Appetite-related Hormones Research Articles

Post-weight loss changes in fasting appetite- and energy balance-related hormone concentrations and the effect of the macronutrient content of a weight maintenance diet: a randomised controlled trial

PurposeWe investigated the effects of the macronutrient composition of diets with differing satiety values on fasting appetite-related hormone concentrations after weight loss and examined whether the hormone secretion adapted to changes in body fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) during the weight maintenance period (WM).MethodsEighty-two men and women with obesity underwent a 7-week very-low-energy diet (VLED) and were then randomised to a higher-satiety food (HSF) group or a lower-satiety food (LSF) group during 24-weeks of the WM. The groups consumed isoenergetic foods with different satiety ratings and macronutrient compositions.ResultsDuring the WM, the HSF group consumed more protein and dietary fibre and less fat than the LSF group, but the groups showed similar changes in body weight and fasting appetite-related hormones. In the whole study sample, VLED induced 12 kg (p < 0.001) weight loss. At the end of the WM, weight regain was 1.3 kg (p = 0.004), ghrelin concentration increased, whereas leptin, insulin, and glucose concentrations decreased compared to pre-VLED levels (p < 0.001 for all). Peptide YY did not differ from pre-VLED levels. Changes in ghrelin levels were inversely associated with changes in FFM during weeks 0–12 of the WM (p = 0.002), while changes in leptin and insulin levels were positively associated with changes in FM during weeks 0–12 (p = 0.015 and p = 0.038, respectively) and weeks 12–24 (p < 0.001 and p = 0.022) of the WM.ConclusionsThe macronutrient composition of an isoenergetic WM diet did not affect fasting appetite-related hormone concentrations. Leptin and insulin adjusted to the reduced FM, whereas ghrelin reflected FFM during the first months of the WM.Trial registrationisrctn.com, ID 67529475.

Association Between Ketosis and Changes in Appetite Markers with Weight Loss Following a Very Low-Energy Diet.

The purpose of this study was to examine whether the degree of ketosis, measured as plasma β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) in fasting, was associated with changes in appetite feelings and plasma concentration of appetite-related hormones after weight loss. A total of 87 individuals with obesity (BMI: 36.5 ± 4.0 kg/m2 ; age: 42.4 ± 9.7 years; 39 males) underwent 8 weeks of a very low-energy diet. Body weight/composition, plasma concentration of βHB, and appetite-related hormones (active ghrelin, active glucagon-like peptide 1 [GLP-1], total peptide YY, cholecystokinin [CCK], and insulin) and subjective appetite feelings were measured at baseline and week 9. Participants lost 17.7 ± 4.1 kg and were ketotic (βHB: 1.24 ± 0.82 mmol/L in fasting) at week 9. A negative association was found between βHB in fasting at week 9 and changes in basal (r = -0.315, P = 0.003) and postprandial ghrelin concentration (r = -0.286, P = 0.008), and a positive association was found with the change in postprandial GLP-1 (r = 0.244, P = 0.025) and CCK (r = 0.228, P = 0.035). No association was seen between βHB in fasting and changes in peptide YY or subjective feelings of appetite. βHB plasma concentration in fasting is associated with lower concentrations of the hunger hormone ghrelin and increased concentrations of the satiety hormones GLP-1 and CCK. Future studies should explore the molecular mechanisms by which βHB modulates the secretion of gut hormones.

High intensity interval training does not result in short- or long-term dietary compensation in cardiac rehabilitation: Results from the FITR heart study

