Application Of Triboelectric Nanogenerator Research Articles

Biocompatible triboelectric energy generators (BT-TENGs) for energy harvesting and healthcare applications.

Electronic waste (e-waste) has become a significant environmental and societal challenge, necessitating the development of sustainable alternatives. Biocompatible and biodegradable electronic devices offer a promising solution to mitigate e-waste and provide viable alternatives for various applications, including triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in biocompatible, biodegradable, and implantable TENGs, emphasizing their potential as energy scavengers for healthcare devices. The review delves into the fabrication processes of self-powered TENGs using natural biopolymers, highlighting their biodegradability and compatibility with biological tissues. It further explores the biomedical applications of ultrasound-based TENGs, including their roles in wound healing and energy generation. Notably, the review presents the novel application of TENGs for vagus nerve stimulation, demonstrating their potential in neurotherapeutic interventions. Key findings include the identification of optimal biopolymer materials for TENG fabrication, the effectiveness of TENGs in energy harvesting from physiological movements, and the potential of these devices in regenerative medicine. Finally, the review discusses the challenges in scaling up the production of implantable TENGs from biomaterials, addressing issues such as mechanical stability, long-term biocompatibility, and integration with existing medical devices, outlining future research opportunities to enhance their performance and broaden their applications in the biomedical field.

Coaxial tribonegative yarn TENG with aromatic polyimide as charge entrapment layer for real-time edge ball assessment in cricket sports

Energy harvesting yarns working on triboelectric effect by converting mechanical energy into electricity for running wearable electronics as well as operating as self-powered sensors, are superb choices for wearable electronics of current and future generations. However, current yarn-based triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) designed through electrospinning process are limited in achieving higher outputs, comfort, mechanical strength, washability, and industrial scalability. In this study, we introduce a flexible and durable tribonegative yarn TENG (TNY) with an electrospun polyimide (PI) intermediate charge trapping layer between the electrode and electrospun superhydrophobic polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF)/Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). In this coaxial arrangement, the PI charge entrapment layer enabled the TNY to exhibit an output voltage of 14 V in a 2.5 cm length, compared to only 8 V for TNY without PI layer. The TNY can be successfully woven and knitted into electronic textiles (E-Textiles), with their outputs compared based on various knitted and woven patterns. The E-Textile maintained considerable outputs after washing and withstood 5000 Martindale abrasion cycles. The superhydrophobic behavior also enabled TNY to harvest water energy from a running tap. We demonstrated the potential of these E-Textiles for edge ball sensing in cricket sports in real-time by leveraging the benefits of triboelectrification, thereby avoiding the need for complex camera setups and sound systems for judging ball movements at ± 140 km/hr in real sports. We also employed E-Textiles for smart switch functions, which can be beneficial in smart systems. This study demonstrates the improved performance of yarn-based TENGs and further extends the applications of TENGs in sports analysis. It provides a facile and high-efficiency approach for designing triboelectric sensors, offering a cost-effective alternative to complex and expensive sports equipment.

Mechanical and electric friction properties of Poly(methyl methacrylate) – Nitrocellulose blend polymer for triboelectric nanogenerators

In this study, nitrocellulose - polymethyl methacrylate (NC/PMMA) blend film as a positive triboelectric material for triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) with controlled flexibility was successfully synthesized by varying the PMMA content in the polymer blend. The combination of NC and PMMA reduced the limitations of the individual component materials with improved mechanical properties such as tensile strength, elastic modulus and elongation at breaking point. The TENG fabricated from NC/PMMA as a positive friction layer paired with fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) as a negative friction layer demonstrates a high peak to peak voltage output of 234 V at low frequency and with an actuation force of 10~N. The open circuit triboelectric voltage value maintains 91% durability after 26200 click-release cycles. This work provides a potential approach to simultaneously improve the electrical and mechanical properties of triboelectric materials, promoting the possibility of practical applications of TENG.

Applications of Triboelectric Nanogenerators in Medical Recovery: A Review

Applications of Triboelectric Nanogenerators in Medical Recovery: A Review

Biopolymer and Biomimetic Techniques for Triboelectric Nanogenerators (TENGs).

