program successfully inducted eligible patients and connected them with follow up. Almost half of inducted patients were able to follow up with our outpatient provider. One in ten patients who received buprenorphine from EMS remained in treatment. There exists an opportunity for EMS to screen more patients for buprenorphine induction as only one in four patients who received naloxone were screened for buprenorphine induction. Lessons learned include the need for recurrent EMS clinician education regarding buprenorphine screening, the need for a “buprenorphine champion” to follow up with inducted patients and addressing early administrative and technological barriers to ensure data exchange.

Design Principles and Frontiers of Applications for Thermo-Responsive and Self-Healing Hydrogels

Hydrogels are a class of hydrophilic polymer networks formed through chemical or physical cross-linking, which have been widely used in the biomedical field due to their high water absorption and biocompatibility. This article deeply analyzes the principles, classification, synthesis methods, physicochemical properties, and applications of temperature-sensitive hydrogels and self-healing hydrogels in drug release, tissue engineering, and other fields. By revealing their characteristics and mechanisms of action, it provides theoretical support for further research on hydrogels, looks forward to future research directions, and promotes innovation and development in practical applications.

Effect of microbial fertilizers on soil microbial community structure in rotating and continuous cropping Glycyrrhiza uralensis

IntroductionGlycyrrhiza uralensis is a perennial medicinal plant. It’s generally cultivated for three years, and should avoid long-term continuous cultivation. However, unreasonable crop rotation and extensive fertilization are common in G. uralensis cultivation, which leads to the imbalance of soil microflora structure, and the obstacle of continuous cropping are becoming increasingly serious. Some microbial fertilizers such as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus subtilis, and complex microbial agent have the advantage of regulating soil microbial community structure and improving the soil environment. Therefore, these three kinds of microbial fertilizers were applied to G. uralensis and their effects on soil microorganisms of G. uralensis were studied.MethodsCombine microbial fertilizers with conventional fertilization for continuous cropping and rotating G. uralensis. High-throughput sequencing technology was used to determine soil microbial richness, diversity and distribution of community structure in rotating and continuous cropping G. uralensis.Results and discussionContinuous cropping reduced G. uralensis soil bacterial diversity by 7.56% and increased fungal richness by 17.01% compared with crop rotation. However, after the application of microbial fertilizers, the fungal richness and diversity of continuous cropping G. uralensis were significantly reduced by 4.76%~20.96%, and the soil bacterial diversity of continuous cropping and rotating G. uralensis was significantly increased by 7.22%~12.03% and 6.75%~11.69% compared with the respective controls, respectively. Continuous cropping and rotating G. uralensis soil dominant bacteria mainly include Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Gemmatimonadota, and the dominant fungi include Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Zygomycota. The activity process of these microbial communities was mainly through carbohydrate metabolism and amino acid synthesis pathway in metabolism. The complex microbial agent significantly increased the relative abundance of soil dominant bacteria communities of continuous cropping and rotating G. uralensis by 3.11~11.54 percentage points, and significantly reduced the relative abundance of soil dominant fungal communities of continuous cropping G. uralensis by 1.57~8.93 percentage points, compared with the control. Of the three microbial fertilizers, the complex microbial agent had the most significant effects on optimizing the soil microbial community structure of continuous cropping and rotating G. uralensis. Conclusion: the application effect of different microbial fertilizers in continuous cropping G. uralensis was better than crop rotation, and the application effect of complex microbial agent was the best, which has more application value and development prospect in the cultivation management of G. uralensis.

Exploration of the Mechanism of Tanre Qing Injection in Treating Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome through Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, and Animal Experiments.