The aim of this study was to investigate short- and long-term compensatory effects on dietary intake following high intensity interval training (HIIT) compared with usual care moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) during and following a cardiac rehabilitation program. This study investigates secondary outcomes of a clinical trial. Ninety-three participants with coronary artery disease enrolled in a 4-week cardiac rehabilitation program, were randomised to 1) 4x4-minute HIIT; or 2) 40-min of MICT (usual care). Patients were instructed to complete 3 weekly sessions (2 supervised, 1 home-based) for 4-weeks, and 3 weekly home-based sessions thereafter for another 48-weeks. Dietary intake was measured by telephone-based 24-h recall over 2 day at baseline, 4-weeks, 3-months, 6-months, and 12-months. Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire was used to measure dietary behaviour and Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire used to measure food preferences. Appetite was assessed by a visual analogue scale and appetite-regulating hormones. There was no change over the study period or differences between groups for daily energy intake at 4-weeks or 12-months. There were also no group differences for any other measures of dietary intake, fasting hunger or appetite-related hormones, dietary behaviour, or food preferences. These findings suggest that compared to moderate intensity exercise, HIIT does not result in compensatory increases of energy intake or indicators of poor diet quality. This finding appears to be the same for patients with normal weight and obesity. HIIT can therefore be included in cardiac rehabilitation programs as an adjunct or alterative to MICT, without concern for any undesirable dietary compensation.

A preliminary investigation of the effects of short-duration, vigorous exercise following sleep restriction, fragmentation and extension on appetite and mood in inactive, middle-aged men.

This preliminary study aimed to investigate the effect of exercise on appetite and mood following multiple days of sleep disruption (restriction [RES], fragmentation [FRAG]) or sleep extension (EXT), compared to normal sleep (CONT) in inactive, middle-aged men. Nine men completed four randomised trials initiated by 3 nights (day 1-3) of CONT (6.5-8hr), RES (4hr), FRAG (6.5-8hr, interrupted at 2-hr intervals) or EXT (10hr). On day 4 between 08:30 and 11:00hours, perceived appetite, food cravings, appetite-related hormones (acylated ghrelin, leptin, peptide tyrosine-tyrosine [PYY]total ), glucose, mood states and wellness (stress, fatigue, soreness, and mood) were assessed before (post-sleep manipulation [SM]) and after (post-exercise [EX]) a 20-min vigorous cycling bout (rating of perceived exertion: 15). There was no effect of sleep manipulation or exercise on perceived appetite (p=.34-.62). Some aspects of food craving were altered after RES and EXT, with vigorous exercise attenuating the desire for sweet foods in RES (p=.12). PYYtotal was lower after RES compared to EXT and FRAG (p=.03), but was unaltered by exercise (p=.03). Ghrelin was higher for RES and EXT compared to CONT and FRAG after exercise (p=.001-.03). Total wellness was reduced and total mood disturbance (TMD) was higher after RES and FRAG compared to CONT and EXT (p≤.05). However, vigorous exercise countered these changes, with wellness and TMD remaining significantly impaired for FRAG compared to EXT only at this time (p=.02-.03). Vigorous exercise mitigates some aspects of food cravings and counters the impaired mood states that exist after multiple days of restricted and fragmented sleep.

Probiotics have minimal effects on appetite-related hormones in overweight or obese individuals: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials

Overweight and obese individuals show changes in mechanisms related to appetite due to several factors, including excess fat and gut microbiota imbalance. Probiotics have been presented as a strategy for modulating gut microbiota and regulating these mechanisms. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the effects of probiotics on appetite-related hormones in overweight or obese individuals. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials was performed in nine electronic databases (Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, PsycINFO, WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, ClinicalTrials.gov and Open Grey) and in a manual search of studies until March 20, 2020. The risk of bias of each study was appraised using the RoB 2.0 tool. All research stages were carefully based on PRISMA recommendations. Twenty-four studies (1587 participants) were included in this systematic review. The outcomes related to appetite assessed in the included studies were: leptin, insulin, adiponectin, resistin, nesfatin-1, adropin, omentin-1, GLP-1, GLP-2 and glucagon. Compared to the control group after supplementation, four studies involving 272 participants reported statistically significant reduction in fasting insulin. On the other hand, one study involving 56 participants reported statistically significant increase in adropin and omentin-1. Probiotics have minimal effects on appetite-related hormones in overweight or obese individuals. However, knowledge in this area is progressing and further studies with a low risk of bias may help to clarify the role of probiotics in appetite control.

