Application Of Total Quality Management Research Articles

Improving the non-structural preparedness of the selected hospital based on the FOCUS-PDCA1 model: action research

IntroductionWith the intensification of the country’s development process, the expansion of cities and population, and the inclusion of Iran in the accident-prone category, reducing the vulnerability of non-structures has received more attention from the organizations involved. In addition to damage to communities and infrastructure, accidents can affect hospitals and their non-organizational components. Hospitals, as the front line of providing medical services after accidents, must maintain their stability, ensure the safety of their patients and employees, and continue to operate without interruption as in normal conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the non-structural safety and their preparedness to ensure they can perform acceptable in critical conditions.MethodsThis applied research was conducted in 2023 (September to December) using the participatory action research method in all selected hospital departments. The level of non-structural preparedness of the hospital was checked using the valid “Hospital Safety Index” questionnaire and the non-structural weaknesses of the hospital were identified. Then, in action research using the FOCUS-PDCA model, a program was implemented to improve the non-structural preparedness of different departments of hospitals in the face of accidents and disasters. The non-structural readiness level of the hospital was compared before and after the implementation of the change.ResultsBased on the evaluation conducted in the present study, the lowest level of safety was observed in the water supply system, office furniture and appliances, and fuel storage. The waste management systems, the fire protection system, and the long-distance communication systems were at a desirable performance level. Although in the evaluation before the change, the overall score of the hospital was 71.01%, and it had a desirable performance level in non-structural factors, in all the involved parts of the hospital, the sensitive, critical, and practical parts in the operation of the hospital had an average and sometimes low safety level. According to the obtained safety score, the safety level of the selected hospital before the change was 7 out of 10 (level seven of safety evaluation = medium). After the change and corrective measures, the non-structural safety assessment score was 76.93, and the hospital’s safety level was raised by one step to 8 out of 10 (8th level of safety assessment = relatively favorable).ConclusionThe present study showed that the application of Total Quality Management (TQM), primarily its application tool FOCUS-PDCA, is efficient and helpful in improving the non-structural preparedness of hospitals. Using action research in the health field in accidents and disasters can open blind knots in different dimensions of preparedness (structural, non-structural, and functional).

Improving the non-structural preparedness of the selected hospital based on the FOCUS-PDCA1 model: action research

IntroductionWith the intensification of the country’s development process, the expansion of cities and population, and the inclusion of Iran in the accident-prone category, reducing the vulnerability of non-structures has received more attention from the organizations involved. In addition to damage to communities and infrastructure, accidents can affect hospitals and their non-organizational components. Hospitals, as the front line of providing medical services after accidents, must maintain their stability, ensure the safety of their patients and employees, and continue to operate without interruption as in normal conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the non-structural safety and their preparedness to ensure they can perform acceptable in critical conditions.MethodsThis applied research was conducted in 2023 (September to December) using the participatory action research method in all selected hospital departments. The level of non-structural preparedness of the hospital was checked using the valid “Hospital Safety Index” questionnaire and the non-structural weaknesses of the hospital were identified. Then, in action research using the FOCUS-PDCA model, a program was implemented to improve the non-structural preparedness of different departments of hospitals in the face of accidents and disasters. The non-structural readiness level of the hospital was compared before and after the implementation of the change.ResultsBased on the evaluation conducted in the present study, the lowest level of safety was observed in the water supply system, office furniture and appliances, and fuel storage. The waste management systems, the fire protection system, and the long-distance communication systems were at a desirable performance level. Although in the evaluation before the change, the overall score of the hospital was 71.01%, and it had a desirable performance level in non-structural factors, in all the involved parts of the hospital, the sensitive, critical, and practical parts in the operation of the hospital had an average and sometimes low safety level. According to the obtained safety score, the safety level of the selected hospital before the change was 7 out of 10 (level seven of safety evaluation = medium). After the change and corrective measures, the non-structural safety assessment score was 76.93, and the hospital’s safety level was raised by one step to 8 out of 10 (8th level of safety assessment = relatively favorable).ConclusionThe present study showed that the application of Total Quality Management (TQM), primarily its application tool FOCUS-PDCA, is efficient and helpful in improving the non-structural preparedness of hospitals. Using action research in the health field in accidents and disasters can open blind knots in different dimensions of preparedness (structural, non-structural, and functional).