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) play a crucial role in attaining sustainable energy for various wearable devices. Polymer materials are essential components of TENGs. Biopolymers are suitable materials for TENGs because of their degradability, natural sourcing, and cost-effectiveness. Herein, the latest progress in commonly used biopolymers and well-designed biomimetic techniques for TENG is summarized. The applications of natural rubber, polysaccharides, protein-based biopolymers, and other common synthetic biopolymers in TENG technology are summarized in detail. Each biopolymer is discussed based on its electrification capability, polarity variations, and specific functionalities as active and functional layers of TENGs. Important biomimetic strategies and related applications of specific biopolymers are also summarized to guide the structural and functional design of TENG. In the future, the study of triboelectric biopolymers may focus on exploring alternative candidates, enhancing charge density, and expanding functionality. Various possible applications of biopolymer-based TENGs are proposed in this review. By applying biopolymers and related biomimetic methods to TENG devices, the applications of TENG in the fields of healthcare, environmental monitoring, and wearable/implantable electronics can be further promoted.

Triboelectric Nanogenerators with Machine Learning for Internet of Things

AbstractThe development of the Internet of Things (IoT) indicates that humankind has entered a new intelligent era of the “Internet of Everything”. Thanks to the characteristics of low‐cost, diverse structure, and high energy conversion efficiency, the self‐powered sensing systems, which are based on the Triboelectric Nanogenerator (TENG), demonstrate great potential in the field of IoT. In order to solve the challenges of TENG in sensing signal processing, such as signal noise and nonlinear relations, Machine Learning (ML), which is an efficient and mature data processing tool, is widely applied for efficiently processing the large and complex output signal data generated by TENG intelligent sensing system. This review summarizes and analyzes the adaptation of different algorithms in TENG and their advantages and disadvantages at the beginning, which provides a reference for the selection of algorithms for TENG. More importantly, the application of TENG is introduced in multiple scenarios, including health monitoring, fault detection, and human‐computer interaction. Finally, the limitations and development trend of the integration of TENG and ML are proposed by classification to promote the future development of the intelligent IoT era.

Multi-Attribute Triboelectric Materials and Innovative Applications Via TENGs.

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) as an avant-garde technology that transforms mechanical energy into electrical energy, offering a new direction for green energy and sustainable development. By means of high-efficiency TENGs, conventional materials as new triboelectric materials have exhibited multi-attribute characteristics, achieving innovative applications in the field of micro-nano energy harvesting and self-powered sensing. The progress of TENGs technology with the triboelectric materials is complementary and mutually promoting. On the one hand, one of the cruxes of TENGs lies in the triboelectric materials, which have a decisive impact on their performance. On the other hand, as the research and application of TENGs continue to deepen, higher demands are placed on triboelectric materials, which in turn promotes the advancement of the entire material system as well as the fields of materials science and physics. This work aims to delve into the characteristics, types, preferred choices, and modification treatments of triboelectric materials on the performances of TENGs, hoping to provide guidance and insights for future research and applications.

Application of triboelectric nanogenerator in self-powered motion detection devices: A review

Among today’s bustling lifestyles, the demand for autonomous, durable, and low-maintenance healthcare systems has surged, surpassing that of earlier periods. Nanostructured and environmentally friendly materials employed in nanogenerator technology offer a novel avenue for biomedical applications by harnessing biomechanical energy. Triboelectric Nanogenerators (TENGs) have emerged as comprehensive solutions, furnishing self-sustaining, eco-conscious, and compact devices. Recognizing the immense potential of TENGs, this paper presents a comprehensive overview of its motion detection. Our analysis delves into the versatility of TENG-based motion detection systems, providing wearable, user-friendly solutions powered by human motion. Recent advancements in triboelectric devices are cataloged, elucidating their structural intricacies, capabilities, performance metrics, and future prospects. In addition, the article also outlines the applications of different TENGs in motion monitoring, including contact, non-contact, and single-electrode mode. The evolution of intelligent wearable technologies has extended our capacities in communication, healthcare, and various other domains beyond our biological limits. Apart from the Internet of Things, the concept of Internet of bodies or beings is poised for rapid advancement, promising further transformation of our lifestyles. Conclusively, we present insights into forthcoming opportunities and plausible strategies to address anticipated hurdles.

