Apple Extracts Research Articles

Pembuatan Sabun Transparan Berbasis Minyak Kelapa dengan Penambahan Ekstrak Buah Pedada (Sonneratia caseolaris) sebagai Bahan Antioksidan

Mangrove Apple (Sonneratia caseolaris) is a fruit native from tropical area that has antioxidant activity. This study aims to produce transparent soap with pedada fruit antioxidant enhancing agents and the observation of transparent soap quality in accordance with SNI 03-3532-1994 and antioxidant activity of transparent soap. Research began with pre-treatment process, namely extraction of mangrove apple enhancing agent by maceration and infundation method using methanol and water solvent. The obtained extracts were then added as variation of coconut oil soap production formula. The obtained soaps were then tested for free alkali rate, free fatty acid rate, moisture content, foam stability, pH and antioxidant activity by DPPH method. The antioxidant activity of the obtained soap shows that with the formulation by 0.5 g of methanol maceration extract of mangrove apple resulted in soap with IC50 antioxidant activity of 122.30 μg/mL.

Monitoring and predicting the enzymatic inhibition of α‐amylase by apple extracts using Isothermal Titration Calorimetry and Random Forest

Monitoring and predicting the enzymatic inhibition of α‐amylase by apple extracts using Isothermal Titration Calorimetry and Random Forest

Influence of Solvent Concentration on the Amount of Individual Phenolic Compounds in Apple and Sour Cherry Pomace

Apple and sour cherry pomace, by-products resulting from fruit processing for juice production, were analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to identify and quantify individual phenolic compounds. In order to determine the most efficient method of extracting these phenolic compounds from pomace, different concentrations of ethanol were used as the organic solvent. The following phenolic compounds were analysed: gallic acid, neochlorogenic acid, (+)-catechin, (−)-epicatechin, chlorogenic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, salicylic acid, ellagic acid, rutin, and myricetin. The amounts of these compounds varied depending on the concentration of ethanol used in the extraction process. Neochlorogenic acid, a potent antioxidant, was quantified in apple and sour cherry pomace extracts, showing significant variation with solvent concentration. In apple pomace, the highest amount was found in ethanol 100% (46.44 mg 100 g−1 DW), followed by ethanol 75% (32.09 mg 100 g−1 DW) and ethanol 50% (7.66 mg 100 g−1 DW). In sour cherry pomace, the highest amount was also extracted into ethanol 100% (45.20 mg 100 g−1 DW) and the lowest in ethanol 50% (29.12 mg 100 g−1 DW). Catechin was detected exclusively in cherry pomace, with a maximum yield observed in 75% ethanol (137.86 mg 100 g−1 DW), which was significantly higher compared to the other phenolic compounds analysed. The obtained results demonstrate the importance of apple and sour cherry pomace as valuable by-products, with the potential to be used in the production of functional foods.

Acrylamide detection and reduction in meat products using organic acids, fruit extracts, and probiotics

Grilled foods are an important source of acrylamide, which has neurotoxic, genotoxic, and carcinogenic properties. The current study aims to evaluate the level of acrylamide in beef, chicken, and fish products, especially those requiring high cooking temperatures, using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Reduction of acrylamide by organic acids i.e., (citric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, and lactic acid) and fruit extracts of lemon, apple, and grape has also been investigated. The results revealed that the highest mean acrylamide concentration was found in chicken products (grilled chicken) which recorded 8.32 μg/100 g, followed by beef products (beef grilled) with a concentration of 7.91 μg/100 g, and fish products (pan-fried fish burgers) which recorded 6.77 μg/100 g). Furthermore, the mixture of organic acid has the highest effect on reducing the level of acrylamide in a chemical model system. Moreover, the fruit extract mixture was more effective in reducing the percentage of acrylamide in the grilled chicken than organic acids mixture. Finally, the addition of fruit extract improved the sensory properties of grilled chickens. In sum, this study offers novel and promising natural strategies to decrease acrylamide in meat products toward further future application in meat industry to deliver safe food to consumers.