The Mediterranean diet increases glucagon‐like peptide 1 and oxyntomodulin compared with a vegetarian diet in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled cross‐over trial

To compare a Mediterranean diet (MED) with a high-fibre vegetarian diet (HFV) in terms of hunger-satiety perception through post-prandial assessment of appetite-related hormones glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and oxyntomodulin, as well as self-rated visual analogue scale (VAS) quantification, in overweight/obese subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Twelve T2D subjects (Male to female ratio = 7:5), mean age 63 ± 8.5 years, were enrolled in a randomized, controlled, crossover study. Participants consumed an MED meal as well as an isocaloric meal rich in complex carbohydrate as well as an isocaloric MED meal in two different visits with a 1-week washout period between the two visits. Appetite ratings, glucose/insulin, and gastrointestinal hormone concentrations were measured at fasting and every 30' until 210' following meal consumption. GLP-1 and oxyntomodulin levels were significantly higher following MED meal compared with HFV meals (210' area under the curve, p < 0.022 and p < 0.023, respectively). Both MED and HFV meal resulted in a biphasic pattern of GLP-1 and oxyntomodulin, although MED meal was related to a delayed, significantly higher second GLP-1 peak at 150' compared with that of HFV meal (p < 0.05). MED meal was related to lower glucose profile compared with HFV meal (p < 0.039), whereas we did not observe significant changes in terms of self-reported VAS scores and insulin trend. In T2D overweight/obese subjects, an MED meal is more effective than a HFV meal in terms of post-prandial plasma glucose homoeostasis and GLP-1 and oxyntomodulin release. These changes were not confirmed by VAS appetite self-assessment over a 210' period.

Influence of Short-Term Hyperenergetic, High-Fat Feeding on Appetite, Appetite-Related Hormones, and Food Reward in Healthy Men.

Short-term overfeeding may provoke compensatory appetite responses to correct the energy surplus. However, the initial time-course of appetite, appetite-related hormone, and reward-related responses to hyperenergetic, high-fat diets (HE-HFD) are poorly characterised. Twelve young healthy men consumed a HE-HFD (+50% energy, 65% fat) or control diet (36% fat) for seven days in a randomised crossover design. Mean appetite perceptions were determined during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) before and after each diet. Fasted appetite perceptions, appetite-related hormones, and reward parameters were measured pre-diet and after 1-, 3- and 7-days of each diet. The HE-HFD induced a pre-to-post diet suppression in mean appetite during the OGTT (all ratings p ≤ 0.058, effect size (d) ≥ 0.31), and reduced the preference for high-fat vs. low-fat foods (main effect diet p = 0.036, d = 0.32). Fasted leptin was higher in the HE-HFD than control diet (main effect diet p < 0.001, d = 0.30), whilst a diet-by-time interaction (p = 0.036) revealed fasted acylated ghrelin was reduced after 1-, 3- and 7-days of the HE-HFD (all p ≤ 0.040, d ≥ 0.50 vs. pre-diet). Appetite perceptions and total peptide YY in the fasted state exhibited similar temporal patterns between the diets (diet-by-time interaction p ≥ 0.077). Seven days of high-fat overfeeding provokes modest compensatory changes in subjective, hormonal, and reward-related appetite parameters.

226-OR: The Mediterranean Diet Increases GLP-1 and Oxyntomodulin Compared with Vegetarian Diet in Type 2 Diabetes Subjects