Durable and High-Performance Triboelectric Nanogenerator Based on an Inorganic Triboelectric Pair of Diamond-Like-Carbon and Glass.

The long-term durability of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) remains a main challenge for practical applications because of inevitable material abrasion and wear, especially for sliding TENGs. Herein, an inorganic triboelectric pair composed of diamond-like carbon (DLC) and glass with excellent durability and triboelectric output for sliding-mode TENGs is proposed. This triboelectric pair possesses a low coefficient of friction and little abrasion and accordingly excellent durability (>500 000cycles). Moreover, compared with the traditional copper-polytetrafluoroethylene (Cu-PTFE)TENG with maximum transferred charges of 50nC, those of the DLC-glass TENG reaches 141nC. Due to the low-friction and high hardness of the triboelectric pair, the output quickly recovers after simply cleaning wear debris. The DLC-glass TENG demonstrates an output power density of 530mWm-2 and a fourfold faster capacitor charging speed than the Cu-PTFE TENG. Compared to the reported durable TENGs via structure optimization and interface lubrication, the DLC-glass TENG shows higher outputs and simpler structure. This DLC-glass pair structure is also introduced into a spherical TENG for blue energy harvesting with excellent durability. The inorganic triboelectric pair with excellent mechanical durability and electrical performance proposed in this work shows huge prospects for practical applications of TENGs.

Keplerate-Type Polyoxometalates-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Higher Performance via the Morphology Modulation of Blackberry Structure.

The tribe-material is the key factor affecting the performance of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). Inorganic materials have higher heat resistance and stability than widely used organic materials. However, the weaker tribe-property limits the application of TENGs. Modulating surface roughness by changing particle shape and size is a simple way to increase performance for TENGs. Polyoxometalates (POMs) have unrivalled structural diversity and can self-assemble to form different nanostructures. In this study, we propose [{(NH4)42[Mo72 VIMo60 VO372(CH3COO)30 (H2O)72] ⋅ ca.300H2O ⋅ ca.CH3COONH4)}-Mo132] and [{Na8K14(VO)2[{(MoVI) (Mo5 VIO21)(H2O)3]}10{(MoVI)Mo5 VIO21(H2O)3 (SO4)}2{VIVO(H2O)20} {VIVO}10({KSO4}5)2] ⋅ 150H2O)}-Mo72V30] with blackberry structure which are cured and prepared into film by spin-coating technique, are used as positive tribe-materials for the first time in the field of TENGs. Keplerate-type POMs can form blackberry structures with higher dispersibility and flexibility, which can be used to control surface roughness by regulating the size of particles. The discovery proves that the particle size influences the surface roughness, which adjusts the output of TENGs. According to our findings, Mo132-h-TENG generates an output voltage of 29.3 V, an output charge of 8 Nc, which is 2-3 folds higher than Mo132-TENG, and a maximum power density of 6.25 mW ⋅ m-2 at 300 MΩ. Our research provides that altering the dimensional size can be an available way to raise the output of TENGs.

Diminish charge loss by mica incorporation into nylon nanofibers for performance enhancement of triboelectric nanogenerators operating in harsh ambient

The triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is a fascinating energy-harvesting device that utilizes the triboelectric effect caused by contact electrification and electrostatic induction. Nylon 66 is used widely in TENG applications because it is a representative tribo-positive polymer with excellent biocompatibility. On the other hand, the generated charges are vulnerable to discharge due to moisture in the air, which impedes the TENG performance in harsh environments. Moreover, the dielectric loss, which generates heat by consuming the considerable electric charge in triboelectric materials, significantly degrades the TENG performances. This study fabricated the composite nanofiber (NF) structure of nylon 66 and mica, which has excellent electrical insulation, low dielectric loss, high thermal conductivity, and enhanced tribo-positive properties, to circumvent these problems. Embedding the mica into the nylon NFs enhanced the TENG performance and prevented performance degradation even in harsh environments at a relative humidity of 70%. Furthermore, after 100,000 cycles of friction, the nylon/mica composite NFs showed smaller temperature increments than the pristine nylon NF because of the low dielectric loss and efficient heat dissipation of the mica. The nylon/mica composite NFs were applied to a sustainable and wearable power generator operating in a humid and hot environment by attaching the device to the forearm and soles of the feet. The generators were efficient enough to turn on 80 light-emitting diodes.