Unveiling the fungal diversity and associated secondary metabolism on black apples.

Black apples are the result of late-stage microbial decomposition after falling to the ground. This phenomenon is highly comparable from year to year, with the filamentous fungus Monilinia fructigena most commonly being the first invader, followed by Penicillium expansum. Motivated by the fact that only little chemistry has been reported from apple microbiomes, we set out to investigate the chemical diversity and potential ecological roles of secondary metabolites (SMs) in a total of 38 black apples. Metabolomics analyses were conducted on either whole apples or small excisions of fungal biomass derived from black apples. Annotation of fungal SMs in black apple extracts was aided by the cultivation of 15 recently isolated fungal strains on 9 different substrates in a One Strain Many Compounds (OSMAC) approach, leading to the identification of 3,319 unique chemical features. Only 6.4% were attributable to known compounds based on analysis of high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS/MS) data using spectral library matching tools. Of the 1,606 features detected in the black apple extracts, 32% could be assigned as fungal-derived, due to their presence in the OSMAC-based training data set. Notably, the detection of several antifungal compounds indicates the importance of such compounds for the invasion of and control of other microbial competitors on apples. In conclusion, the diversity and abundance of microbial SMs on black apples were found to be much higher than that typically observed for other environmental microbiomes. Detection of SMs known to be produced by the six fungal species tested also highlights a succession of fungal growth following the initial invader M. fructigena.IMPORTANCEMicrobial secondary metabolites constitute a significant reservoir of biologically potent and clinically valuable chemical scaffolds. However, their usefulness is hampered by rapidly developing resistance, resulting in reduced profitability of such research endeavors. Hence, the ecological role of such microbial secondary metabolites must be considered to understand how best to utilize such compounds as chemotherapeutics. Here, we explore an under-investigated environmental microbiome in the case of black apples; a veritable "low-hanging fruit," with relatively high abundances and diversity of microbially produced secondary metabolites. Using both a targeted and untargeted metabolomics approach, the interplay between metabolites, other microbes, and the apple host itself was investigated. This study highlights the surprisingly low incidence of known secondary metabolites in such a system, highlighting the need to study the functionality of secondary metabolites in microbial interactions and complex microbiomes.

Antifungal Effect of Leaf Extracts on the Groundnut Late Leaf Spot Pathogen Cercosporidium personatum

Late leaf spot of groundnut is caused by the fungal pathogen of Cercosporidium personatum. Efforts to prevent this disease generally use synthetic fungicides that can cause environmental pollution. This study aims to identify the fungal pathogen of groundnut late leaf spot and study the antifungal effect of leaf extract of some plants for leaf spot intensity suppression. Late leaf spot pathogen was identified based on morphological characteristics of hyphae and conidia. The leaf extracts of butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea), Mexican sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia), basil (Ocimum gratissimum), and sugar apple (Annona squamosa) at a concentration of 25% against C. personatum were evaluated in vitro based on growth inhibition. The growth and intensity of groundnut disease attacks were assessed for seven weeks by inoculating C. personatum and application of the leaf extracts. Results showed that the pathogen was identified as C. personatum with conidia characteristics of cylindrical to obclavate, short and slightly curved with four septa, and 35.75 × 7.11 µm in size. The percentage of inhibition of C. personatum in vitro reached 94.03% by leaf extract of C. ternatea, 88.56% by T. diversifolia, 87.20% by O. gratissimum, and 84.10% by A. squamosa. Treatment of C. ternatea increased plant height up to 12.85% and reduced the most optimal percentage of the infected leaves up to 61.53%. C. ternatea leaf extract was found to be the most effective extract to suppress C. personatum infection by 77.94%, while T. diversifolia, O. gratissimum, and A. squamosa reduced disease severity by 70.15%, 65.43%, and 57.76%, respectively.

Delineating a Tailor-Made Fluorescent Probe Designed for the Selective Detection of Tyrosinase.