Aim: To compare a Mediterranean dietetic pattern with a vegetarian pattern in terms of hunger-satiety perception through post-prandial assessment of appetite-related hormones glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and Oxyntomodulin (OXM), as well as self-rated Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) quantification, in overweight/obese type-2 diabetes (T2D) subjects. Methods: Twelve T2D subjects (M:F = 7:5), mean age 63 ± 8.5 years, were enrolled in our randomized, controlled, crossover study. Participants were given a vegetarian meal high in complex carbohydrate and dietary fiber (HFV, 35g fiber/1000 Kcal) as well as a Mediterranean (MED) meal in two different days over a one-week washout period. The two meals were isocaloric. Appetite ratings, glucose/insulin and gastrointestinal hormone concentrations were measured at fasting and every 30’ until 4 hours following meal consumption. Results: GLP-1 and OXM levels were significantly higher following MED meal consumption compared with HFV meal (240’ AUC, P &amp;lt;.022 and P &amp;lt;.023, respectively). Both MED and HFV meal resulted in a biphasic secretion pattern of GLP-1 and OXM, although MED meal was related to a delayed, significantly higher second GLP-1 peak at 150’ compared with that of HFV meal (P &amp;lt;.05). MED meal was related to lower glucose trend compared with HFV meal (P &amp;lt;.039), whereas we did not observe significant changes in terms of self-reported VAS scores and insulin trend. Conclusions: In T2D overweight/obese subjects, a MED-like meal is more effective than a vegetarian meal in terms of post-prandial plasma glucose homeostasis and GLP-1 and OXM release. These changes were not confirmed by VAS appetite self-assessment over a 4 hours period. Disclosure A. Di Mauro: None. D. Tuccinardi: None. R. Del Toro: None. L. Monte: None. R. Giorgino: None. L. Rampa: None. G. Rossini: None. S. Kyanvash: None. A. Soare: None. M.M. Rosati: None. Y. Khazrai: None. A. Piccoli: None. N. Napoli: None. P. Pozzilli: Advisory Panel; Self; Abbott, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly and Company. Research Support; Self; Medtronic, Sanofi. S. Manfrini: None.

Comments on “The role of appetite-related hormones, adaptive thermogenesis, perceived hunger and stress in long-term weight-loss maintenance: a mixed-methods study”

Comments on “The role of appetite-related hormones, adaptive thermogenesis, perceived hunger and stress in long-term weight-loss maintenance: a mixed-methods study”

Visual stimulation with food pictures in the regulation of hunger hormones and nutrient deposition, a potential contributor to the obesity crisis.

Food cues affect hunger and nutritional choices. Omnipresent stimulation with palatable food contributes to the epidemics of obesity. The objective of the study was to investigate the impact of food cues on appetite-related hormones and to assess the functionality of the secreted hormones on macronutrient uptake in healthy subjects. Additionally, we aimed at verifying differences in the response of total and active ghrelin to stimulation with food pictures and to a meal followed by the stimulation. We were also interested in the identification of factors contributing to response to food cues. We recruited healthy, non-obese participants for two independent cross-over studies. During the first study, the subjects were presented random non-food pictures on the first day and pictures of foods on the second day of the study. Throughout the second study, following the picture session, the participants were additionally asked to drink a milkshake. Concentrations of blood glucose, triglycerides and hunger-related hormones were measured. The results showed that concentrations of several hormones measured in the blood are interdependent. In the case of ghrelin and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) as well as ghrelin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), this co-occurrence relies on the visual cues. Regulation of total ghrelin concentration following food stimulation is highly individual and responders showed upregulated total ghrelin, while the concentration of active ghrelin decreases following a meal. Protein content and colour intensity of food pictures reversely correlated with participants' rating of the pictures. We conclude that observation of food pictures influences the concentration of several appetite-related hormones. The close link of visual clues to physiological responses is likely of clinical relevance. Additionally, the protein content of displayed foods and green colour intensity in pictures may serve as a predictor of subjective attractiveness of the presented meal.

Changes in the Homeostatic Appetite System After Weight Loss Reflect a Normalization Toward a Lower Body Weight.

ObjectiveTo compare appetite markers in reduced-obese individuals with a nonobese control group.MethodsA total of 34 adults with obesity who lost 17% body weight at week 13 and maintained this weight loss (WL) at 1 year were compared with 33 nonobese controls matched for body composition. Basal and postprandial subjective appetite ratings and appetite-related hormone concentrations (ghrelin, total peptide YY, peptide YY3-36, total and active glucagon-like peptide 1, and cholecystokinin) were measured in all participants and repeated at week 13 and 1 year in the weight-reduced group.ResultsWL led to a reduction in prospective food consumption and an increase in feelings of hunger, fullness, and ghrelin secretion (basal and postprandial), but these new ratings were no different from those seen in controls. Postprandial concentrations of active glucagon-like peptide 1, total peptide YY, and cholecystokinin were lower in individuals with obesity at all time points compared with controls.ConclusionThe increased drive to eat (both subjective feelings of hunger and ghrelin concentrations) seen in reduced-obese individuals, both after acute and sustained WL, reflects a normalization toward a lower body weight. Overall, WL does not have a sustained negative impact on satiety peptide secretion, despite a blunted secretion in individuals with obesity compared with nonobese controls.