Boosting the triboelectric performances of biowaste chitosan keratin triboelectric nanogenerator using carbon composite film as charge storage and charge recombination blocking intermediate layer

Environmental conservation efforts are promoting energy-generation technologies that avoid the use of highly polluting fuels and promote the reuse of waste materials. Advances in triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have led to the progress in harvesting energy from ambient mechanical sources and powering small devices and sensors while being compact, flexible, biocompatible, and eco-friendly. Nevertheless, the practical applications of TENG have limitations. Therefore, the development of TENG with excellent triboelectric performance, eco-friendliness, and low cost is crucial. Consequently, an environmentally friendly, inexpensive TENG device with outstanding triboelectric performance was designed using keratin-enhanced chitosan as a tribo-positive material, a carbon film as an intermediate layer, and polytetrafluoroethylene as a triboelectric negative material. The device was purposely designed to simultaneously play a role in waste treatment and efficient green energy harvesting. Therefore, keratin was extracted from recycled fur, and a carbon film was selected to enhance the triboelectric performance because of its excellent electrical conductivity and dielectric constant. The triboelectric properties of a chitosan keratin intermediate layer (CKI)-TENG were systematically investigated. Practical applications of the CKI-TENG in charging electronic devices and waste-noise harvesting were also studied. The developed CKI TENG exhibited outstanding triboelectric performance compared to a TENG device without an intermediate layer. Particularly, the charge transfer, output voltage, and power density was improved by 19%, 46%, and 60%, respectively, compared to the output of the chitosan-keratin (CK) TENG device. It also exhibited outstanding cyclic and charging-discharging stabilities. In addition, the power density of the developed CKI TENG was higher than that of previously reported TENG devices. Thus, it can play a significant role in green and clean energy generation and the utilization of the harvested energy in practical applications, such as biomedical sensors, charging electronic devices, smart textiles, and sensors.

Self-repairing thermoplastic polyurethane-based triboelectric nanogenerator with molybdenum disulfide charge-trapping for advanced wearable devices

In the realm of wearable electronics, the development of materials that can endure and adapt to the human experience while harvesting energy is paramount. Herein, we introduce a novel self-healable thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) for a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) that harmonizes self-healing efficacy with mechanical durability. Utilizing a unique electrospinning technique, we engineered TPU fibers that not only exhibit remarkable elasticity—withstanding over 600% strain—but also possess the capability to self-repair at just 80 ºC. For the negative triboelectric layers, beside choosing fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) as the main electron-withdrawing surface, the introduction of molybdenmum disulfide (MoS2) as a charge-trapping layer exploits its two-dimensional structure to enhance both the stretchability and electrical output of the TENG. Our study demonstrates the TENG’s proficiency in energy generation, producing up to 1000 V from vigorous motion and maintaining a consistent output after mechanical stress and chemical exposure. Moreover, the device showcases excellent motion-sensing capabilities and can power up to 200 (light-emitting diodes) LEDs, underscoring its efficiency and adaptability. This robust TENG sets a precedent for self-healing materials in sustainable energy devices and marks a substantial advance towards their integration into everyday wearables. The culmination of these features highlights the potential mass application of TENGs, paving the way for their ubiquitous adoption in the near future.

One-click fabrication of triboelectric nanogenerators through multiple fused filaments fabrication

The efficiency and cost of manufacturing large-scale triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) plays an important role in determining the application of TENG in various fields. However, the commonly employed direct ink writing (DIW) technique encounters challenges in the manufacturing process, such as difficulties in achieving automatic material switching, intricate procedures, and high costs. In this paper, we have developed a conductive polymer filament comprising thermoplastic polyurethane/polylactic acid/carbon nanotubes/graphene (TPCG) and proposed a one-click preparation approach for building TENG utilizing Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) technology. This approach can automatically switch multiple printing materials and thus efficiently prepare TENG without any human intervention. The influence of printing parameters on the output performance of TENG was investigated. As a demonstration, we utilized the one-click method to construct a self-powered cathodic protection system, effectively safeguarding Q235 carbon steel from corrosion. This work presents an advanced TENG fabrication solution based on the developed TPCG conductive polymer filament, enhancing production efficiency and promoting the development of standardized and scalable manufacturing processes.