Một số giải pháp hoàn thiện công tác quản trị chất lượng toàn diện tại ngân hàng

Facing intensifying competition from domestic and foreign banks, enhancing service quality and customer satisfaction is a prerequisite for Vietnamese commercial banks (VCBs) to ensure sustainable development. Total Quality Management (TQM) has emerged as a breakthrough solution, providing the key to success in this challenging landscape for all organizations, regardless of industry.TQM is a management model that starts with leadership commitment, through communication and the involvement of all members of the organization to build a customer-centric culture together, towards the common goal of the organization is to develop and develop sustainably through continuous improvement of product/service quality, meeting customer needs and increasing competitiveness.Therefore, the effective application of TQM will help VCBs create a customer-centric culture, improve operational efficiency and optimize profits. Using a theoretical research method, the author has synthesized and analyzed data from many reputable sources such as documents, books, newspapers, and specialized journals. Thereby, analyzing the current status of TQM application in VCBs, comprehensively evaluating the strengths and weaknesses, and proposing a number of solutions to improve the work of total quality management in VCBs.

Một số giải pháp hoàn thiện công tác quản trị chất lượng toàn diện tại ngân hàng

Facing intensifying competition from domestic and foreign banks, enhancing service quality and customer satisfaction is a prerequisite for Vietnamese commercial banks (VCBs) to ensure sustainable development. Total Quality Management (TQM) has emerged as a breakthrough solution, providing the key to success in this challenging landscape for all organizations, regardless of industry.TQM is a management model that starts with leadership commitment, through communication and the involvement of all members of the organization to build a customer-centric culture together, towards the common goal of the organization is to develop and develop sustainably through continuous improvement of product/service quality, meeting customer needs and increasing competitiveness.Therefore, the effective application of TQM will help VCBs create a customer-centric culture, improve operational efficiency and optimize profits. Using a theoretical research method, the author has synthesized and analyzed data from many reputable sources such as documents, books, newspapers, and specialized journals. Thereby, analyzing the current status of TQM application in VCBs, comprehensively evaluating the strengths and weaknesses, and proposing a number of solutions to improve the work of total quality management in VCBs.

Penerapan Total Quality Management Pada Dunia Pendidikan Dalam Meningkatkan Kinerja Tenaga Kependidikan

This research aims to analyze the application of Total Quality Management (TQM) in improving the performance of education staff. In an era of globalization that demands improving the quality of education, TQM is considered a strategic approach that is able to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of education personnel. The research method used is a case study with a qualitative approach. Data collection was carried out through direct observation, in-depth interviews with school principals, teachers and administrative staff, as well as analysis of documents related to the implementation of TQM in selected vocational schools. The research results show that the implementation of TQM contributes significantly to improving the performance of education personnel in several main aspects: first, through strengthening a quality culture that emphasizes the importance of student satisfaction and achieving high education standards; second, continuous work process improvement through the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle; and third, increasing job satisfaction and professionalism of educational staff through continuous training and career development programs. In addition, key factors that support the successful implementation of TQM in the educational environment include strong commitment from school management, active involvement of all stakeholders, and effective and transparent communication. This research also identifies challenges in implementing TQM, such as resistance to change and limited resources, but emphasizes that the long-term benefits of implementing TQM are much greater. The conclusion of this research is that TQM is an effective and efficient strategy in improving the performance of educational staff in vocational schools, and therefore, can be adopted more widely by other educational institutions. Successful implementation of TQM will have a positive impact on the overall quality of education, so that it can produce graduates who are competent and ready to compete in the world of work.

Enhancing Organizational Sustainability: The Role of Total Quality Management in Fostering Talent Management Practices

This study aimed to investigate the relationships among employees' perceptions of Total Quality Management (TQM) and Talent Management (TM) practices within their organisations, as well as the impact on Sustainability Performance (SP). The research used survey data from businesses in Istanbul, Yalova, and Kocaeli provinces. A convenience sampling method was employed, and the study utilised data from 339 managers and employees in the manufacturing sector. The data analysis was conducted using least square structural equation analysis. The study’s findings revealed that an increase in the level of TQM application is associated with higher levels of TM application and improved SP in enterprises. Furthermore, it was observed that the positive impact of the TQM level increase extends to both TM and SP through a quadratic effect, in addition to its direct influence. The study demonstrated that increasing TM application significantly enhances SP, and an elevated TQM level further amplifies this relationship. Additionally, when the companies were classified based on size, it was found that the positive effect of an increased TQM implementation level on SP is significantly more pronounced in medium-sized companies compared to small and large companies. This trend was also observed in the quadratic effect analysis.

