Apple Peel Extract Research Articles

Effect of apple peel extracts on storage quality of quince juice

Enzymatic browning is one of the reactions influencing the quality of some fruit juices such as quince juice. Nowadays, there is an increased demand for application of antibrowning agents. This research was aimed at the effects of using each ethanolic and aqueous apple peel extracts (EAPE, AAPE) in two concentrations (0.3 and 3%) as inhibitor agents for polyphenol oxidase activity (PPO) of quince juice and their effects on the browning index (BI), total soluble solids (TSS), pH, total titratable acidity (TA), and total phenolic content (TPC) during storage at 4°C for 15 d. The effectiveness of 3% (w/v) alcoholic apple peel extract efficiently inactivated the activities of PPO compared with another three extracts during whole refrigerated storage time. The lowest inhibition percentage value of BI was found in 0.3% AAPE supplemented quince juices. EAPE and AAPE with concentrations of 3% had significantly larger pH values than that of EAPE and AAPE with concentration 0.3% and untreated quince juices at a final day of cold storage. TA values of juice samples untreated and treated with apple extracts did not show significant changes that ranged between 74-75 mg/100 ml at the beginning of storage and decreased with increased storage time, ranging between 0.68-0.72 mg/100 ml at the end of storage. The addition of apple peel extracts during the storage of quince juice had a positive effect on TSS values of the samples. Significantly larger TPC values (P<0.05) were obtained with 3% EAPE incorporated juice samples in comparison with other treatments.

Anticancer activity of apple peel extracts against human breast cancer cells through insulin-like growth factor-1 signal transduction pathway

Anticancer activity of apple peel extracts against human breast cancer cells through insulin-like growth factor-1 signal transduction pathway

Novel Microwave Synthesis of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles and Appraisal of the Antibacterial Application

The exceptional characteristics of bio-synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs), including high surface-to-volume ratio and high-profit strength, are of tremendous interest. CuO NPs have cytotoxic, catalytic, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties. Fruit peel extract has been recommended as a valuable alternative method due to the advantages of economic prospects, environment-friendliness, improved biocompatibility, and high biological activities, such as antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, as many physical and chemical methods have been applied to synthesize metal oxide NPs. In the presence of apple peel extract and microwave (MW) irradiation, CuO NPs are produced from the precursor CuCl2. 2H2O. With the help of TEM analysis, and BET surface area, the average sizes of the obtained NPs are found to be 25-40 nm. For use in antimicrobial applications, CuO NPs are appropriate. Disk diffusion tests were used to study the bactericidal impact in relation to the diameter of the inhibition zone, and an intriguing antibacterial activity was confirmed on both the Gram-positive bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative bacterial pathogen Escherichia coli. Moreover, CuO NPs did not have any toxic effect on seed germination. Thus, this study provides an environmentally friendly material and provides a variety of advantages for biomedical applications and environmental applications.

High‐Efficiency Photo‐Induced Charge Transfer for SERS Sensing in N‐Doped 3D‐Graphene on Si Heterojunction

Nitrogen‐doped three‐dimensional graphene (N‐doped 3D‐graphene) is a graphene derivative with excellent adsorption capacity, large specific surface area, high porosity, and optoelectronic properties. Herein, N‐doped 3D‐graphene/Si heterojunctions were grown in situ directly on silicon (Si) substrates via plasma‐assisted chemical vapor deposition (PACVD), which is promising for surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates candidates. Combined analyses of theoretical simulation, incorporating N atoms in 3D‐graphene are beneficial to increase the electronic state density of the system and enhance the charge transfer between the substrate and the target molecules. The enhancement of the optical and electric fields benefits from the stronger light‐matter interaction improved by the natural nano‐resonator structure of N‐doped 3D‐graphene. The as‐prepared SERS substrates based on N‐doped 3D‐graphene/Si heterojunctions achieve ultra‐low detection for various molecules: 10−8 M for methylene blue (MB) and 10−9 M for crystal violet (CRV) with rhodamine (R6G) of 10−10 M. In practical detected, 10−8 M thiram was precisely detected in apple peel extract. The results indicate that N‐doped 3D‐graphene/Si heterojunctions based‐SERS substrates have promising applications in low‐concentration molecular detection and food safety.