Potential role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling in childhood obesity

BackgroundThere is a growing concern that junk food has contributed to the childhood obesity epidemic. Recently, experimental studies suggested that the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) gene is strongly linked to western diet-induced obesity. AimThis study investigated the potential role of AHR signaling in childhood obesity and the possible associations of the AHR-aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor (AHRR)-cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) axis with fatty acid homeostasis and the appetite-related hormones, leptin and ghrelin. Subjects and methodsThe study included 80 children; 54 obese and 26 non-obese of matched age and sex. Demographic data, anthropometric measurements, and lipid profile were assessed. Expression of AHR signaling genes was analyzed in blood cells by qRT-PCR. Serum insulin, leptin and ghrelin levels were measured using ELISA. ResultsThe statistical power of this study, calculated using G*Power version 3.1.9.2, was 90% (α = 0.05). AHR and CYP1B1 gene expression levels were upregulated in the obese group compared to controls, whereas AHRR, stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), and peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-γ2 (PPARγ2) were downregulated. Serum leptin correlated positively, while serum ghrelin correlated negatively with both AHR and CYP1B1. Stratification of obese children by age revealed more activated AHR signaling in younger than in older children. Receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) analysis revealed that AHR, AHRR and CYP1B1 could discriminate between obese and normal weight children. Multivariate analysis showed that AHRR, CYP1B1 and ghrelin could be significant independent predictors of obesity. ConclusionThis study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms contributing to childhood obesity by revealing alterations in the AHR-AHRR-CYP1B1 axis, which could serve as a promising therapeutic target for childhood obesity.

The effect of chocolate-based products on some appetite-related hormones: a systematic review

Studies have shown the effects of chocolate-based products on appetite-related indicators; however, the results of these studies are equivocal. Thus, the aim of the present study was to conduct a systematic review of studies investigating the acute and long-term response of appetite-related hormones to chocolate intake in adults. A systematic search of MEDLINE and EMBASE for published studies, in English, was performed from inception up to November 2018. It appears that ghrelin and leptin are not responsible for the satiating effect of chocolate products. Gastric infusion of milk chocolate elicited a greater increase in cholecystokinin (CCK), in comparison with oral ingestion of milk chocolate and gastric infusion of non-caloric products. Moreover, viscosity seems to have no effect on active CCK and glucagon-like peptide-1. Due to the heterogeneity between studies, limited sample, low quality of evidence, and substantial variation in methods and chocolate products, caution is suggested in interpreting these results.

The role of appetite-related hormones, adaptive thermogenesis, perceived hunger and stress in long-term weight-loss maintenance: a mixed-methods study.

Weight-loss maintenance is challenging, and few succeed in the long term. This study aimed to explain how appetite-related hormones, adaptive thermogenesis, perceived hunger and stress influence weight-loss maintenance. Fifteen adult women (age, 46.3 ± 9.5 years; BMI, 39.4 ± 4.3 kg/m2) participated in a 24-month intervention, which included 3-5 months total diet replacement (825-853 kcal/d). Body weight and composition (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), resting metabolic rate (indirect calorimetry), and fasting plasma concentration of leptin, ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) were measured at baseline and after weight loss, around 6 months. Perceptions relating to weight-loss maintenance were explored using qualitative interviews. Mean (SD) changes in body weight (-13.8 ± 6.3 kg) and total adipose tissue (-11.5 ± 4.9 kg) were significant (P < 0.001). Weight loss was associated with a significant reduction in resting metabolic rate (-291 ± 226 kcal/day, P < 0.001) and adaptive thermogenesis (-150 ± 162 kcal/day, P = 0.003), reduction in leptin (P < 0.001) and GLP-1 (P = 0.015), an increase in ghrelin (P < 0.001), and no changes in PYY and GDF-15. Weight regain between 6 and 24 months (6.1 ± 6.3 kg, P < 0.05) was negatively correlated with GLP-1 at baseline (r = −0.7, P = 0.003) and after weight loss (r = -0.7, P = 0.005). Participants did not report increased hunger after weight loss, and stress-related/emotional eating was perceived as the main reason for regain. Weight regain is more likely with lower fasting GLP-1 at baseline and following weight loss, but psychological aspects of eating behaviour appear as important in attenuating weight-loss maintenance.