60Co-γ Irradiation-Induced Shift and Polarity Reversal in the Triboelectric Series of Poly(ether sulfone)s.

The sensitivity of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) to the surface charge density highlights the significance of triboelectric materials and their modifications. Efforts have been directed toward developing effective strategies for increasing the surface charge density, expanding the potential applications of TENGs. This study proposes the use of irradiation technology for grafting to modify the electron-donating capability of poly(ether sulfone) (PES), thereby affording a dual benefit of enhancing the surface charge density and inducing a shift in the position of PES from negative to positive within the triboelectric series. The TENG based on grafted PES has resulted in a significant 3-fold increase in surface charge density compared to that of pristine PES, reaching 263 μC m-2. The surface charge density can be further increased to 502 μC m-2 through charge pumping. Notably, irradiation technology presents advantages over chemical grafting methods, particularly in terms of sustainability and environmental friendliness. This innovative approach shows great potential in advancing the domain of TENGs.

Enhancing power generation with a SnSe2-MXene composite in a piezo-triboelectric hybrid nanogenerator for autonomous energy applications

Advancements in 5 G and IoT technologies have led to increasing power demands, and energy harvesting technology has emerged as a sustainable, eco-friendly alternative. These technologies address the issue of global warming associated with conventional fossil fuels. Due to its simple structure and efficient mechanical energy conversion, the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has attracted significant attention. However, the practical applications of TENG have been constrained by its electrical output. The electrical output from energy harvesting technologies can be enhanced by combining different energy conversion mechanisms, although this approach encounters challenges due to increased structural complexity and optimization difficulties. In this research, an integrated piezo-triboelectric hybrid generator (SM-HG) is fabricated using a simple method. This method involves embedding tin diselenide (SnSe2) and MXene as piezoelectric materials and conductive fillers, respectively, within polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). SnSe2, an n-type semiconductor and piezoelectric, enhances charge separation and storage under mechanical pressure, boosting the dielectric constant and work function through its electron-donating nature and the electronegativity of tin (Sn) and selenium (Se). MXene, as a conductive filler, forms a conductive network and micro-capacitor, improving charge transfer and dielectric properties. MXene fabricated with LiF further raised the work function due to the highest electron attraction of fluorine (F). Moreover, these materials improve conductivity and electron mobility within the PDMS, facilitating charge separation and increased induced charge generation, significantly enhancing the electrical output of the nanogenerator. The expected piezoelectric properties of SnSe2 contribute to generating additional piezoelectric charges during the operation of the hybrid generator, thereby increasing the electrical output. The piezoelectric properties of SnSe2 are verified through the increased electrical output resulting from poling and the generation of electrical output by the sandwich-structured SM-HG, which minimized the triboelectric effect. Consequently, the SM-HG achieves an open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 202.31 V and a short-circuit current (ISC) of 108.55 μA, reaching a maximum power density of 19.77 W/m2 with a load resistance of 50 MΩ. The application of SM-HG is demonstrated in measuring vehicle speeds and detecting speeding. When vehicle speeds are measured using the SM-HG based system and a commercial radar module, the speeds detected by these two methods demonstrate very high accuracy, with an error of less than 10%. The power generated by the SM-HG during the passage of a car is stored via a power management integrated circuit and later used as an energy source to drive the alerting part when speeding is detected. These results highlight the potential of the proposed SM-HG for various self-powered applications.