Elma kabuğundan fenolik maddelerin ultrases destekli ekstraksiyonu

This study investigated the extraction of phenolic compounds from apple peel by ultrasound-assisted extraction (15, 30 and 45 min) and conventional extraction (15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 min). The antioxidant capacity (DPPH), total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and individual phenolic compounds of apple peel extracts were determined. HPLC analysis indicated that apple peel extracts had chlorogenic acid, rutin, catechin, epicatechin, procyanidin B1, procyanidin B2 and procyanidin C1. In the conventional method, the total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of apple peel extract in 90 min of conventional extraction was found as 1848.50 ±0.40 mg GAE/kg, 571.01 ±2.88 mgKA/kg and 9.70±0.00 mmol Trolox eq./g, respectively. In 45 min of the ultrasound-assisted extraction, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of extracts were determined as 2021.83±65.69 mg GAE/kg, 532.66 ±2.43 mgKA/kg and 11.73 ±0.08 mmol Trolox eq./g respectively. The application of ultrasound-assisted extraction markedly decreased extraction time and improved the extraction efficiency compared with the conventional method.

One Pot Synthesis of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles for Efficient Antibacterial Activity.

The unique semiconductor and optical properties of copper oxides have attracted researchers for decades. However, using fruit waste materials such as peels to synthesize the nanoparticles of copper oxide (CuO NPs) has been rarely described in literature reviews. The main purpose of this part of the research was to report on the CuO NPs with the help of apple peel extract under microwave irradiation. Metal salts and extracts were irradiated at 540 W for 5 min in a microwave in a 1:2 ratio. The crystallinity of the NPs was confirmed by the XRD patterns and the crystallite size of the NPs was found to be 41.6 nm. Elemental mapping of NPs showed homogeneous distributions of Cu and O. The NPs were found to contain Cu and O by EDX and XPS analysis. In a test involving two human pathogenic microbes, NPs showed antibacterial activity and the results revealed that the zone of inhibition grew significantly with respect to the concentration of CuO NPs. In a biofilm, more specifically, NPs at 25.0 µg/mL reduced mean thickness and biomass values of S. aureus and E. coli biofilms by >85.0 and 65.0%, respectively, with respect to untreated controls. In addition, environmentally benign materials offer a number of benefits for pharmaceuticals and other biomedical applications as they are eco-friendly and compatible.

Physical Evaluation of Manalagi Apple Extract Mouthwash

Manalagi apple (Malus Domestica) is one of the local varieties of apples. Apple rind has benefits such as antibacterial, antioxidant, antifungal, and anti-colliferative. The use of apples needs to be developed in the form of mouthwash products. The aim of the research was to determine the organoleptic evaluation of the manalagi apple peel extract mouthwash formulation. The type of this research was experimental research. The sample in this study was the skin of an apple. The stages in this study were making extracts using the maceration method and making mouthwash formulations of apple peel extracts at concentrations of 25%, 30% and 35%, then organoleptic evaluation was carried out for 4 weeks. The results showed that the organoleptic conditions were the same and stable, namely mint and sweet taste, menthol aroma and no precipitate, and brown color. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that apple peel extract could be formulated as a mouthwash.

Multifunctional nanocomposite based on polyvinyl alcohol, cellulose nanocrystals, titanium dioxide, and apple peel extract for food packaging

