Apparent Tension Research Articles

New Forms of Place-Making and Public Space in Contemporary Urban Development in Seoul, South Korea

Place-making and its evolving role in urban design has become a major issue in setting the 21st century urban development agenda. A key aspect of this within South East and East Asia in particular is an apparent tension between global aspirations and local tradition in emerging states such as China, South Korea and Malaysia. The intention of this paper is to provide a better understanding of how new place making can be incorporated in contemporary urban development, particularly within this South East/East Asian context, so that the needs of local cultures can be sustained and developed, whilst acknowledging the desire of emerging states to gain international respect and recognition. The focus of this research is on exploring how these two views of design—the globally aspirational, and the locally situated and informed— might be reconciled, using the particular context of South Korea and the city of Seoul as a case study.

Apparent Dynamic Surface Tension of Polymer Solutions

Apparent Dynamic Surface Tension of Polymer Solutions

Effects of asymmetric creep-ageing behaviour on springback of AA2050-T34 after creep age forming

Abstract This study investigates the effects of asymmetric creep-ageing behaviour on springback of aluminium alloys during creep age forming (CAF) process. An Al-Cu-Li alloy, AA2050, which shows an apparent asymmetric tension and compression creep-ageing behaviour is used for investigation. Several CAF trial tests to form singly-curved AA2050 plates with different thicknesses (3, 5 and 8 mm) are carried out with a four point bending setup. Meanwhile, two sets of finite element (FE) models of corresponding processes have been developed, in which either the conventional symmetric or the new asymmetric creep-ageing behaviour of the alloy was used. The asymmetric models can well predict the shape of formed plates for thicker materials (5 and 8 mm), while symmetric models provide over-prediction of final deflections. The results from asymmetric models indicate that more creep strain is generated in the tension stressed part of the forming plate than that in the other part with compressive stresses and therefore, resulting in an asymmetric distribution of the relaxed stresses through the thickness of the forming plates after creep-ageing. After springback, both top and bottom surfaces of the formed plates show significant compressive stresses while tensile residual stresses exist in the centre of the formed plates. The work in this study helps to understand the particular springback behaviour of AA2050 with asymmetric creep-ageing behaviour in CAF, and can be used to guide future industrial applications of the alloy in the CAF process.

Why Is God Justified in Romans?: Vindicating Paul's Use of Psalm 51 in Romans 3:4

The relationship between Romans 3:4 and Psalm 51:4 (Psalm 50:6 in the Septuagint) has long puzzled scholars. Many suggest that Paul's use of Ps 50:6LXX either seems not to fit the logic of Romans 3 or does not reflect the psalmist's meaning. This article offers an interpretation of Romans 3:4 that eliminates the apparent tension between the two texts. It clarifies Paul's meaning in Romans 3 by reinterpreting Psalm 51:4 in its context. Both Psalm 51:4 and Romans 3:4 refer to God's saving righteousness. The conclusion that Romans 3:4 speaks of God's saving righteousness is not unique to this study. However, typical arguments in favour of this view are susceptible to significant criticism. Specifically, they do not demonstrate how the whole of Psalm 50LXX shapes Paul's argument, and/or they do not explore the possibility that Psalm 50:6LXX also refers to God's saving righteousness. This article addresses both issues. After reviewing the theological and exegetical significance of Romans 3:4, four major questions that challenge readers today will be surveyed. Next, an integrated exegesis of both passages, showing how Psalm 50:6LXX sheds light on Romans 3, will be presented.

"Just Let Me Go": End-of-Life Planning Among Ojibwe Elders.

Although advance care planning (ACP) is designed to promote person-centered end-of-life care, the principles underpinning it are at odds with the values and norms of many American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) communities, contributing to low rates of ACP among AI/AN elders. The purpose of this study was to explore the apparent tension between Western approaches to end-of-life care, including its emphasis on ACP, and the expectations and wishes of one community of AI elders, in hopes of informing more culturally appropriate approaches to planning for end-of-life care. About 20 tribal elders living on a Great Lakes reservation participated in semistructured, face-to-face interviews. Participants were recruited through convenience and snowball sampling techniques. The interviews were analyzed using an inductive thematic analysis approach. Despite seeing little need for ACP, the elders were generally open to discussing the care they would want at end of life. Many were readily able to describe their wishes for a peaceful death and had already developed funeral and burial or cremation plans. Although establishing one's individual legacy was not a salient end-of-life concern for the elders, several found meaning in describing their contributions to preserving their families, the community, and their cultural lifeways. A lack of formal ACP within AI/AN communities does not necessarily reflect a cultural aversion to discussing preferences for end of life. Efforts to increase ACP in tribal communities would likely be enhanced by acknowledgment of the spiritual and cultural significance of death and dying for many AI/AN individuals.