The Importance of Customer Focus on the Institutional Performance of Private Universities in Kenya

Institutions of higher learning (universities) have gradually adopted the total quality management (TQM) system to ensure quality product offerings and achieve competitive advantage. Universities in sub-Sahara Africa are vehicles of economic and human development through the provision of a trained labour force and research output. These organisations face elevated environmental dynamism in the provision of quality education. Due to conceptual gaps in the application of TQM in universities in SSA, the study assessed the critical importance of customer focus on the institutional performance of private universities in Kenya. The study employed a descriptive research design and targeted seventeen (17) privately chartered universities founded by religious-based institutions in Kenya. The study used a census sampling technique and randomly sampled 17 heads of administrative sections, functional departments and academic sections. Questionnaires were used as a primary tool for data collection, with the instrument being piloted at Carlile College, Kenya. Cronbach's Alpha reliability testing indicated that the instrument achieved scale reliability. The study employed both descriptive and inferential analysis. Institutional performance significantly and positively correlates with the customer focus (r = 0.580, p < 0.05) and explains 33.61 % of variations in institutional performance with an effect size of β1 = 0.5132 (t = 10.04, p< 0.05). The findings showed that customer focus as an element of TQM significantly influences the institutional performance of these universities. The study recommends that these universities inculcate and institutionalise customer-focused practices during the implementation of quality assurance. This study is of significance to the stakeholders in privately – chartered universities in Kenya and related contexts, as it will offer more enriching information on total quality management

The Influence of Total Quality Management, Lean Manufacturing, and Entrepreneurial Orientation on Operating Performance in Semarangan Batik Entrepreneurs in Semarang City

Operations management is very important for the production process, the performance it produces is very important for the sustainability of the company. Further research is needed because of the many production problems faced by batik craftsmen in Semarang City. This study aims to study how the application of Total Quality Management, entrepreneurial orientation, and Lean Manufacturing impacts on operating performance. This study used questionnaires as a data collection method. Simple random sampling was used to select the sample, and 59 people were selected. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable of the study. The results showed that total quality management improved operating performance (H1 received). The second hypothesis says Lean Manufacturing improves operations performance is accepted, and the third hypothesis says entrepreneurial orientation improves operations performance is accepted. The results of the coefficient of determination test show that the three independent variables affect operating performance by 53%. It is recommended to Semarang batik craftsmen in Semarang City to provide training to their employees, improve their production methods, and reduce their dependence on intermediaries in sales.

AMBIGUOUS EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL TURBULENCE ON INNOVATION AND PERFORMANCE: ANALYZING TECHNOLOGY SECTORS

Environmental Turbulence (ET) refers to the uncertainty caused by unforeseen changes in a firm's external environment. Process Quality Management (PQM) is a sub-dimension of Total Quality Management (TQM). However, the literature has not examined the effects of ET on TQM and PQM applications. For firms that want to survive in a dynamic market structure, it is crucial to understand how sub-factors of ET (Market Turbulence (MT), Technological Turbulence (TT), and Competition Intensity (CI)) affect existing relations. We examined whether ET has a moderating or mediating effect on innovation, performance, and PQM. As a result of the study, we discovered that PQM has essential effects on reducing market turbulence and competition intensity.