Visual stimulation with food pictures in regulation of hunger hormones and nutrient deposition

AbstractFood cues modulate hunger and dictate nutritional choices. The omnipresent stimulus of palatable food promotes the epidemics of obesity and metabolic diseases. The aim of our study was to investigate the impact of visual stimulation with food pictures on appetite-related hormones as well as the functionality of the secreted hormones and its impact on macronutrient uptake and deposition in healthy subjects. Additionally, we sought to identify differences in response to visual food cues of total and active ghrelin to and to a meal followed by the stimulation.Healthy, non-obese participants were recruited for two two-day studies. During the first study, the subjects were shown random non-food pictures on the first day and pictures of appetizing foods on the second day of the study. The second study followed the same schedule and additionally, following the picture session, the participants were asked to drink a milkshake. The subjects reported subjective hunger. Levels of glucose, triglycerides and hunger-related hormones were measured in blood. In addition, an animal study was performed, during which 4 hours fasted mice were submitted to visual and olfactory stimulation using chow, while not being able to access the food. Following the stimulation, oral glucose tolerance test was performed, gene expression and blood total, as well as acylated ghrelin, were measured.Exposure to food pictures affected participant's blood glucose and incretin levels. Concentrations of several hormones in the blood were interdependent and in case of ghrelin and GIP as well as ghrelin and GLP-1 this co-occurrence relied on the visual cues. Changes of total ghrelin concentration following food stimulation was highly individual and participants could be grouped as ghrelin responders or non-responders. The responders showed upregulated total ghrelin and their total ghrelin levels correlated with food picture score revealing that in ghrelin non-responders reaction to food pictures was diminished. The concentration of active ghrelin decreased following a meal but was not affected by exposure to the pictures of food. Protein content and color intensity of food pictures correlated reversely with participants’ rating of the pictures. Sensory stimulation of mice resulted in increased blood glucose levels.We conclude that observation of food pictures significantly influences blood glucose levels and concentration of several appetite-related hormones. The protein content of the observed foods and green color intensity in pictures may serve as a predictor of subjective attractiveness of the presented meal.

No Changes in Appetite-Related Hormones Following Swimming and Cycling Exercise Interventions in Adults with Obesity

No Changes in Appetite-Related Hormones Following Swimming and Cycling Exercise Interventions in Adults with Obesity

The relationship between sleep duration, sleep quality and dietary intake in adults

To determine the relationship of specific macro- and micro-nutrients and food groups with sleep duration and sleep quality in adults. This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 2446 adults aged between 20 and 64 years in Turkey. The participants’ socio-demographic characteristics, anthropometric measurements, and dietary intake (24-h recall) were taken. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was used to assess sleep quality. In the study, 48.9% of the participants were male and 51.1% were female, with an average age of 38.7 ± 12.70 years. Total protein, meat, and processed meat product consumption rates of long sleepers were found to be lower than those of normal sleepers (p < 0.05). Saturated fat intake of short sleepers was higher than that of long sleepers (p < 0.018). Participants with good sleep quality were found to consume higher carbohydrate, fiber, beta-carotene, vitamin E, thiamine, vitamin B6, total folate, vitamin C, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and iron compared to those with poor sleep quality (p < 0.05). When examined in terms of food groups, fruit consumption was higher in individuals with good sleep quality compared to those with poor sleep quality (p < 0.05). In this study, some macro- and micro-nutrients of the diet were found correlated with sleep duration and quality. Mechanisms mediating the relationship between sleep duration and dietary intake are multi-factorial. Because of the differences in appetite-related hormones, such as leptin and ghrelin, and hedonic factors, future studies will benefit from assessing sleep duration/quality and dietary intake.