Although polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a potential biodegradable food packaging material, it has several critical limitations: low mechanical strength, poor ultraviolet (UV) and water vapor barrier properties, and lack of antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Previous studies have used cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) to improve the mechanical and water vapor barrier properties of the PVA matrix. In this study, a multifunctional nanocomposite for food packaging applications was developed by incorporating titanium dioxide (TiO2) and apple peel extract (APE) into a PVA/CNC matrix. The combination of TiO2 and APE in the nanocomposites not only enhanced multifunctionality but also improved mechanical and barrier properties. The mechanical strength and water vapor barrier properties of PVA/CNC/TiO2/APE (5 wt% TiO2 and 20 wt% APE in the PVA/CNC matrix containing 5 wt% of CNCs) increased by 49.9 % and 36.6 % compared to PVA. Furthermore, PVA/CNC/TiO2/APE exhibited an excellent UV barrier (UV-protection factor of 1012.73) and high antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. In food packaging tests with fresh cherry tomatoes and potatoes, PVA/CNC/TiO2/APE effectively protected samples from external influences and prolonged their self-life, demonstrating the potential use of this nanocomposite as a biodegradable and multifunctional food packaging material.

Microwave-assisted synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles by apple peel extract and efficient catalytic reduction on methylene blue and crystal violet

Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) can be synthesized by a one-pot synthetic process using microwave irradiation and an extract of apple peel as a nontoxic reducing agent and capping agent. This process has many advantages, including ease of operation, easy use of natural and non-toxic precursors, and the absence of harmful reagents. FE-SEM, FE-SEM, HR-TEM, XRD, XPS, Raman, and TGDTA are commonly used to characterize synthesized NPs. Based on the XRD results, the structure is face-centered cubic (FCC) with orientation (111). In addition, the synthesized green CuO NPs have been found to be highly effective in the reduction of MB dyes as well as CV dyes. Recovering and reusing catalysts with almost no loss of activity is possible.

Utilization of Colored Extracts for the Formulation of Ecological Friendly Plant-Based Green Products

Green or sustainable cosmetics are products that contain natural ingredients obtained from renewable raw materials. Fruit peels represent a sustainable source of bioactive compounds. Polyphenols, e.g., flavonoids, have the ability to scavenge free radicals; thus they exhibit antioxidant activity. Recently, natural antioxidants have been in the limelight as being safe, effective, and versatile. In this study, antioxidant effects and the sun protection ability of apple (Malus domestica), banana (Musa sapientum), and orange (Citrus reticulata) peel extracts were evaluated in skincare formulations. The extraction of phenolic compounds was performed in three different solvents, i.e., ethanol, methanol, and acetone. Total phenolic contents, antioxidant activity, and sun protection factor were determined for the fruit peel extracts. The acetone extract of apple and ethanol extract of banana peels contained polyphenols, i.e., 24.3 ± 1.5 and 26.7 ± 0.6 mg GAE per gram of the extracts, respectively. These extracts showed DPPH radical scavenging activity and were incorporated into oil-in-water (O/W) cosmetic emulsions. All the formulated samples were found to be stable when subjected to centrifuging and thermal stress. Antioxidant activities of cream samples were above 80%, and the sun protection factor was above 15. The results have confirmed the applications of fruit peel waste in the formulation of photostable, antioxidant, and sun screen formulations. These creams would help to maintain skin health, protect it from UV radiation, and reduce the aging effect. Thus, fruit peel waste could present an ecofriendly and sustainable source of natural antioxidants for the personal care industry.

Çeşitli evsel atıkların Aureobasidium pullulans tarafından melanin sentezinde kullanılması

It is known that food wastes occur in the entire food chain from farm to fork and pose a major problem worldwide. In Turkey, approximately 45 thousand tons of onion peel and 550 thousand tons of bread emerge as waste. On the other hand, the wastes of potato, apple, and pear in the field are approximately 455 thousand, 122 thousand, and 27 thousand tons per year, respectively. It is also known that the annual total kitchen waste generated only in Ankara is approximately 5.35 megatons. It is also obvious that traditional waste disposal methods cause environmental, economic, and social problems, and therefore, the conversion of food waste into biotechnological products with high added value is more sustainable, oriented to meet global needs, and is profitable. In this study, the potential use of onion, potato, apple, pear, and carrot peels, and bread residues for the production of melanin, a high-value-added pigment, by fermentation was investigated. In the fermentation studies, a native strain Aureobasidium pullulans AZ-6 and A. pullulans NBRC 100716 strain were used separately as inoculum. The highest total melanin production (3.71 g/L) from the food wastes in the study was achieved by A. pullulans NBRC 100716 with carrot peel extract, and a similar result (3.28 g/L) was obtained with apple peel extract. This study revealed that carrot and apple peels can be important substrate sources for melanin production.