A dicyanoisophorone based fluorescent probe (E)-2-(3-(4-hydroxystyryl)-5,5-dimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-ylidene)malononitrile (DCIP-OH) was developed for the selective sensing of tyrosinase in apple extract and live cells. The probe was obtained by the condensation of 2-(3,5,5-trimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-ylidene)malononitrile with 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde. Upon interaction with tyrosinase, the probe exhibited absorbance switching from 417 nm to 357 nm, accompanied by a slight increase in absorption value and an isosbestic point observed at 373 nm. Additionally, a reduction in emission intensity at 592 nm was observed. Furthermore, we successfully employed the probe for sensing of tyrosinase in apple extract and conducted inhibition studies by using kojic acid. LOD was determined to be ~0.4 nM. Moreover, the biocompatible nature of DCIP-OH enabled its effective localization in epithelial-like melanoma cells, B16F10, where it demonstrated successful fluorescent probing of intracellular tyrosinase.

The Application of Apple (Malus sylvestris) Extract-Based Gel: Effects on Teeth Colour Change and Hardness

Manalagi apple extract, which contains malic acid, has the potential to be used as an alternative teeth whitening. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of Manalagi Apple (Malus sylvestris) extract-based gel on teeth colour change and hardness. It included an experimental laboratory with a pre-test, post-test, and control group design. The samples consisted of thirty anterior extracted teeth which were divided into five groups, including negative control, 10% carbamide peroxide, 25%, 50%, and 75% extract. Teeth were discoloured for seven days using a coffee solution, and gel was applied for 8 hours a day for 14 days. Teeth colour change was assessed using colourimeter device, while hardness was measured using a micro Vicker hardness tester. The data analysis was carried out using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Mann Whitney test, and the t-dependent test. The result showed that there was a significant change in teeth colour after treatment with 75% apple extract gel compared to the negative control and carbamide peroxide 10%. The extracted gel significantly increased teeth hardness value. These results showed that apple extract-based gel improves teeth colour without negatively affecting the hardness, suggesting that apple extract-based gel can potentially be used as a dental whitening agent.

Malus pumila Mill. cv Annurca apple extract might be therapeutically useful against oxidative stress and patterned hair loss.

Patterned hair loss (PHL) or androgenetic alopecia is a condition affecting about 50% of people worldwide. Several pharmacological medications have been developed over the years, but few studies have investigated their effectiveness. Therefore, new, safer and more effective strategies are required. Recent investigations showed that Annurca apple extract application could induce keratin production and promote hair growth thanks to the high amount of procyanidin B2 contained in. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the role of an Annurca apple extract in preventing PHL by testing it on human follicle dermal papilla cells (HFDPCs) for the first time. Treatment of HFDPCs with Annurca apple extract counteracted intracellular reactive oxygen species accumulation by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase 2 and catalase. Furthermore, treatment with Annurca apple extract increased β-catenin and fibroblast growth factor 2, which are involved in hair growth stimulation. These data suggest that Annurca apple extract may be a potential therapeutically useful nutraceutical product for preventing or treating hair loss by reducing oxidative stress and inducing the expression of hair growth-related factors.

The role of inulin extract from mangrove apple (Sonneratia caseolaris) and Lactobacillus plantarum combination as a synbiotic

Synbiotic yogurt products can be developed using mangrove apple extract inulin as a prebiotic in combination with Lactobacillus plantarum to form a probiotic. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the optimal concentrations of inulin extracted from mangrove apple for the viability of L. plantarum as a synbiotic in vitro and its antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The samples were divided into 5 groups and 4 replicates consisting of different concentrations of inulin extracted from mangrove apple (IEMA) at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12% w/v, which was combined with L. plantarum as a synbiotic. The result showed that the addition of IEMA with different concentrations had a significant effect (p<0.05) on the viability of L. plantarum in gastric juice and bile salt after 5 h of exposure. The total bacteria significantly decreased (p<0.05) after 4 weeks of storage period. The antibacterial activity of IEMA at concentrations of 9% and 12% was higher than other treatments as demonstrated by p<0.05. IEMA increased the viability with the concentration of 9% being the most effective (p<0.05) on acid, bile salt, resistance, and storage periods. Based on the results, IEMA can also inhibit the growth of S. aureus.

