Appearance Of Callus Research Articles

Autologous Growth Factor-Rich Concentrate (GFC) Injection in Non-union of Fractures: A Quasi-experimental Study.

Non-union fractures represent a significant challenge in orthopedic practice, contributing to considerable morbidity and socioeconomic burden. Traditional treatments, such as autologous bone grafting, are effective but have limitations, including donor-site morbidity and limited tissue availability. Autologous peripheral blood-derived orthobiologics, including growth factor-rich concentrate (GFC), have emerged as a minimally invasive alternative, leveraging the body's natural healing mechanisms by concentrating and applying growth factors directly to the fracture site. This study evaluates the safety and efficacy of GFC injections in the treatment of non-union fractures. This quasi-experimental study included 17 patients with non-union fractures of various long bones, treated under fluoroscopic guidance with three doses of 5mL GFC injections, administered 2weeks apart at the non-union site. Demographic data, injury characteristics, and comorbid conditions were recorded. Growth factor levels were quantified via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and statistical analyses were conducted to explore associations between the amount of growth factors and treatment outcomes. Radiographic assessments and bony callus appearance were evaluated at the baseline and at 1-, 3-, and 6-month follow-up post-last injection. No adverse effects were reported throughout the duration of the study. The majority of patients (82.4%) showed significant improvement, evidenced by enhanced bony callus formation and reduced non-union signs. No significant correlation was found between the specific growth factor levels and the clinical outcomes of non-union of fractures. However, the presence of comorbid conditions significantly influenced treatment efficacy, underscoring the importance of patient selection in clinical practice. Administration of GFC injection is safe and potentially efficacious for the treatment of non-union fractures, offering an alternative to traditional surgical interventions. These results laid the foundation for prospective, adequately powered, randomized and non-randomized clinical studies with longer follow-up to further establish the efficacy of GFC in patients with non-union fractures. Moreover, formulation protocols need to be optimized while considering patient-specific variables, to ensure reproducibility and repeatability of outcomes from these studies. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43465-024-01278-1.

Callus formation response from immature male flower explant of plantain banana (Musa acuminata x Musa balbisiana cv. Kepok) treated by 2,4-D and BAP

Callus induction is an important step in indirect somatic embryogenesis. The aim of this study was to obtain an optimal medium for the callus formation of plantain bananas (cv. Kepok). The research was conducted from May to August 2022 at the Tissue Culture Laboratory of PT. ITCI Kartika Utama, Penajam Paser Utara District, East Kalimantan. The explant used an immature male flower of plantain banana (cv. Kepok). The experiment used a completely randomized design with two factors concentration of 2,4-D (1,2 and 4 ppm) and BAP (5, 10, and 15 ppm). The appearance of callus was monitored daily until it developed explants. On the final observation day, the percentage of explants with callus, as well as the color and texture of the callus, were assessed. The research findings suggest that the optimal medium for inducing callus in male banana flower explants was MS medium supplemented with 2 ppm 2,4-D and 5 ppm BAP. This medium resulted in calluses that exhibited a yellowish-white color and a compact texture. Keywords: callus morphology; genetic improvement; plant growth regulator; tissue culture; triploid banana

Induction of Somatic Embryogenesis of Pontianak Siamese Orange Cotyledon Cultures on Murashige Skoog Media with the Addition of 2,4-D and Kinetin