Water-driven robust triboelectric nanogenerator for electrochemical synthesis

Harvesting water energy and converting it into electricity by triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is an effective strategy to alleviate the energy crisis. In this work, we develop a corrosion- and abrasive-resistant triboelectric layer by employing the graphite powder as the coating filler. Inspired by the lever principle, a robust and corrosion-resistive TENG was designed for converting water energy into gravitational potential energy and then into electricity. It has the potential to apply anywhere with a water level difference. The microstructural graphite on the coating surface not only enhances the corrosion and abrasion resistance but also enhances the effective contact area and triboelectric output of the graphite/epoxy/polyamide (C/EP/PA) coating. The as-designed TENG shows an open-circuit voltage of 300 V and a power output of 1.936 W/m2. Excellent durability and long-term stability were also demonstrated. In this work, the electrochemical synthesis of nanoparticles driven by TENG was firstly reported. Thus, hinting a new and competitive strategy for the commercial application of TENG in self-powered electrochemical systems.

A vortex-induced vibration device based on MG-TENG and research of its application in ocean current energy harvesting

In recent years, with the extensive research on the application of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) by scholars all over the world, the development of TENGs in harvesting and utilization of ocean energy has attracted more and more attention according to the advantages of TENGs in low-frequency energy harvesting. As a kind of ocean energy, the development and utilization of ocean current energy is of great significance to the diversification of energy sources, the promotion of sustainable energy development, the protection of ecological environment and the response to climate change. In this work, a novel device based on the combination of vortex-induced vibration (VIV) and multi-grating TENG (MG-TENG) is proposed for energy harvesting in low-speed ocean currents. The device consists of an up and down moving float driving the TENG to convert kinetic energy into electrical energy. The result shows that the system has a maximum average output power of nearly 20 μW under the condition of 8 grating TENG. This work demonstrates the ability of devices based on the combination of VIV and MG-TENG to drive low-power electronic components, demonstrating future applications for sensing, positioning, and more.

Synthesis and characterization of zinc basic salt–loaded PVA-PEI polymeric composite for antimicrobial activity and triboelectric nanogenerator applications

There is a growing global demand for biodegradable, economical, and versatile materials. Accordingly, a novel material called zinc basic salt-loaded polyvinyl alcohol-polyethylene imine (ZBS@PVA-PEI) is introduced, which exhibits potential applications in antimicrobial, triboelectric, and energy harvesting. The film composed of ZBS@PVA-PEI demonstrated a significant inhibition zone against Escherichia coli (E. coli) strain during a modified agar diffusion antimicrobial test, after being in contact for 24 hours. Upon evaluation, it was observed that the material exhibited an inhibition zone ranging from 4.5–12 mm. This effect was attributed to the interaction between the positive surface charge of ZBS and the negative surface charge of the bacteria, and Zinc ion release. This study marks the first report on the utilization of ZBS as an agent for antimicrobial activity. Furthermore, the ZBS@PVA-PEI was assessed for its suitability in a single-electrode mode triboelectric nanogenerator (SE-TENG). A flexible film measuring 2.1 × 1.9 cm², consisting of ZBS@PVA-PEI, was utilized as positive triboelectric layer and generated approximately 230 V under a frequency of 5.6 Hz and a gap distance of 40 mm. Additionally, the TENG self-standing films were employed as keyboard covers, harnessing energy from typing and producing up to 13 V from conventional finger typing.

Self-driven electrochemical system using solvent-regulated structural diversity of cadmium(II) metal–organic frameworks

Optimizing friction materials based on molecular diversity in a molecular framework system is an effective method to improve the output performance of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). In this study, three cadmium(II) metal–organic frameworks (Cd-MOFs) with different cavities were synthesized solvothermally by the assembly of cadmium nitrate (Cd(NO3)2·4H2O), 4′,4′''-carbonylbis(([1,1′-biphenyl]-3,5-dicarboxylic acid)) (H4CBBD), and trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene (4,4′-bpe) via a solvent-regulated strategy. The topology and porosity of Cd-MOFs could be controlled effectively by the solvent constituents and were demonstrated to be closely related to their triboelectric behaviors. Theoretical calculations and experimental characterizations revealed that the TENGs fabricated by the Cd-MOF with maximum porosity exhibited the best triboelectric performance owing to the enhanced specific surface area and surface potential. In the applications, the high-output TENGs can be successfully used as an efficient power supply for electrochemical systems, enabling the direct bromination of aromatic compounds in high yields with good regioselectivity. This study provides a simple and feasible method to optimize positive friction materials at the molecular level and develops the practical applications of TENGs in electrochemical systems.