Polyphenol-Rich Extract from 'Limoncella' Apple Variety Ameliorates Dinitrobenzene Sulfonic Acid-Induced Colitis and Linked Liver Damage.

Inflammatory bowel conditions can involve nearly all organ systems and induce pathological processes through increased oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and disruption of the immune response. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at high risk of having extra-intestinal manifestations, for example, in the hepatobiliary system. In 30% of patients with IBD, the blood values of liver enzymes, such as AST and ALT, are increased. Moreover, treatments for inflammatory bowel diseases may cause liver toxicity. Apple polyphenol extracts are widely acknowledged for their potential antioxidant effects, which help prevent damage from oxidative stress, reduce inflammation, provide protection to the liver, and enhance lipid metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the polyphenol apple extract from Malus domestica cv. 'Limoncella' (LAPE) may be an effective intervention for the treatment of IBD-induced hepatotoxicity. The LAPE was administrated in vivo by oral gavage (3-300 mg/kg) once a day for 3 consecutive days, starting 24 h after the induction of dinitro-benzenesulfonic acid (DNBS) colitis in mice. The results showed that LAPE significantly attenuated histological bowel injury, myeloperoxidase activity, tumor necrosis factor and interleukin (IL-1β) expressions. Furthermore, LAPE significantly improved the serum lipid peroxidation and liver injury in DNBS-induced colitis, as well as reduced the nuclear transcription factor-kappaB activation. In conclusion, these results suggest that LAPE, through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, could prevent liver damage induced by inflammatory bowel disease.

Calorimetric monitoring of starch conversion by α‐amylase and inhibition studies using apple extracts

Calorimetric monitoring of starch conversion by α‐amylase and inhibition studies using apple extracts

Can a Fraction of Flour and Sugar Be Replaced with Fruit By-Product Extracts in a Gluten-Free and Vegan Cookie Recipe?

Certain food by-products, including not-good-for-sale apples and pomegranate peels, are rich in bioactive molecules that can be collected and reused in food formulations. Their extracts, rich in pectin and antioxidant compounds, were obtained using hydrodynamic cavitation (HC), a green, efficient, and scalable extraction technique. The extracts were chemically and physically characterized and used in gluten-free and vegan cookie formulations to replace part of the flour and sugar to study whether they can mimic the role of these ingredients. The amount of flour + sugar removed and replaced with extracts was 5% and 10% of the total. Physical (dimensions, color, hardness, moisture content, water activity), chemical (total phenolic content, DPPH radical-scavenging activity), and sensory characteristics of cookie samples were studied. Cookies supplemented with the apple extract were endowed with similar or better characteristics compared to control cookies: high spread ratio, similar color, and similar sensory characteristics. In contrast, the pomegranate peel extract enriched the cookies in antioxidant molecules but significantly changed their physical and sensory characteristics: high hardness value, different color, and a bitter and astringent taste. HC emerged as a feasible technique to enable the biofortification of consumer products at a real scale with extracts from agri-food by-products.

ANNURCA APPLE EXTRACT - A BREAKTHROUGH IN ALOPECIA PHYTOTHERAPY: A LITERATURE REVIEW

Aim: Baldness is one of the most common cosmetic problems of our time. It negatively affects self-esteem and mood, which causes a deterioration in the quality of life. For years, scientists have been trying to discover a remedy to stop hair loss. The aim of this paper is to review the current reports about action of polyphenols contained in annurca apples on baldness available on PubMed and Google Scholar, including in vitro, animal, and clinical studies. Methods: The research method was a critical analysis of scientific articles available in the Pubmed and Google Schoolar databases. The team reviewed content from 2004 to 2023. paying special attention to the latest news. By systematizing and verifying the content, 24 most reliable publications were selected and the work was based on them. Results: Current treatments have many disadvantages, ranging from low effectiveness to burdensome side effects. Therefore, it is worth looking into the achievements of natural medicine. A promising discovery seems to be an extract from the substances contained in the Annurca apple extract (AAE). This fruit holds high levels of polyphenols, including procyanidin B-2 (PCB2), which has been linked to hair growth promotion. Conclusions: In this work, we checked the effectiveness of Annurca apple supplementation in the treatment and prevention of baldness in scientific sources. Available research shows that including annurca apple extract in the diet is a promising alternative to previously known baldness treatment methods. Further research and meta-analyses are needed to clearly assess the effectiveness of the preparations. However, it is a promising alternative to previously known treatment methods for baldness.