Conventional citrus propagation has weaknesses, one of which is susceptible to CVPD(Citrus Vein Phloem Degeneration) and other diseases which are the main cause of the decline in population and production of pontianak siam orange plants in West Kalimantan. One alternative to in vitro propagation of citrus seedlings is the induction of somatic embryogenesis. The purpose of the study was to obtain the best combination of 2,4-D and kinetin concentrations for callus induction and somatic embryo induction from Pontianak siam orange cotyledon explants, observing the developmental phase (stage) of embryos formed. The implementation of the study used a factorial completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 2 factors. The first factor is the concentration of 2,4-D consisting of 4 concentration levels, namely 0; 0.5; 1; 1.5; 2 mg/L. The second factor is kinetin concentration consisting of 4 concentration levels, namely 0; 0.5; 1; 1.5; 2 mg/L.The observation parameters include the time of callus emergence (hst), the percentage of explants forming callus (%), the texture and color of the callus, observing the stage of the embryo found. The results showed that 72% of treatments were able to induce callus from pontianak siam orange cotyledons with an average callus appearance at 7 hst. The callus formed is compact and crumbly with varied callus colors, namely white, yellowish, greenish and brownish. The best treatment that produces embryogenic callus is the combination of D0.5K0.5; D1K1; D0.5K1.5; D1.5K1.5 and D2K2 with the characteristics of crumbly callus and yellowish and brownish colors. The results of microscopic observations found that the somatic embryo phase formed was the pro-embryo phase.

Induksi Kalus dari Hipokotil Belimbing Merah (Baccaurea angulata) dengan Penambahan 2,4-D (Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid) dan BAP (6-Benzyl Amino Purin)

Red starfruit is one of the endemic plants of Kalimantan which produces secondary metabolites which has been empirically used as antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer. This plant has a long reproductive period and seedless fruit is often found during the fruiting season, which is a problem for the sustainability of the red starfruit in nature. Conservation of red star fruit for propagation and production of secondary metabolites can be done in vitro through callus culture. This research aims to determine the effect of adding the growth regulators dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) and 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP) on callus induction time, percentage of callus forming explants, callus color and texture, and callus growth. This research used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with a factorial pattern consisting of two treatment factors, namely 2,4-D (0; 0.25; 0.5; 0.75; 1 ppm) and BAP (0; 0.25; 0.5; 0.75; 1 ppm). The percentage of explants forming callus (%), the time the callus appeared (days after planting), the color and texture of the callus, the wet weight and dry weight of the callus (g) were research observation parameters.The results showed that the single factor 2,4-D, single factor BAP, and the interaction of 2,4-D and BAP had a significant effect to callus appearance time. Single administration of 2,4-D and BAP had a significant effect on callus dry weight. The color variations of the callus produced are white, green and brown with a compact texture. The fastest callus emergence time was at 11.00 days after planting (DAP), namely in the combination treatment of 1 ppm 2,4-D and 0.75 ppm BAP, single treatment 0.75 ppm and 1 ppm 2,4- D. The highest average dry weight of 0.024 g was obtained in the single treatment of 0.75 ppm BAP.

Ultrasound assessment of humeral shaft nonunion risk: a feasibility and proof of concept study

PurposeTo determine the feasibility and reliability of ultrasound in the assessment of humeral shaft fracture healing and estimate the accuracy of 6wk ultrasound in predicting nonunion.MethodsTwelve adults with a non-operatively managed humeral shaft fracture were prospectively recruited and underwent ultrasound scanning at 6wks and 12wks post-injury. Seven blinded observers evaluated sonographic callus appearance to determine intra- and inter-observer reliability. Nonunion prediction accuracy was estimated by comparing images for patients that united (n = 10/12) with those that developed a nonunion (n = 2/12).ResultsThe mean scan duration was 8 min (5–12) and all patients tolerated the procedure. At 6wks and 12wks, sonographic callus (SC) was present in 11 patients (10 united, one nonunion) and sonographic bridging callus (SBC) in seven (all united). Ultrasound had substantial intra- (weighted kappa: 6wk 0.75; 12wk 0.75) and inter-observer reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient: 6wk 0.60; 12wk 0.76). At 6wks, the absence of SC demonstrated sensitivity 50%, specificity 100%, positive predictive value (PPV) 100% and negative predictive value (NPV) 91% in nonunion prediction (overall accuracy 92%). The absence of SBC demonstrated sensitivity 100%, specificity 70%, PPV 40% and NPV 100% in nonunion prediction (overall accuracy 75%). Of three patients at risk of nonunion (Radiographic Union Score for HUmeral fractures < 8), one had SBC on 6wk ultrasound (that subsequently united) and the others had non-bridging/absent SC (both developed nonunion).ConclusionsUltrasound assessment of humeral shaft fracture healing was feasible, reliable and may predict nonunion. Ultrasound could be useful in defining nonunion risk among patients with reduced radiographic callus formation.