Exploring Quality in Higher Education: An Introduction and Theoretical Framework

Purpose: This paper aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the diverse dimensions that contribute to educational excellence, encompassing factors like teaching methodologies, curriculum design, assessment practices, and institutional culture. This exploration establishes a foundational framework for evaluating, enhancing, and ensuring the delivery of high-quality education, guiding institutions toward continuous improvement, and meeting the evolving needs of students and society. Methodology: Exploratory research involves the collection of information as per the keywords identified using various websites and search engines like Google, Google Scholar, and AI-based GPTs using original, review, and AI-generated focus group information this relevant information are analysed as per the research framework used and suggestions are derived. Results/Outcome: A concise summary of the paper's objectives, methodologies, key findings, and implications regarding quality in higher education are presented. This includes an exploratory analysis of the introduction and theoretical frameworks in quality in higher education. This includes the importance of quality in higher education within the contemporary educational landscape, the significance of exploring quality theories and frameworks in enhancing educational outcomes and institutional effectiveness, and definitions & interpretations of quality in higher education from scholarly perspectives. Originality/Values: Several issues like various Dimensions of Quality, Principles, and applications of Total Quality Management (TQM) in HEIs, Quality Assurance and Accreditation, Benchmarking and Continuous Improvement, Challenges in Implementing Quality Measures, and Some of the potential strategies and recommendations for addressing the challenges and advancing quality in higher education. Type of Paper: Exploratory Research.

Pengaruh Penerapan Total Quality Management terhadap Kinerja Inovasi Dimediasi Knowledge Sharing

To be able to compete and survive in all conditions, every company pays great attention to the maintenance of human resources as a company effort to obtain an effective strategy that aims to support the company's success in achieving its goals. This research was conducted to determine the effect of implementing total quality management (TQM) on innovation performance through knowledge sharing as an intervening variable at Auto 2000 Soekarno Hatta 145 Bandung. This research uses a quantitative method with a descriptive-causality research type. As for sampling, it was carried out using the saturated sampling technique method, with a total of 70 respondents. The data analysis technique used in this study is descriptive analysis and the Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Model (PLS-SEM) assisted by the Smart PLS 3.0 analysis tool. The results of this research indicate that there is a positive and significant relationship between total quality management (TQM) and innovation performance, total quality management (TQM) and knowledge sharing, knowledge sharing and innovation performance, as well as an indirect relationship between total quality management (TQM) on innovation performance through knowledge sharing. So that in an effort to improve employee innovation performance, the application of total quality management (TQM) and knowledge sharing needs to be evaluated and improved at Auto 2000 Soekarno Hatta 145 Bandung.

WILLIAM EDWARD DEMING'S MODEL PLANNING

The study of Total Quality Management (TQM) according to William Edward Deming's perspective is very important to carry out in order to find theoretical constructions for the application of Total Quality Management (TQM) in educational institutions. Implementation of Edward Deming's theory can be done by applying 14 points of management transformation. In an institution, especially education, planning is the main pioneer or spirit of the founding of an institution. This literature review of Edward Deming's planning model, apart from being widely used as references by institutions or companies in formulating programs, cannot be denied, also found several polemics that are important to study, starting from the Deming cycle, PDCA and PDSA. The purpose of this research is to find out William Edward Deming's planning model, especially in the field of education. This research uses a qualitative library research type approach. Data sources used as references in this research are books, websites, papers and scientific articles from various journals. The results of this research are that in general, William Edward Deming prioritizes anticipatory or preventive steps in quality improvement management. In line with that, it can be seen that Deming wants to convey that improving quality starts from the goal, making continuous improvements by focusing on education and training with the hope that activities run smoothly producing good quality.

The Role of the Elements of Total Quality Management in Improving Banking Services) Applied Study at Khaleeji Commercial Bank)

The research aims to demonstrate the importance of adopting the philosophy of total quality management in improving banking services and identifying the dimensions of total quality management in banking institutions. As for its importance, it is manifested through the knowledge, understanding and application of total quality management by providing the requirements for the application of this philosophy in banking institutions according to recent developments in information technology in order to be able to improve their performance. The analytical study approach was adopted in the research and the use of the questionnaire tool in the study curriculum was adopted to analyze the opinions of the research sample that were applied in al Khaleeji Commercial Bank regarding the elements of total quality management available in the organization in question. Through the use of some statistical methods in the analysis, which are the extraction of frequencies, arithmetic mean and standard deviation normative as well as materiality. The research hypotheses were tested by using the correlation coefficient and simple regression model. The most important conclusions that the research reached is the importance of applying total quality in any organization because it can achieve an increase in competitive capabilities and support for a culture of quality and continuous improvement. To take advantage of the opportunities available to the organization through the application of scientific methods and tools that contribute to identifying problems and finding appropriate treatments for them. As well as the existence of a moral, linear relationship between the elements of total quality management and the improvement of banking services. The research came out with recommendations, including that organizations should work to promote and disseminate the culture and concepts of quality in all aspects of their work and to enhance and develop the capabilities of individuals working in this regard. The research came out with recommendations, including that organizations should work to promote and disseminate the culture and concepts of quality in all aspects of their work. Enhancing and developing the capabilities of individuals working on this can help for the continuous development and improvement of banking services provided to customers.