This study aimed to explore the active components and potential mechanism of Tanre Qing Injection (TRQI) in the treatment of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) using network pharmacology, molecular docking, and animal experiments. The targets of active ingredients were identified using the TCMSP and Swiss Target Prediction databases. The targets associated with ARDS were obtained from the GeneCards database, Mala card database, and Open Targets Platform. A Protein-protein Interaction network (PPI) was constructed, and the core targets were subjected to Gene Ontology (GO) function annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis. Finally, molecular docking technology and a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury validated the experimental results. The results of network pharmacology showed the active components of TRQI in the treatment of ARDS to be baicalin, chenodeoxycholic acid, oroxylin-A, and ursodeoxycholic acid, and the core targets to be TP53, ESR1, AKT1, JUN, and SRC. KEGG analysis showed 181 signaling pathways, primarily including the IL-17 signaling pathway, endocrine resistance, lipid metabolism, and atherosclerosis. Molecular docking results demonstrated that baicalin, chenodeoxycholic acid, oroxylin-A, and ursodeoxycholic acid in TRQI exhibited the strongest affinity for TP53, ESR1, and SRC. Furthermore, the results of animal experiments have indicated TRQI to have a significant inhibitory effect on inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, and effectively alleviate the pathological damage of ARDS to lung tissue. TRQI may exert its therapeutic effects on ARDS through multiple targets and pathways, providing a research basis for its clinical application and further development.

Changes in Approaches to the Analysis and Forecasting of Domestic Mechanical Engineering within Manufacturing Industries

Relevance: The article analyzes the relationship between the development of domestic mechanical engineering and relevant scientific schools within the framework of the concept of sustainable development. The functioning of domestic mechanical engineering is considered in the context of international associations. The following methods were applied in the study: a systems approach, functional, comparative economic, and statistical analyses, as well as the authors’ methodological developments. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the implementation of theauthors’ approach to studying mechanical engineering as an interaction between scientific schools and economic and environmental factors. The results and conclusions of the study may be useful for decision-making within the existing economic model of the Russian Federation when forecasting, developing, and adjusting strategic programs for industry development.

Genomics-Driven Monitoring of Fraxinus latifolia (Oregon Ash) to Inform Conservation and EAB-Resistance Breeding.

Understanding the evolutionary processes underlying range-wide genomic variation is critical to designing effective conservation and restoration strategies. Evaluating the influence of connectivity, demographic change and environmental adaptation for threatened species can be invaluable to proactive conservation of evolutionary potential. In this study, we assessed genomic variation across the range of Fraxinus latifolia, a foundational riparian tree native to western North America recently exposed to the invasive emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis; EAB). Over 1000 individuals from 61 populations were sequenced using reduced representation (ddRAD-seq) across the species' range. Strong population structure was evident along a latitudinal gradient, with population connectivity largely maintained along central valley river systems, and a centre of genetic diversity coinciding with major river systems central to the species' range. Despite evidence of connectivity, estimates of nucleotide diversity and effective population size were low across all populations, suggesting the patchy distribution of F. latifolia populations may impact its long-term evolutionary potential. Range-wide estimates of genomic offset, which indicate genomic change required to adjust to future climate projections, were greatest in the eastern and lowest in the southern portions of the species' range, suggesting the regional distribution of genomic variation may impact evolutionary potential longer-term. To preserve evolutionary capacity across populations needed for the development of breeding and restoration programmes, prioritising conservation of range-wide genomic diversity will provide a foundation for long-term species management.

Use of supervised and unsupervised approaches to make zonal application maps for variable-rate application of crop growth regulators in commercial cotton fields