Application of BAP and IBA for In Vitro Callus Formation of Biduri (Calotropis gigantea)

A herbaceous plant called biduri (Calotropis gigantea) is useful as a medicine. The leaves, roots, and flowers are just a few of the organs that contain secondary metabolites. A callus is an accumulation of secondary metabolite-producing amorphous cells. Through the induction of plant growth regulators, callus formation can be induced. The goal of the study was to find the BAP and IBA concentration that would promote callus formation in biduri. The initialstem segments of biduri, which were 1.5 months old and 2 cm long, were used as explants. A factorial design using two components and three repetitions of each was employed in a fully randomized design. BAP concentrations (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ppm) and IBA concentrations were the first and second factors, respectively (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ppm). The callus induction time, callus morphology (color and texture), and callus appearance percentage were the factors that were observed. The results demonstrated that a green, compact callus could be produced at a concentration of 4 ppm BAP and 1 ppm IBA. The proportion of callus manifestation rose and the callus induction time decreased with an increase in BAP concentration of up to 4 ppm.

Induction of Ploidy Level on Three Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth) Cultivars by Colchicine In Vitro

Patchouli plants produce essential oils and are used as a raw material and fixative agent for perfumes. The most widely cultivated patchouli plant in Indonesia is Aceh patchouli. Sexual propagation in Aceh patchouli plants is impossible as it does not flower. Genetic diversity can be elevated through another method, such as polyploidy induction using colchicine. This research aimed to evaluate the state-of-the-art application of polyploidization techniques as a breeding tool for callus-based explants. A completely randomized design with a factorial pattern was used in this experiment consisting of two factors, patchouli cultivars (Sidikalang, Tapak Tuan, and Lhokseumawe) and colchicine concentration (0.0%, 0.2%, 0.5%, 0.7%, and 1%). The result showed an interaction between three patchouli cultivars with colchicine concentration on callus size and color characters. In Sidikalang cultivar, 0.2% colchicine concentration affects the character of callus emergence time and has more buds. In cultivar Tapak Tuan, the application of colchicine 0.2% affects the callus size character and has the highest number of buds. In the Lhokseumawe cultivar, giving 0.5% colchicine affects the character of callus appearance time, callus size, and callus color. Concentrations of 0.2% and 1.0% colchicine in Sidikalang and Tapak Tuan calluses increased the number of chromosomes, ranging from 2n (32), 3n (48), and 4n (64). The implication of the research could be disclosure of an opportunity to create a new superior variety.

In vitro Growth of Cattleya sp Orchid from Leaf Explants with Growth Regulators

Using leaf explants, this research aimed at identifying the type of growth response that can be created and the optimal mix of media for the growth of Cattleya sp orchid. This was an experimental investigation employing the RAL method (completely randomized design) with a combination of 2.4-D (0;1; 2; 3 ppm) and Kinetin (0;0.3;0.6 ppm) repeated three times. According to the results of this study, the growth regulators 2.4-D and kinetin were unable to promote the development of all explants. Explants transferred to media containing polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) to prevent browning after 12 weeks of observation. Then the results of the study also found the emergence of shoots in the treatment P0 (control), P2 (2,4-D 0 + Kinetin 0.6 ppm), P8 (2,4-D 2 + Kinetin 0.6) and P11 (2.4- D 3 + K 0.6 ppm) in the 3rd week of observation, the appearance of callus at P5 (2.4-D 1 + Kinetin 0.6 ppm) in the 4th week of observation