The Effectiveness of Rome Beauty Apple Peel Extract (Malus sylvestris Mill) on the Growth of Salmonella Typhi

BACKGROUND: Salmonella typhi is an illness caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi (abbreviated S. typhi). It may affect people of all ages, but is most prevalent in young people. At the moment, there is widespread resistance to chloramphenicol as the first-line antibiotic for S. typhi infection, necessitating the development of new treatments based on natural components.
 AIM: The purpose of this research is to investigate the efficacy of Rome Beauty apple peel extract, which is believed to possess antibacterial properties capable of inhibiting the development of S. typhi bacteria.
 METHODS: To determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Kill Concentration (MKC) for antibacterial activity using disc diffusion and tube dilution methods, with nine treatments of Rome Beauty apple peel extract at concentrations of 50%, 25%, 12.5 %, 6.25%, 3.125%, 1.56%, and 0.78%, as well as a positive control (chloramphenicol 30 mg/ml) (aquadest). SPSS is used to analyze data.
 RESULTS: The findings of this investigation established a 12.5 % MIC with an average diameter of the inhibition zone of 13.67 mm and a 50% MKC with an average number of bacterial colonies of 22.33 CFU/mL. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to examine the MKC data (significance p = 0.002) and the One-Way ANOVA test was used to study the MIC data (significance p = 0.001).
 CONCLUSION: The research concluded that Rome Beauty apple peel extract inhibited the development of S. typhi bacteria. 67 mm and 50% MKC with an average number of bacterial colonies of 22.33 CFU/mL. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to examine the KHM data (significance p = 0.002) and the One-Way ANOVA test was used to study the MIC data (significance p = 0.001). The research concluded that Rome Beauty apple peel extract inhibited the development of S. typhi bacteria. 67 mm and 50% MKC with an average number of bacterial colonies of 22.33 CFU/mL. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to examine the MKC data (significance p = 0.002) and the One-Way ANOVA test was used to study the MIC data (significance p = 0.001). The research concluded that Rome Beauty apple peel extract inhibited the development of S. typhi bacteria.

Effect of chitosan coating combined with custard apple (Annona squamosa l.) peel extract on the quality of pacific white shrimp during cold storage

This study examined the changes in the quality of the Pacific white shrimps coated with chitosan incorporated with custard apple peel extract (ASE). Generally, there was a positive effect on texture, color, and biochemical characteristics of shrimp samples treated with either chitosan coating or chitosan coating combined with ASE as against the control after 12 days of storage at 4°C. The increases in the values of weight loss, pH, peroxide values, total volatile basic nitrogen, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances of shrimps were significantly inhibited in shrimps treated with a chitosan-ASE coating. Coating with chitosan combined with ASE at a concentration of 300 mg GAE/L was proven as the most effective preservation method for whiteleg shrimp during cold storage. Thereby, it may suggest that the combination of chitosan and ASE could be used as an effective alternative for the natural coating to extend the shelf-life and maintain the shrimp quality.

Apple peel extracts as preservation solution to maintain the quality of fresh-cut apples

Apple peel extracts as preservation solution to maintain the quality of fresh-cut apples

Effect of Anti-Obesity and Antioxidant Activity through the Additional Consumption of Peel from 'Fuji' Pre-Washed Apple.

There is limited information on the health effects of apple peel taken from ‘Fuji’ (Malus pumila Mill) apples washed with ozonated water. To clarify the health-promoting effects of peel, the triterpenoids (ursolic acid and oleanolic acid) were quantified with gas chromatograph–mass spectrometry. Anti-obesity effects of apple peel extract on the 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte cell were compared with apple flesh, whole apple, and ursolic acid. The peel extract treatment with 3.30 ± 1.05 μM of ursolic acid significantly suppressed (p < 0.05) the lipid accumulation compared with the content in flesh, and a similar level was reached in the 5 μM ursolic acid positive control group. In the peel extract and ursolic acid treatment groups, the C16:0 concentration was significantly inhibited (p < 0.05), implying the anti-obesity effect of ursolic acid on the 3T3-L1 cell. Moreover, apple peel contributed 41% of the total flavonoids content and 31% of the phenolic contents of the whole apple, but only accounted for less than 10% of the whole apple (weight basis). This study’s results offer basic data on pre-washed apple as a health functional food, offering information about the health benefits of apple peel, calculated based on the partial ratio in the whole apple.