BackgroundZonal application maps are designed to represent field variability using key variables that can be translated into tailored management practices. For cotton, zonal maps for crop growth regulator (CGR) applications under variable-rate (VR) strategies are commonly based exclusively on vegetation indices (VIs) variability. However, VIs often saturate in dense crop vegetation areas, limiting their effectiveness in distinguishing variability in crop growth. This study aimed to compare unsupervised framework (UF) and supervised framework (SUF) approaches for generating zonal application maps for CGR under VR conditions. During 2022–2023 agricultural seasons, an UF was employed to generate zonal maps based on locally collected field data on plant height of cotton, satellite imagery, soil texture, and phenology data. Subsequently, a SUF (based on historical data between 2020–2021 to 2022–2023 agricultural seasons) was developed to predict plant height using remote sensing and phenology data, aiming to replicate same zonal maps but without relying on direct field measurements of plant height. Both approaches were tested in three fields and on two different dates per field.ResultsThe predictive model for plant height of SUF performed well, as indicated by the model metrics. However, when comparing zonal application maps for specific field-date combinations, the predicted plant height exhibited lower variability compared with field measurements. This led to variable compatibility between SUF maps, which utilized the model predictions, and the UF maps, which were based on the real field data. Fields characterized by much pronounced soil texture variability yielded the highest compatibility between the zonal application maps produced by both SUF and UF approaches. This was predominantly due to the greater consistency in estimating plant development patterns within these heterogeneous field environments. While VR application approach can facilitate product savings during the application operation, other key factors must be considered. These include the availability of specialized machinery required for this type of applications, as well as the inherent operational costs associated with applying a single CGR product which differs from the typical uniform rate applications that often integrate multiple inputs.ConclusionPredictive modeling shows promise for assisting in the creation of zonal application maps for VR of CGR applications. However, the degree of agreement with the actual variability in crop growth found in the field should be evaluated on a field-by-field basis. The SUF approach, which is based on plant heigh prediction, demonstrated potential for supporting the development of zonal application maps for VR of CGR applications. However, the degree to which this approach aligns itself with the actual variability in crop growth observed in the field may vary, necessitating field-by-field evaluation.

Use of Clinical Trial Characteristics to Estimate Costs of New Drug Development

Despite their importance to patients, health, and industry, the magnitude of investments in drug research and development (R&D) remain nebulous. New policies require more granular and transparent R&D cost estimates to better balance incentives for innovation and returns to developers. To estimate per-drug R&D costs using a novel, reproduceable approach and to describe firm-level R&D costs per discrete unit of R&D activity (1 patient-month). This economic evaluation used cross-sectional data to estimate 2014 to 2019 costs per patient-month. Costs per patient-month were calculated using data from 268 US publicly traded drug developers, contributing 1311 firm-year observations, that were highest ranked by assets or market capitalization, after exclusions. Per-drug costs were calculated from all R&D activity through approval for a cohort of 38 new drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2019. Data were analyzed from January 2022 to July 2024. R&D activity, measured in terms of clinical trial patient-months. This study used a 2-step approach to estimate R&D costs, first allocating firm-year-level total R&D spending across similarly aggregated patient-months, and then aggregating these incremental costs to estimate drug-level R&D costs per new drug. Among 268 developers assessed, 20 large firms accounted for 80.8% of all patient-months and had 27.4% lower mean and 26.7% lower median costs per patient-month compared with other firms. Each 1% increase in patient-months was associated with a 0.9% increase in R&D costs. R&D costs per new drug were highly skewed, with a lower median (IQR), at $708 million ($247 million to $1.42 billion) than mean (SD), at $1.31 ($1.92) billion, after adjusting for the cost of capital and discontinued products. Without these adjustments, direct costs per new drug were a median (IQR) of $150 ($67.6-$453) million and a mean (SD) $369 of ($684) million. While estimated R&D costs varied in sensitivity analyses, mean costs were always substantially greater than median costs. This economic evaluation found median per-drug R&D costs toward the lower end of the range from prior studies, with a mean closer to the middle of the existing range despite the broad scope of included costs. These findings suggest parallel development across indications, adjustment for discontinued products, and a small number of expensive development programs are particularly important drivers of R&D costs.

Experimental investigation on the effect of crystal birefringence on the performance of nanosecond-pulsed diamond Raman laser

The impact of crystal birefringence on the performance of diamond Raman lasers has been studied previously at power levels slightly above the threshold. However, the diamond Raman lasers operating far above the threshold usually exhibit different properties. Using the Metripol polarimetry, we obtained the birefringence intensity and fast-axis distribution of a home-made single-crystal diamond. The effects of crystal birefringence on the performance of Stokes laser were then investigated in an external nanosecond-laser pumped Raman cavity with a low Q-factor. When the pump power exceeds 1.5 times the Stokes threshold, the Stokes output performance is significantly affected by birefringence, if the birefringence intensity is high or the fast axis angle is far from the diamond maximum gain angle. In regions where the birefringence intensity is low and the fast axis angle is close to the maximum gain direction, the output is mainly influenced by gain variations. This work can provide valuable insights for the development of single-crystal diamond and polarization-related nanosecond-pulsed diamond Raman laser applications.