THE EFFECT OF SEVERAL CONCENTRATIONS OF GLYCINE AMINO ACID ADDITIONS IN MS MEDIUM TOWARS CALLUS GROWTH OF KONJAC (Amorphophallus muelleri) BY in vitro CULTURE

Konjac (Amorphophallus muelleri) is a plant that can be a source of carbohydrates and has high economic value. To accelerate the fulfillment of porang seeds in order to support maximum economic potential, it is necessary to develop alternative propagation techniques,which is in vitro culture. This study aimed to determine the effect of adding the glycine amino acid to MS medium on the growth of konjac callus and to determine the best concentration for callus growth in konjac plant tissue culture. This research was using frog bulb (bulbil) for the explant. In this study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with glycine amino acid concentrations from 0 mg/L, 1 mg/L, 2 mg/L, 3 mg/L, 4 mg/L, dan 5 mg/L with 3 replications. Data were analyzed using SPSS software with one way ANAVA and further test using DMRT 5%.The results showed that the addition of the glycine amino acid to MS medium affected the callus growth of konjac plant tissue culture based on the analysis of variance (ANAVA) test. The best concentration used based on the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) 5%, was 4 mg/L with the average callus appearance time of 3.06 wac and the average bending time of 2.1 wac.

PENAMBAHAN IAA DAN BAP TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN KALUS EKSPLAN DAUN ANGGREK Coelogyne pandurata Lindl.

Orchid Coelogyne pandurata Lindl or black orchid is one of the endemic orchid from borneo Island. This orchid flower who have an unique that is have a green cephal and black labellum. Naturally propagation have a small chance of succsess so it needs to be done culture in vitro. One of the culture ways is use explaned leaf for making callus’s growth. Callus growth can spurred on with auxin (IAA) and cytokinins (BAP). A balanced blend of auxin concetracion and cytokinins are expected can touch callus growth up. The purpose of this research is to know addition effect of IAA and BAP for Orchid C. pandurata Lindl’s growthed and know interaction the best IAA and BAP for Orchid Coelogyne pandurata Lindl’s growth.&#x0D; The method of research done by experiment with the completely randomized used factorial pattern. Factor 1 concentracion IAA with 4 level : 0, 1, 2, 3 mg/L. and the next factor, concentracion of BAP with 4 level : 0, 1 , 2, 3 mg/L, so there are 48 experimental units. Observed parameter is : when the callus appears, the data obtained in the analysis with ANOVA and carried out DMRT test with believeable level 95%.&#x0D; The result of the research showed giving interaction of IAA and BAP can give a affect callus growth of Orchid C pandurata Lindl. The interaction effect is on the callus appearance, callus thickness, and callus live percentage. As well as being able to spur the development of callus in a proliferative directon. While giving IAA personally could stimulate callus thickening. The best interaction in callus’s growth explan the orchid flower is A2B2 (IAA 2 mg/L and BAP 2 mg/L) and A2B3 (IAA 2 mg/L and BAP 3 mg/L).

PENGARUH NAPTHALENE ACETIC ACID DAN BENZYL AMINO PURINE TERHADAP MIKROPROPAGASI TANAMAN AKAR WANGI (Vetiveria zizanioides L. Nash)

Vetiver grass (Vetiveriazizanioides L. Nash) is one of the oil-producing plants essential. Tissue culture is one of the way to increase the availability of superior seeds of vetiver (Vetiveriazizanioides L. experiment was carried out at the Integrated Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Garut University from July to August 2020. This experiment used a Factorial Complete Randomized Design consisting of two factors, the first factor is NAA (N) with three levels of concentration, n1 =0, 5 mg / l, n2 = 1,5 mg/l, n3 = 2,5 mg/l varieties Verina 1. The purpose of this study was to obtain independent interactions and effects between Napthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) and Benzyl Amino Purine(BAP) on the micropropagation of vetiver plants (Vetiveriazizanioides L. Nash) variety Verina 1for 30 DAP. This 5 mg / l, n3 = 2.5 mg / l. The second factor is BAP (B) with two levels of concentration, b1 = 0.5 mg / l, b2 = 3 mg / l. The observed variables are: root emergence time, root number, callus appearance time, callus number, callus color and growth percentage. The results showed that there was no interaction between NAA and BAP, but there was an independent influence on the observed parameters of root emergence time, number of roots, callus appearance time and number of callus. The best concentration of NAA is 0.5 mg / l. The percentage of growth shows the yield of growth that is 100%.