Impact of Storage Controlled Atmosphere on the Apple Phenolic Acids, Flavonoids, and Anthocyanins and Antioxidant Activity In Vitro.

Apples are seasonal fruits, and it is important to prepare them adequately for storage and ensure proper storage conditions. In this study, we used ten different apple cultivars: ‘Alva’, ‘Auksis’, ‘Connell Red’, ‘Cortland’, ‘Ligol’, ‘Lodel’, ‘Noris’, ‘Rubin’, ‘Sampion’, and ‘Spartan’. We studied the qualitative and quantitative composition of phenolic compounds in the apple and apple extracts antioxidants activity before placing them in the controlled atmosphere chambers and again at the end of the experiment, eight months later. Different concentrations of O2, CO2, and N2, constant temperature, relative humidity, and removal of endogenous ethylene were continually maintained. HPLC analysis showed that the highest amount of 2265.7 ± 152.5 µg/g of chlorogenic acid was found in apple samples of the ‘Auksis’ cultivar stored under variant IV conditions. Different concentrations of gas in the controlled atmosphere chambers caused changes in antioxidant activity in whole apple and apple peel extracts. In our study, we found that the antioxidant activity of apple extracts varied between samples of different apple cultivars and depended on the composition of the controlled atmosphere. Determining the optimal storage conditions is beneficial to providing the consumers with apples that have a known and minimally altered chemical composition of phenolic compounds and the strongest antioxidant activity, which determine the use of apples in the healthy food chain.

Determination of the ursolic and oleanolic acids content with the antioxidant capacity in apple peel extract of various cultivars.

Apples are rich sources of ursolic acid (UA) and oleanolic acid (OA) which are the major and most prominent triterpenes in the peel of an apple. Pentacyclic triterpenes are ideal nutraceuticals due to their ability to reduce the risk of many life-threatening diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular and diabetes. This study was to determine the content of UA and OA in the apple peel extract from different cultivars grown in South Africa as well as the correlation of their content level with antioxidant capacity. Quantitative analysis of UA and OA in apple peels from three cultivars; red delicious (RD), royal gala (RG) and granny smith (GS) apples was carried out using HPLC and their antioxidant capacity was analyzed using the DPPH assay. The RD showed the highest content of UA and OA (248.02 ± 0.08 µg/ml and 110.00 ± 0.08 µg/ml respectively) in the apple peel extract and also displayed a significantly high level of antioxidant capacity (97.3 ± 0.40%; p < 0.0001) compared to the RG and GS cultivars. A strong positive correlation was noted between the UA, OA and antioxidant capacities of all the cultivars. Only the RD cultivar showed a significant correlation though; UA (r = 0.9570; p = 0.0027) and OA (r = 0.8503; p = 0.0319). This study demonstrated that the RD and RG apple peels possess the highest UA and OA content which invariably increases their antioxidant activities compared to GS apple. Thus, both apple cultivars would be useful and recommended for food consumption and nutraceuticals values to improve human health.