Green Synthesis of MnO2 Nanoparticles with Aqueous Extract of Star Apple Leaves (Chrysophyllum cainito L.)

Nanomaterials are materials with a size of ≤100 nm and are important for technology in today’s digital era. MnO2 is one of the most studied metal oxides nowadays because of its abundance, low toxicity, and environmentally friendly. This material can be synthesized via redox reactions. The reagents commonly used in this reaction are typically toxic and environmentally unfriendly, such as H2SO4, HCl and HNO3. Therefore, through this research, the synthesis of MnO2 was carried out using an aqueous extract of star apple leaves. Because the aqueous extract of star apple leaves is known to contain secondary metabolites which have -OH, -C=O, and -C-N groups. These groups act as reducing and capping agents for the synthesis of MnO2 NPs. In addition, this study investigated the effect of the various synthesis methods on the formation of MnO2 NPs. Based on the results of LC-MS characterization, the aqueous extract of star apple leaves contains myricetin. Myricetin has -C=O and -OH groups which are reactive to MnO4- ions in aqueous solution, so that MnO4- is reduced to MnO4. This fact is supported by the results of the P-XRD characterization, which proves the presence of R-MnO2 and γ- MnO2 were obtained.

Preventive effects of a nutraceutical mixture of berberine, citrus and apple extracts on metabolic disturbances in Zucker fatty rats.

The prevention of obesity represents a major health and socio-economic challenge. Nutraceuticals are regularly highlighted for their beneficial effects in preventing the metabolic disturbances associated with obesity. However, few studies have described the combined action of nutraceutical mixtures combining polyphenols with alkaloids. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of long-term dietary supplementation with a mixture of Berberine, Citrus and Apple extracts (BCA) in the primary prevention of obesity and its metabolic and vascular complications in the obese Zucker rat, a spontaneous model of genetic obesity and insulin resistance. Sixteen 8-week-old obese Zucker male rats were randomly divided into two groups: all rats received oral gavage daily either with water, untreated obese (U-ObZ) or BCA (BCA-ObZ) mixture for thirteen weeks. Morphological and metabolic parameters were measured along the study. Cumulative concentration-response curves to insulin, acetylcholine and phenylephrine were determined on isolated thoracic aorta. Colon permeability measurements were performed using the Ussing chamber technique. Fecal samples collected at the beginning and the end of the protocol were used as a template for amplification of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rDNA genes. BCA supplementation reduced weight gain (p<0.05) and food intake (p<0.05) in the BCA-ObZ group rats compared to the U-ObZ group rats. It also improved glucose tolerance (p<0.001) and decreased fasting insulin and Homeostasis model assessment index (p<0.05). Through ex vivo experiments, the BCA mixture enhanced significantly aortic insulin relaxation (p<0.01), reduced α1-adrenoceptor-mediated vasoconstriction (p<0.01), and decreased distal colon permeability. Moreover, short-chain fatty acid producers such as Bacteroides, Blautia, and Akkermansia were found to be increased by the BCA mixture supplementation. The results showed that a 13-week-supplementation with BCA mixture prevented weight gain and improved glucose metabolism in obese Zucker rats. We also demonstrated that BCA supplementation improved vascular function, colonic barrier permeability and gut microbiota profile.