Implementation of TQM Education in Increasing Interest in Learning Tetum as the National Language of Timor Leste

This research aims to evaluate the implementation of Total Quality Management (TQM) in schools, specifically focusing on Tetum language learning at Damea Liquitei Maubisse Elementary School. The study used a descriptive qualitative method to conduct field research involving the development team, teachers, and principals as key informants. The research sheds light on the concerted efforts to implement TQM in educational settings and its implications. Key areas of investigation include TQM goals in schools, challenges encountered in TQM application, and the tools utilized to develop Tetum language learning within the TQM framework. The findings contribute valuable insights to the broader discourse on enhancing educational quality through TQM practices.

Identify Obstacles in Implementing Total Quality Management Framework in the Ghanaian Construction Sector using Exploring Factors Analysis Technique

The concept of total quality management improves an organization’s performance, but there are several obstacles to its practical application. This study therefore identifies the obstacles to implementing the Total Quality Management (TQM) framework in the Ghanaian construction sector. A survey questionnaire was employed for the study, and the results were based on responses from 536 of 641 questionnaires sent out to the top management in the Ghanaian construction sector. The sample frame for the study was determined from the population made up of one thousand two hundred and eighty-two (1282) small to large-sized (D4K4 to D1K1) good-standing construction firms registered with the Association of Building and Civil Engineering Contractors of Ghana (ABCECG). The data was analysed using the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) technique. Cronbach's alpha was used to measure the reliability of the study instrument. While the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin and Bartlett's tests of sphericity were employed to assess sampling adequacy and significance. The study identified sixteen obstacles in implementing TQM framework in the Ghanaian construction sector. The five most significant potential obstacles among the sixteen identified obstacles in the ranking were: lack of understanding of TQM; lack of enforcement by the agencies responsible for regulating the application of TQM; inadequate TQM systems; lack of enthusiasm for TQM implementation; and lack of a TQM policy. All sixteen items (obstacles) identified were found to have a high impact on TQM implementation in the Ghanaian construction sector. Hence, understanding these identified obstacles to TQM implementation will enable construction managers to develop more effective strategies for improving TQM implementation in the Ghanaian construction sector. The study contributes to existing literature by using exploratory factor analysis techniques to identify obstacles to total quality management implementation in the Ghanaian construction sector.

Application of Total Quality Management in the Operation of Life Insurance Distribution Channels in Vietnam

By the method of document research, analysis and synthesis, the article has clarified the whole set of objectives. Accordingly, the article presents the theory and some case studies on Total Quality Management content. Review of activities of life insurance distribution channels in Vietnamese insurance enterprises. Assess the status of quality management in these activities at life insurance enterprises. From the existing points in the operation of the distribution channel, we have studied and analyzed the causes of service quality deterioration, distrust and satisfaction for customers using life insurance products. Finding a way to eliminate limitations is the primary concern of insurance companies. Our analysis results have shown that enterprises applying Total Quality Management are the solution to improve service quality in the operation of insurance product distribution channels. Determine the development goals of the business in each period to build a system of distribution channels and apply an appropriate quality management system. Determined the need and determination to use Total Quality Management in insurance distribution channel activities. Get all employees involved in the application of Total Quality Management. These are some effective measures to support life insurers in implementing Total Quality Management for their business.