Comparative study between intramedullary interlocking nailing and minimally invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis for distal tibia extra-articular fractures

&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Treatment of distal tibia fractures poses significant challenge to orthopedic surgeon because of poor blood supply and paucity of soft tissue coverage. There is considerable controversy regarding the superior option of treatment for distal tibia fracture between the minimally invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis (MIPPO) technique and intramedullary interlocking (IMIL) nailing for extra-articular distal tibia fractures. The aim of our study is to compare the functional outcome between the two treatment methods.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; This was the prospective comparative study of 50 patients with distal third tibia fractures divided into two groups. First group of patients were treated with MIPPO technique while second group of patients were managed by IMIL nailing. Patients were followed up in outpatient department to assess the functional outcomes, malunion, delayed union, non-union, superficial and deep infection between the two groups.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Average time taken by patients for full weight bearing in group A was 17.6 weeks as compared to 16.7 weeks in group B. All patients were able to bear weight prior to complete union of fracture. By the process of weight bearing, we believed that it would promote secondary bone healing. On taking X-rays during follow up of included patients starting of radiological union was observed carefully by looking for bridging callus, haziness of fracture line. Appearance of callus was taken average time of 12.5 weeks in group A and 12.1 weeks in group B.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;Both procedures have shown the reliable method of fixation for distal extra-articular tibia fractures preserving the soft tissue, bony vascularity and fracture hematoma that provide a favourable biological environment for fracture healing. Considering the results of the study, we have slightly more preference for the MIPPO technique.&lt;/p&gt;

Induction Shoots of Black Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Seed Explant Using Thidiazuron And Kinetin Hormone In Vitro

Pomegranate is a fruit that has medicinal properties, it is proven by antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activity. The aim of this study was to determine the best concentration of cytokinins in inducing shoots of black pomegranate seed explants (Punica granatum L.) in vitro. This study used one factorial, namely the addition of various concentrations of TDZ and kinetin. TDZ factor and kinetin with 6 treatment levels, namely 0 mg / L, 0.1 mg / L, 0.2 mg / L, 0.3 mg / L, 0.4 mg / L, and 0.5 mg / L, each treatment was repeated 4 times, for a total of 24 experimental units. The parameters observed included the day when the shoots appeared, the number of leaves, the length of the shoots and the day the leaves were fully open. Observation data were analyzed using Kruskal Wallis. The data showed that the cytokinin hormone, both kinetin and TDZ, was not able to significantly induce shoots on black pomegranate seed explants (Punica granatum L.). The hormone kinetin was able to induce shoots on explants of black pomegranate seeds (Punica granatum L.) with the best concentration of 0.4 ppm but the results were not significant. The optimal TDZ concentration in inducing callus appearance was 0.4 ppm with a callus appearance time of 24 DAP.