Intrinsic viscosity, rheological property, and oil displacement of hydrophobically associating fluorinated polyacrylamide

ABSTRACTThe surface‐active polymer (FPAM) was synthesized by free‐radical polymerization of acrylamide (AM), 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propane sulfonic acid (AMPS) and N‐dodecyl‐N‐perfluoro octane sulfonyl acrylamide (AMPD), which was prior prepared by reacting dodecylamine, perfluoro‐1‐octanesulfonyl fluoride, and acryloyl chloride. Parameters affecting the intrinsic viscosity ([η]) and apparent viscosity (η) of FPAM, such as reaction temperature, AMPD concentration, AMPS concentration, monomer concentration, initiator concentration, and pH were examined. Apparent viscosity and interfacial tension (IFT) of FPAM solution were evaluated. Subsequently, temperature tolerance and shear tolerance were investigated by comparing with hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM), and results indicated that the FPAM displayed better performances than HPAM. FPAM can reduce the IFT between crude oil/water, and the IFT values are around at 2.91 and 3.9 mN m−1 corresponding to FPAM and HPAM/FC‐118. The sandpack model oil displacement experiment showed that water flooding can further increase the oil recovery to 15.01% (FPAM), compared with 9.26% oil recovery for HPAM, and 10.99% oil recovery for HPAM/FC‐118. The glass micromodel techniques for studying enhanced oil recovery get a good result and provide a useful reference for understanding the displacement behaviors in polymer flood process. It could be concluded that the introduction of fluorinated groups in the polymer chain was helpful in enhancing the oil displacement efficiency. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44672.

Correcting tool or learning tool?

This paper reports on the initial data from an extension project that intends to further develop Marking Mate, a self-directed assignment writing support programme developed at Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University (XJTLU) by Eoin Jordan and Andy Snyder. The study explores how students currently use the programme and how they would like to see it being improved. In this paper, we explore the apparent tension between students wanting to use Marking Mate as a correction tool and its potential as a learning tool, with reference to the specific Chinese context of the university. An additional tension between a highly contextualised and locally developed programme (such as Marking Mate), and widely available online tools that allow for potentially similar outcomes (such as Grammarly), is also discussed. It is argued that the programme may be more effective if it is explicitly presented as a learning tool, rather than a correction tool.

A tale of two cities: Rescaling economic strategy in the North Midlands

This paper addresses the implementation (or mediation) of industrial policy at the regional and local level in the northern sub-region of the English East Midlands. At the heart of both New Labour and Coalition Government policy on local and regional economic development was a simple proposition to the effect that if decision-making for economic development could be better aligned to ‘functional economic geographies’, better economic outcomes should result. The abolition of Regional Development Agencies and creation of Local Enterprise Partnerships brought this proposition into sharp focus. This paper explores the consequences of this shift in the spatial scale of decision making for the development process and policy content of place based economic strategies. Strategies produced for three ‘nested’ geographic areas in the north midlands are compared. An apparent tension between economic development and institutional trajectories is considered.

THE UNITY OF HISTORY AND PERIODS? THE UNIQUE HISTORICAL PERIODIZATION OF E. A. FREEMAN

The Victorian historian E. A. Freeman (1823–92), following Thomas Arnold, promoted the innovative idea of the “unity of history,” according to which history was a linked, recurring cycle without the artificial boundary of periods. In recent research, however, it is little noticed that, along with this “unity” theory, Freeman also emphasized the ruptures and the divisions in history. It is even less noticed that Freeman devised a unique periodization, which abolished AD 476 as the date marking the fall of Rome. Thus the very idea of the “unity of history” seems to contradict the use of periods. The former stressed a historical continuum while the latter denoted historical ruptures. This article argues that Freeman's notion of “race” could, in most cases, solve the apparent tension between these two “divergent” ideas (unity versus periods). Nevertheless, it is also argued that in some exceptional cases Freeman identified other factors besides race (e.g. religion) as transforming the innate racial belonging and the predestined course of history.