The Influence of Total Quality Management (TQM) and Characteristics of Management Accountig Information Systems on Managerial Performance

Managerial performance is one of the things that can drive the success of a company's goals. There are several things that can affect and improve managerial performance including total quality management and management accounting information systems. The application of total quality management will help the managerial role to further improve its performance so that it can be carried out properly. In addition, the existence of an available management accounting information system will support the control and decision-making process of a manager. This study aims to determine the effect of total quality management and the characteristics of management accounting information systems on managerial performance at PT. So Good Food Jakarta Branch. Application of total quality management and management accounting information systems at PT. The So Good Food Jakarta Branch has been running and is well available, but there needs to be improvement so that the implementation of total quality management and management accounting information systems can run optimally. The method in this study was to conduct a questionnaire survey with an ordinal scale form to 40 respondents from PT. So Good Food Jakarta Branch, then data processing is carried out using SEM-PLS data analysis techniques and is designed with a quantitative approach to descriptive analysis and verification. The results of this study are expected to be a solution to problems related to managerial performance at PT. So Good Food Jakarta Branch.
 The results of this study prove that: (1) total quality management has an effect on managerial performance, (2) the characteristics of management accounting information systems have an effect on managerial performance

Procedural applications of total quality management in university education in light of the COVID-19 pandemic

The current study aimed to establish the basic infrastructure to facilitate the implementation of the procedural applications of total quality management, through the introduction of a fully functional total quality management unit in colleges and scientific departments, in line with internationally recognized standards, by meeting ISO 21001: standards for the requirements of the management system of educational institutions 2018 in light of the coronavirus crisis. A questionnaire was printed including all applications and 40 actions distributed to three categories of volunteers: undergraduate students, graduate students, and faculty members at the university. The current study involved the calculation of several key metrics, including the average number of volunteers, the average level of satisfaction across all choices, and the proportion of overall satisfaction attributable to the mean values observed across all groups. The results indicate a relatively low rating of 15 and a satisfaction level of 25.125 among the sample of undergraduates who participated in the study. In the context of postgraduate education, the scale reached a numerical value of 12.1, resulting in a satisfaction rate of 48.4. The responses or alternatives provided by respected faculty members at the university indicated a high level of confidence and clarity. The results indicate that a large percentage of the respondents 62.322 expressed their satisfaction unequivocally in the categorical response of “exactly yes” with a similar frequency of 8.725. The rationale behind their selection can be attributed to various factors, such as their proximity to the deanship, their great experience in university work, their active participation in decision-making processes, and the limited impact of the Corona pandemic. The satisfaction rate of university professors reached 80.57% overall. The graduate student group ranked second, peaking at 70.56%. In contrast, the statistical figures related to undergraduate students were relatively lower, as they ranked third with a rate of 55.21%.

The Effect of Application of Total Quality Management and Performance Measurement System on Employee Performance through Motivation as an Intervening Variable in Trust Group Surabaya Company

Purpose: This research aimed to evaluate the degree to which overall quality management and work measurement systems at Trus Group Surabaya Company effect employee performance as a function of variable intervening motivation in order to draw conclusions that may be applied to other organizations.
 Design/Methodology/Approach: In order to compile the necessary data, questionnaires will be sent to a selection of workers at the Trus Group Surabaya organization consisting of a random sample of 48 out of 54 employees. After that, a quantitative approach known as the Path Analysis model is used. This is a method that is utilized in research and is carried out with the assistance of the SPSS 20 application.
 Findings: TQM has been found to have no beneficial effect on the amount of work. Total Quality Management does not have an effect on employee performance when motivation is included as an intervening variable. On the other hand, performance assessment that includes motivation as an intervening variable does have a significant effect on the performance of the company.
 Implications/Originality/Value: Motivation can improve the performance of the Trus Group Surabaya company.

The Main Obstacles and Countermeasures of Implementing Total Quality Management in Egypt: A Case Study

Total quality management (TQM) has effectively enhanced product quality in the manufacturing business, but services are always experiencing a low quality and hard to guarantee the product. The use of TQM in the service business issue has been studied. This research explores the key challenges and implementation strategy for the whole quality management of the Egypt’s economic condition as a research subject. This paper based on qualitative method and uses several factors to describe, such as, the mission and vision, sustainable development and improvement, effective leadership, and information systems etc. The results revealed that there are multiple obstacles, procedure; mechanism must be resolved on the Egypt’s management universities. Central decision-making, no innovation and routine and administrative complexities that weaken work and performance. The TQM application needs an extraordinarily adequate budget, the administrators, workers, do not use acceptable development and improvement methods, adopting an information system on traditional methods. Overall analysis suggests that the use of TQM characteristics in higher education in Egypt still presents obvious weaknesses. However, the average value of these six factors is less than 70 percent.