Mitochondria are involved in the combination of blueberry and apple peel extracts synergistically ameliorating the lifespan and oxidative stress in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Mitochondrial function is closely related to the body's oxidative stress level and lifespan. Our previous research demonstrated that the combination of blueberry extracts (BE) and apple peel extracts (APE) could synergistically promote the oxidative stress and lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). The purpose of this study was to determine whether the improvement of the oxidative stress and lifespan is involved in the regulation of mitochondrial function, and to explore its potential mechanisms. A model of nematode mitochondrial dysfunction was established using RNAi technology. The results showed that supplementation with BE plus APE could prolong the lifespan of RNAi(mev-1) C. elegans, and improve mitochondrial function, while there was no significant effect on RNAi(isp-1) C. elegans. In addition, treatment with BE plus APE could down-regulate the overexpression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in clk-1(e2519) mutants. Meanwhile, administration with BE plus APE abolished the extension of the lifespan of clk-1(e2519) mutants, and inhibited the expression of clk-1 downstream genes, including mev-1, isp-1, nuo-2, cco-1, cyc-1 and atp-3, thereby regulating the function of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and improving its oxidative stress ability to prolong the lifespan of nematodes. In short, the combination of BE and APE could improve the oxidative stress and extend the lifespan of nematodes via regulating mitochondrial function. This study provided a theoretical basis for exploring the role of mitochondrial function in regulating the body's oxidative stress level and aging process.

Phytochemical Content and Antioxidant Activity of Malus domestica Borkh Peel Extracts.

Apple is an important dietary source of carotenoids and phenolic compounds, and its regular consumption is associated with several health benefits. The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytochemical composition of fresh peels of four red-skinned (“Champion”, “Generos”, “Idared”, “Florina”) and two yellow-skinned (“Golden Delicious”, “Reinette Simirenko”) apple varieties. Antioxidant activity of apple peel extracts was determined by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and ABTS radical scavenging capacity assays. Total carotenoid and polyphenolic contents were determined spectrophotometrically, while the profile of individual carotenoids and anthocyanins (in red-skinned varieties) was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA). Carotenoid composition was specific for each variety, and total carotenoid content was slightly higher in yellow-skinned apple peels compared to red-skinned varieties. In contrast, total phenolic content was higher in the peels of red-skinned cultivars. Anthocyanin profile was predominated by cyanidin-3-O-galactoside. Antioxidant potential followed the trend of the total polyphenolic content, being highest in “Florina”, as measured by both FRAP and ABTS assays. Our results demonstrated apple peels have high phytochemical content with diverse compositions, and their regular consumption can be an excellent source of antioxidants.

The Application of Pomegranate, Sugar Apple, and Eggplant Peel Extracts Suppresses Aspergillus flavus Growth and Aflatoxin B1 Biosynthesis Pathway

Even though the green revolution was a significant turning point in agriculture, it was also marked by the widespread use of chemical pesticides, which prompted severe concerns about their influence on human and environmental health. As a result, the demand for healthier and more environmentally friendly alternatives to control plant diseases and avoid food spoilage is intensifying. Among the proposed alternatives, food by-product extracts, especially from the most consumed fruits in Egypt, eggplant, sugar apple, and pomegranate peel wastes, were largely ignored. Hence, we chose them to evaluate their antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic activities against maize fungus, Aspergillus flavus. All the extracts exhibited multiple degrees of antifungal growth and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) inhibitory activities (35.52% to 91.18%) in broth media. Additionally, diethyl ether 50% eggplant, ethanol 75% sugar apple, and diethyl ether 25% pomegranate extracts exhibited the highest AFB1 inhibition, of 96.11%, 94.85%, and 78.83%, respectively, after one month of treated-maize storage. At the same time, Topsin fungicide demonstrated an AFB1 inhibition ratio of 72.95%. The relative transcriptional levels of three structural and two regulatory genes, aflD, aflP, aflQ, aflR, and aflS, were downregulated compared to the infected control. The phenolic content (116.88 mg GAEs/g DW) was highest in the 25% diethyl ether pomegranate peel extract, while the antioxidant activity was highest in the 75% ethanol sugar apple extract (94.02 µg/mL). The most abundant active compounds were found in the GC-MS analysis of the fruit peel extracts: α-kaurene, α-fenchene, p-allylphenol, octadecanoic acid, 3,5-dihydroxy phenol, hexestrol, xanthinin, and linoleic acid. Finally, the three fruit peel waste extracts could be a prospective source of friendly ecological compounds that act as environmentally safer and more protective alternatives to inhibit AFB1 production in maize storage.