Callus Induction of Leaves and Stems in Krisan (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat cv Dewi ratih) with Alternative Foliar Fertilizers Media

Availability of quality seeds in production of krisan (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat cv Dewi ratih) cultivation is still rare, therefore research on seed multiplication through tissue culture is needed. The media used in tissue culture is relatively expensive for home industry. This study aims to determine the respond of leaf and stem explants using foliar fertilizers (Growmore, Gandasil D and Mutiara) as an alternative media for callus inductions. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisted of 4 treatments: P0: ½ MS + 0,25 mg/l BAP, P1 (Growmore + 0,25 mg/l BAP), P2 (Gandasil D + 0,25 mg/l BAP), P3 (Mutiara + 0,25 mg/l BAP). The variables observed in this study included callus appearance time, callus color and callus texture. The result of this study indicated that the use of BAP (6-Benzyl Amino Purine) affected the time of callus formation and callus morphology. Callus was formed on leaf explants 13 days after planting while on stem explants 7 days after planting and compact texture. Growmore + 0,25 mg/l BAP treatment yields the best callus on leaf explant, while Gandasil D + 0,25 mg/l BAP treatment yields the best callus on stem explant.

Callus induction from tuber of lesser yam (Dioscorea esculenta) on MS media supplemented by 2,4-D and kinetin

Lesser yam contains active pharmaceutical compounds. Secondary metabolic production of lesser yam plants takes time because of the long harvest period. Callus induction can be used to acquire active compounds in relatively short periods. This study aimed to determine the optimum concentration of 2,4-D and kinetin combination in inducing lesser yam callus in light and dark conditions. The research design used was a two-factor randomized block design, namely the combination of PGR (2,4-D 1 ppm + kinetin 1 ppm, 2,4-D 0.5 ppm + kinetin 1 ppm, 2,4-D 1 ppm + kinetin 0.5 ppm, 2,4-D 0.5 ppm + kinetin 0.5 ppm) and lightness conditions (light and dark). The observed parameters included callus appearance time, percentage of callus formation, and callus color and texture. The results showed that the combination of 0.5 ppm 2,4-D + 0.5 ppm kinetin in light conditions indicated the fastest callus time. Meanwhile, the percentage of explants with the highest callus was shown in all treatments in dark conditions by 100%. The calluses produced in light conditions were generally green with a friable texture, calluses in dark conditions were generally white and had friable texture.

Embryogenic Callus Induction of Todolo Toraja Coffee Leaf Cells (Coffea arabica Var. Typica) with the Addition of 2, 4-DichlorophenoxyaceticAcid (2, 4-D) and Furfurylaminopurine (Kinetin) in Vitro

Somatic embryogenesis is a way to produce large numbers of seeds according to the parent, so it is very profitable in the effort to conserve Arabica coffee, which has reduced number of trees and is not productive. This study uses Todolo arabica coffee (Coffea arabica Var. Typica) which is the oldest commercial coffee found in Toraja, South Sulawesi and is threatened with extinction. This study aims to obtain the best composition in administering zpt 2,4-D and kinetin in forming embryogenic callus from explants of arabica coffee leaves. This research was conducted at the Tissue Culture Laboratory of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Hasanuddin University. The experimental range used was a completely randomized design with 2 factorials, namely the concentration of 2,4-D 1 ppm, 2 ppm, and 3 ppm and kinetin concentration of 0.1 ppm, 0.5 ppm and 1.0 ppm so that there were 9 treatments with 3 replications. The parameters observed were callus formation time, callus structure, and callus color. The results showed that the fastest time for callus appearance was 17.00 HSK with 1 ppm 2,4-D and 0.5 ppm kinetin. The callus texture formed is a crumb-textured callus with several color variations that are formed.

Pengaruh Komposisi 2,4-D dan BAP Terhadap Pembentukan Kalus Eksplan Pucuk Nilam (Pogostemon Cablin Benth.) secara In Vitro dengan Pemotongan Horizontal dan Vertikal

This study aims to determine the effect of 2,4-Diclorophenoxy Acetic Acid (2,4-D) and Benzyl Amino Purin (BAP) on the formation of callus of patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) shoot explants by horizontal and vertical cutting methods. The parameters that observed in this study were the percentage growth of callus, time appearance of callus, weight of callus and the morphology of callus. The results showed that horizontal cutting method was able to induce callus growth with the percentages growth of callus were 18,75%, with the time appearance of callus was at 16 days at P1; P10; P12; P13 dan P14. The highest weight of callus obtained was 0.19 grams at P8. The results also showed that the callus yielded had a yellow and cream color, with a compact and crumb textures. Meanwhile, the vertical cutting method was able to induce callus formation with the percentage growth of callus were 12,5%. The fastest time of callus appearance was obtained in P6 and P8, which was 12 day after planting with the highest weight of callus obtained was 0.05 grams at P12. The results also showed that vertical cutting method had brown and dark-brown of callus with a compact and crumb textures.