Effect of Annurca Apple Extract on Anti-hyper Cholesterol Action of a RYR based Formulation

Recently, European Authorities imposed that any product for daily consumption shall provide less than 3 mg of monacolins from red yeast rice (RYR). This obliges to find new formulations able to guarantee an effect on cholesterol levels close to that performed by 10 mg of monacolin K. Two different formulations based on chitosan and xanthan gum containing 10 mg of lovastatin from RYR and a combination of lovastatin (3 mg) from RYR and annurca apple extract (AC), respectively, were compared to verify their anti-hyper cholesterol action in terms of inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase enzyme, protection of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) from oxidation and total free cholesterol depletion. Results highlighted that the combination of RYR and AC represents a valid alternative to the use of high dose of monacolin K. Indeed, formulations containing both nutraceuticals showed a significantly higher activity in terms of inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase, antioxidant activity towards both HDL and LDL and depletion of free cholesterol

Thorn apple (Datura stramonium) extract acts as a sustainable corrosion inhibitor for zinc alloy in hydrochloric acid solutions

The inhibition effectiveness of diverse concentrations of Datura Fruit Extract (DFE) on the corrosion of zinc in 0.05–0.1 M HCl solutions was examined by weight loss (WL), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), and surface analysis techniques. The mass loss method's results demonstrated that raising the DFE concentration improved the efficiency of the inhibition. The maximum inhibition efficiency was 99.40% at 2.0 g/L of DFE. In the temperature ranging from 303 to 333 K, the effect of temperature on the corrosion behavior while adding DFE was also investigated. A DFE extract had been adsorbed on the surface of the metal by Langmuir adsorption isotherm models. It was established that the DFE's activation parameters and negative Gibb's free energy show that rates of adsorption have been spontaneous. According to polarization analysis, DFE regulates both the cathodic and the anodic response. Images obtained using a SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) reveal that the DFE reduces surface damage. The adsorption inhibition mechanism is supported by the AFM analysis findings. FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared) spectroscopy has been utilized to ascertain the functional group of the DFE. All of the applicable approaches' experimental findings are in good agreement.

The Effect of Fruit and Berry Pomaces on the Growth Dynamics of Microorganisms and Sensory Properties of Marinated Rainbow Trout.

Plant pomaces in suitable forms (powders, extracts) can be used in foods of animal origin to increase the nutritional value and safety of these foods. In the present study, water extracts of apple, black currant, rhubarb and tomato pomaces were used in fish marinade solutions to evaluate their effect on the growth dynamics of microorganisms and the growth potential of Listeria monocytogenes by challenge testing. The results showed that mesophilic aerobic microorganisms, Pseudomonas spp., yeasts and moulds remained at acceptable levels throughout the predetermined storage period. The challenge test results showed that the overall growth potential of L. monocytogenes in all marinated rainbow trout samples remained at ≤0.5 log10 cfu/g during the study period, and none of the marinated fish samples supported the growth of L. monocytogenes. In addition, the effect of fruit and berry pomaces on the sensory properties of marinated rainbow trout samples was evaluated. The results revealed that it is possible to effectively use fruit and berry pomaces in marinated fish products, ensuring food safety, high microbiological quality, acceptable sensory characteristics and a sufficiently long shelf life of the products.

Apple extract protects against indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers in rats by suppressing oxidative stress – The implication of Nrf-2/HO-1 signaling pathway: In silico and in vivo studies

Gastric ulcers represent a worldwide health problem, characterized by erosions with different degrees in the gastrointestinal mucosa. In the current study, we explore the protective effects of the extract of apple seeds (Malus domestica, family: Rosaceae), regarded as environmental wastes, against indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers in rats. The chemical composition of the seeds extract was investigated through liquid chromatography high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-HR-ESI-MS). The metabolomics profiling resulted in identification of 17 compounds (1–17) of different chemical classes. The gene ontology analysis demonstrated that the total extract of M. domestica seeds possess an antiulcer activity through PI3K-Akt signaling pathway as the top identified signaling pathway. The present research work evidenced the reuse of apple seeds waste as an effective therapy to treat NSAIDs-induced gastric ulcer, attributed to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It is important to note that the extract does not cause the undesirable effects of traditional antisecretory drugs.