A randomized crossover trial assessing the effects of acute exercise on appetite, circulating ghrelin concentrations, and butyrylcholinesterase activity in normal-weight males with variants of the obesity-linked FTO rs9939609 polymorphism

The fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) rs9939609 A-allele is associated with higher acyl-ghrelin (AG) concentrations, higher energy intake, and obesity, although exercise may mitigate rs9939609 A-allele-linked obesity risk. Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) hydrolyzes AG to des-acyl-ghrelin (DAG), potentially decreasing appetite. However, the effects of the FTO rs9939609 genotype and exercise on BChE activity, AG, DAG, and energy intake are unknown. We hypothesized that individuals homozygous for the obesity-risk A-allele (AAs) would exhibit higher postprandial AG and energy intake than individuals homozygous for the low obesity-risk T-allele (TTs), but that exercise would increase BChE activity and diminish these differences. Twelve AA and 12 TT normal-weight males completed a control (8 h rest) and an exercise (1 h of exercise at 70% peak oxygen uptake, 7 h rest) trial in a randomized crossover design. A fixed meal was consumed at 1.5 h and an ad libitum buffet meal at 6.5 h. Appetite, appetite-related hormones, BChE activity, and energy intake were assessed. AAs displayed lower baseline BChE activity, higher baseline AG:DAG ratio, attenuated AG suppression after a fixed meal, and higher ad libitum energy intake compared with TTs [effect sizes (ESs)≥0.72, P≤0.049]. Exercise increased Δ BChE activity in both genotypes (ESs=0.37, P=0.004); however, exercise lowered AG and the AG:DAG ratio to a greater extent in AAs (P≤0.023), offsetting the higher AG profile observed in AAs during the control trial (ESs≥1.25, P≤0.048). Exercise did not elevate energy intake in either genotype (P=0.282). Exercise increases BChE activity, suppresses AG and the AG:DAG ratio, and corrects the higher AG profile observed in obesity-risk AA individuals. These findings suggest that exercise or other methods targeting BChE activity may offer a preventative and/or therapeutic strategy for AA individuals. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03025347.

Sweet proteins lysozyme and thaumatin are protein-type agonists for the calcium-sensing receptor

In addition to the maintenance of Ca2+ homeostasis, the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is involved in many diverse physiological functions in the mammalian body. The receptor works as a kokumi taste receptor in taste buds and as a nutrient sensor in the gut, where it regulates the secretion of glycemic response and appetite-related hormones. To identify novel human CaSR (hCaSR) activators from food ingredients, we conducted a screening using a cell-based hCaSR assay. Hen egg-white lysozyme, which is a sweet protein, was found to be a novel orthosteric agonist of hCaSR with an EC50 value of 592 μM. Lysozyme hydrolysate was not able to activate hCaSR, thus suggesting that the protein structure of lysozyme is necessary for hCaSR activation. Thaumatin, which is another sweet protein, also activated hCaSR with an EC50 value of 71 μM. This is the first report that shows hCaSR activation by proteins with molecular weights exceeding 10,000 Da. These results provide a new avenue for the development of hCaSR activators, which could be applicable in food or drugs that modulate taste perception, appetite, or glucose tolerance, in addition to Ca2+ homeostasis.

Effect of high-protein breakfast meal on within-day appetite hormones: Peptide YY, glucagon like peptide-1 in adults

Summary Background This study was carried out to investigate the effect of a single high protein breakfast on appetite related hormones (Peptide YY (PYY), and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1)) and perceived appetite sensation among adults. Many studies showed that dietary protein is the most satiating macronutrient, since protein may affect appetite by its involvement with appetite regulating hormones. Methods Within-subject crossover design was used, where participants received one of two assigned breakfasts on two different mornings: the first breakfast were a high protein (HP) breakfast that contained (51% protein, 13% CHO, 36% fat), while the second one had a high carbohydrates (HC) breakfast (10% protein, 60% CHO, 30% fat). Results The findings showed that PYY levels were significantly higher at (P = 0.05) significance level after the HP breakfast than the HC breakfast at 120 min. It also showed that there was an increase in postprandial GLP-1 concentration tended to be greater at significance level (P Conclusion A single HP breakfast of 51% had a greater effect on satiety rather than 10% of energy from protein, meanwhile this effect does not apply to all satiety hormones.