The ambiguities of democratic autonomy: the Kurdish movement in Turkey and Rojava

This paper traces the ideology of democratic autonomy, as developed by PKK leader Abdullah Öcalan from the libertarian and anarchist writings of Murray Bookchin, as an alternative to the authoritarian and centralist nation state, not only in the Kurdish-inhabited provinces, but in Turkey at large. It explores, first, the ideological underpinnings and second, the practical implementation of democratic autonomy both in south-eastern Turkey and in north-eastern Syria, or Rojava. Divergences between the two, I will argue, are not merely the result of contradictions between ideology and practice, or of the PKK’s enduring Leninist vanguardism, but also arise because the ideology itself remains ambiguous or implicit on the questions of party organization and the legitimacy of armed resistance. These ambiguities help to account for the apparent tension between grassroots anarchism and Leninist centralism in democratic autonomy, not only in practice but also in theory.

Finding Space for the Truth: Joshua Cohen on Truth and Public Reason

One of the most distinctive and startling claims of Rawlsian political liberalism is that truth has no place in public political deliberation on matters of basic justice. Joshua Cohen thinks there is a tension between Rawls’s exclusion of truth in public political deliberation and the importance accorded to truth in the conception of morally serious political deliberation held by most citizens. Cohen claims that this apparent tension can be resolved by constructing and introducing a suitably political, non-divisive and neutral, conception of truth which is capable of satisfying both the highly distinctive requirements of Rawlsian political liberalism and the importance accorded to truth by the conception of public deliberation held by most citizens. In this paper I argue that Cohen is unsuccessful in this attempt and that his political conception of truth cannot satisfy both political liberalism and a descriptively adequate specification of the importance accorded to truth by the familiar accounts of morally serious political deliberation upon which Cohen relies.

Robots in casinos: Distributed control and the problem of efficient action selection

In this paper we characterise a tension between two views about how an agent could achieve efficient action selection. On one hand, it is common in some of the cognitive and behavioural sciences to maintain that efficient action selection requires that the value of all actions or options available to an agent are represented on a unidimensional scale of values, in other words that action selection make use of a “common currency”. On the other hand, early work in situated, embodied robotics and distributed control associated with Rodney Brooks maintained that “intelligence” could be achieved without the instantiation of any representations at all, and without centralised control systems. This line of thinking has exerted significant influence in situated and enactivist approaches to human cognition. If what situated roboticists count as “intelligence” includes capacity for efficient action selection, then their claim that intelligence can be achieved without representations is in tension with the views of those who argue that efficient action selection requires that a common currency be represented. We argue here that the apparent tension is genuine, develop an analysis of the tension itself, and offer a preliminary overview of the considerations relevant to navigating it.

Molten Al and (0001) α-Al2O3 Single Crystal: Interface Stability

The roughness on the “c”-plane (0001) sapphire single crystal reduces wetting of molten aluminum under Ar gas (99.999 pct) and PO2 10−15 Pa from 1073 K to 1473 K (800 °C to 1200 °C). The contact angle effect was partially understood by the roughness factor, R; however, the interfacial phenomenon involving this effect is yet a topic to study as it also depends, between other things, on the shape of droplet and the relationship to its substrate. The theory explains that the surface tension of liquid aluminum obtained by the sessile drop test can be determined just when a substrate is polished or free of any surface imperfection. However, roughness of sapphire (0001) surface promotes an apparent surface tension that exhibits different trends of wetting to that proposed in previous studies. This property adds to the interfacial wetting phenomena obtained from the Al-Al2O3 couple system and provides answers for contact angle trends toward a much more stable interface, which when coupled with thermodynamic conditions may help in the manufacturing, deterioration, and reliability of the system.