Efficacy of electrical polarization on a rat femoral bone defect model with a custom-made external fixator.

We have developed a technology to electrically polarize living bone. The effects of stored electrical charge in electrical polarized bone on the facilitation of new bone formation were assayed. Stimulated depolarized current measurement was performed in electrically polarized and nonpolarized femora of SD rats. These bone specimens were implanted into bone defects of the rat femora and fixed with a custom-made external fixator. X-ray imaging of the implant was performed every week. After 3 weeks, micro-CT scanning was performed to evaluate the displacement rate. Histological observation was performed, and the occupancy ratio of the newly formed bone was calculated from tissue specimens stained with Villanueva's Goldner method. There was a tendency for the displacement rate of the implant to be smaller and the occupancy ratio of the newly formed bone to be larger, especially at the distal end, in the polarized group compared with the nonpolarized group. The time of callus appearance was significantly earlier in the polarized group than in the nonpolarized group, and bridging callus grew from the distal to the proximal end. Bone specimens can be electrically polarized, and the stored electrical charge can work effectively to facilitate new bone formation.

The Effect of BAP and Kinetin Concentrations for shoot induction on Teak (Tectona grandis L.) with In Vitro method

The purpose of this research was to examine interaction effect between the different concentration of BAP hormone (Benzylaminopurine) and Kinetin hormone on the shoot induction of Jati (Tectona grandis L.) with in vitro method. This research used a completely randomized factorial design with 4x3 factorial pattern. The first factor was the concentration of BAP (B0 = 0 ppm; B1 = 1 ppm; B2 = 2 ppm dan B3 = 3 ppm). The second factor was concentration of Kinetin (K0 = 0 ppm; K2 = 0,75 ppm; dan K3 = 1,5 ppm). The parameters observed were time of callus appearance, callus length, time of shoot emergance, number of shoots, length of shoots, time of leaf development, number of leaves, percentage of growth, and percentage of contamination. The parameters obtained were analysed descriptively because the percentage of total growth was under 50%. The result showed that the concentration 1 ppm BAP and 0,75 ppm kinetin was better for stimulating the appearance of callus, shoots, leaves, and number of shoots. Callus diameter was better at concentration of BAP 3 ppm. The callus texture that was formed was included in the compact texture. The percentage of explants life was 33,30 – 66,60%. No contamination occurred in all explant samples.

Outcome of minimally invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis (MIPPO) for closed comminuted fractures of upper metaphysis of Tibia

Background: Management of complex metaphyseal fractures is usually complicated by articular extension, characterized by the difficulty of achieving accurate joint reconstruction and the sufficient stabilization without jeopardizing the usually severely traumatized soft tissue envelope. Minimally invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis (MIPPO) method of fracture fixation proposes the advantages of indirect fracture reduction and percutaneous submuscular implant placement. Methods: 20 patients with AO/ASIF 41A-B-C fractures of proximal tibia were followed up from December 2016 to June 2018. All the patients underwent Minimally invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis (MIPPO) with medial proximal tibial LCP. Clinical and radiological follow-up were recorded for 18 months. Results: Mean surgical time in minutes was 59.2. The average time for appearance of callus was 4 to 5 weeks and full weight bearing duration 20 to 38 weeks. Average range of movements for flexion 121.7 degree and extension 1.8 degree. Conclusion: MIPPO plating of proximal tibial fractures permits stable fixation, mobilization and avoid soft tissue related complications.