Enhancing moral relationships through strict liability

The article considers the apparent tension between contract’s strict liability doctrine with respect to performance and the general moral precepts that liability should track fault and that one should internalize the costs of one’s own choices, but not the costs of arbitrary misfortune. By making contractors strictly liable for their failure to perform, the law attributes greater responsibility to agents than these moral principles seem to countenance – namely by according them legal responsibility for events or outcomes for which they bear no fault. Those precepts, however, are couched at a highly abstract level that is more appropriate for blame and punishment than for the sort of responsibility that contract law assigns. In the article, I defend the strict liability doctrine as a philosophically interesting default rule that supports trusting relationships between the parties and lays the groundwork for a healthier moral cooperative relationship between contracting parties than a fault-based system would. Strict liability norms relieve the promisee of pressures to supervise and intrude upon the promisor during performance and so eliminate some of the impetus to cultivate and display attitudes and behaviours of distrust. In turn, strict liability encourages the promisors to assume full responsibility for a project and by relieving promisees of pressures to intrude on the promisor gives the promisor a greater arena of autonomy in which to operate. While fault-based liability rules may encourage displays of distrust and sow the seeds of conflict, strict liability rules assign responsibility in ways that encourage trust and other components of healthy moral relationships. However, conceiving strict liability in this way brings out an internal tension between the justification of strict liability in contract and broad construals of the duty to mitigate, a doctrine that places the burden of self-help on disappointed promisees. As I will argue, broad construals of the duty to mitigate work at cross-purposes with the moral functions of a strict liability regime, offering further reasons to interpret the duty to mitigate narrowly.

Contested spaces in policy enactment: a Bourdieusian analysis of language policy in Singapore

The basic structure and rhetoric of national language policy in multilingual Singapore has remained essentially unchanged since independence with four official languages positioned within the national quadrilingual framework and used in all public spheres, and individual bilingualism encouraged in the private sphere. However, also since independence, there has been an active undercurrent of inconsistencies, suggesting that the apparent top–down, uncontested language policy is in fact an active contested space, particularly in how these policies are implemented in schools. Specifically, we are interested in language shift, maintenance and medium of instruction policies, their consistencies and discontinuities. To understand the apparent tension between static quadrilingual language policy and planning and the dynamic reality of policy shifts, we adopt Bourdieu’s metaphor of field. In so doing, we take analyses beyond a Fishmanian domain-based framework (Fishman in La Linguist 1(2):67–88, 1965) which frequently informs language policy analysis in Singapore but fails to capture fully the paradoxical shifts and impacts that different fields have on each other with respect to language and the power dynamics involved (Savage and Silva in Cult Sociol 7(2):111–126, 2013. doi:10.1177/1749975512473992). We refer to Chinese and Indian language varieties as our primary examples, showing how a field analysis illuminates the different developments and paradoxes in policies for these languages.

An Interpretation of Christ as the Sacrifice in Hebrews 9:26 to a Holistic Relationship with God

The sacrifice of Christ, which provides forgiveness of sins and the hope of being perfected, forms the foundation of Christian faith in the letter to the Hebrews. Hebrews reflects the continuity between the old and the new covenants, interest in the earthly life of Christ, and the realisation that his sacrifice needs to be interpreted. Existing studies on issues in the interpretation of Hebrews have focused, primarily, on apparent internal tension of the document; while some scholars see Hebrews to be centred in a group of migrant Jewish Christians who await the fulfilment of the promise of Abraham in Jerusalem, others view the document as a polemic grounded in a Philonic-type milieu. A literal significance to the cultic language of Hebrews, especially Christ as the sacrifice and its contribution to the success of loving relationship in the contemporary society, has not been given adequate attention. The study, therefore, examines an interpretation of Christ as the sacrifice in Hebrews 9:26 with a view to establishing a holistic relationship with God. Using Saussure’s approach to New Testament interpretation, the paper reveals that an interpretation of Christ as the sacrifice ultimately brings to bear a world of relationships. The richness and diversity of these relationships are experienced in human religious history through the vehicle of sacrifice. These relationships are identified between relations of persons to persons in a society and relations of a society to God. Christ’s sacrifice of himself rather than a substitute stresses the superiority of his sacrifice to the Old Testament ritual and any other human rituals. Consequently, Christ as the sacrifice informs that he is the source of the relationship with God. The paper recommends that humanity could live sacrificially, although no person could offer the same sacrifice as Christ did, they can follow his example and offer their lives entirely to God as enshrined in Hebrews 9:26.

Hydrogen bonds of sodium alginate/Antarctic krill protein composite material

Sodium alginate/Antarctic krill protein composite material (SA/AKP) was successfully obtained by blending method. The hydrogen bonds of SA/AKP composite material were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen spectrum (HNMR). Experiment manifested the existence of intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonds in SA/AKP system; strength of intermolecular hydrogen bond enhanced with the increase of AKP in the composite material and the interaction strength of hydrogen bonding followed the order: OH…Ether O>OH…π>OH…N. The percentage of intermolecular hydrogen bond decreased with increase of pH. At the same time, the effect of hydrogen bonds on properties of the composite material was discussed. The increase of intermolecular hydrogen bonding led to the decrease of crystallinity, increase of apparent viscosity and surface tension, as well as obvious decrease of heat resistance of SA/AKP composite material. SA/AKP fiber SEM images and energy spectrum showed that crystallized salt was separated from the fiber, which possibly led to the fibrillation of the composite fibers.

The Theme of Freedom in André Brink’s Slave Novels

This article explores the theme of freedom in Brink's four main slave novels - An Instant in the Wind (1975), A Chain of Voices (1982), The Rights of Desire (2000), and Philida (2012) - all of which portray the actual lives of slaves. The selected areas of concern are: freedom and childhood experience, freedom and commitment in love, and freedom and political or sociocultural liberation. Crucial to the whole discussion is an attempt to resolve the apparent tension between Brink's liberation politics and the realities of the human condition. What the study ultimately seeks to affirm is Brink's own freedom in terms of imaginative sympathy; his recognition of the opportunities for positive agency while at the same time refusing to entertain sentimental possibilities or stereotypes; and in general the rich complexity of his vision regarding the progress of the spirit of activism over generations to achieve the goal of freedom, human equality.

Decay Constants of Heavy-Light Mesons from QCD

We summarize our recently improved results for the pseudoscalar [S. Narison, Phys.Lett. B718 (2013) 132; S. Narison, Nucl. Phys. Proc. Suppl. 234 (2013) 187; S. Narison, Phys.Lett. B721 (2013) 269], vector and Bc [S. Narison, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A30 (2015) 20, 1550116] meson decay constants from QCD spectral sum rules where N2LO⊕ estimate of the N3LO PT⊕d≤6 condensates have been included in the SVZ expansion. The “optimal results” based on stability criteria with respect to the variations of the Laplace/Moments sum rule variables, QCD continuum threshold and subtraction constant μ are compared with recent sum rules and lattice calculations. To understand the “apparent tension” between some recent results, we present in Section 8 a novel extraction of forfB⁎/fBfrom heavy quark effective theory (HQET) sum rules by including the normalization factor (Mb/MB)2 relating the pseudoscalar to the universal HQET correlators for finite b-quark and B-meson masses. We obtain fB⁎/fB=1.025(16) in good agreement with 1.016(16) from spectral sum rules (SR) in full QCD [3]. We complete the paper by including new improved estimates of the scalar, axial andBc⁎meson decay constants (Sections 11–13). For further phenomenological uses, we attempt to extract a Global Average of the sum rules and lattice determinations which are summarized in Tables 2–6. We do not found any deviation of these SM results from the present data.

Effect of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate to the displacement performance of hyperbranched polymer

Experimental studies were conducted to realize displacement performance effect of anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) on hyperbranched poly(AM/AA/AMPS/GA), which was successfully synthesized via free radical polymerization using modified dendritic functional monomer (GA), acrylamide (AM), acrylate (AA), and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid (AMPS). Compared with individual polymer, SP (surfactant polymer) binary systems showed lower apparent viscosity, interfacial tension, and hydrodynamic radius as the result of the electrostatic repulsion between the tail end of hydrophilic polymer branched chain and the head of the surfactant. It was found from abundant static adsorption and dynamic retention tests that the values of static adsorption and dynamics retention of SDBS which is mixed with hyperbranched polymer decrease due to the competitive interaction. However, unlike this phenomenon, SDBS would heighten the dynamic retention value of poly(AM/AA/AMPS/GA), resulting in addition of residual resistance factor. Oil displacement experiment indicated that SP solutions have greater capability of enhance oil recovery than individual polymer under same conditions.