Apparent Loss Research Articles

Zerkleinerung des Knorpels mittels Shavers reduziert die Viabilität von bovinen Knorpelzellen unabhängig von Shavergröße

The purpose of this study was to characterize arthroscopically the frequency and location of the glenoid bare area.Three fellowship-trained orthopaedic sports surgeons evaluated and characterized the bare area of the glenoid in 52 consecutive patients undergoing arthroscopic surgery of the shoulder without a diagnosis of instability. Among the patients with a visible bare area, the position was measured, and when eccentrically located, an apparent bone loss or gain was calculated.The bare area of the glenoid was observed in only 48% of patients undergoing arthroscopic surgery, and when observed, it was at the center only 37% of the time. Of the glenoids with visible bare areas, 8% were located anteriorly enough to result in an apparent bone loss calculation of greater than 20%. An additional 25% of visible bare areas were posteriorly located, resulting in an apparent bone gain.The glenoid bare area is a variably visible and eccentric landmark on the glenoid and thus should not be used as the sole reference point to measure glenoid bone loss.Level IV, retrospective observational study.

Carboxymethylation modification, characterization of dandelion root polysaccharide and its effects on gel properties and microstructure of whey protein isolate

In the present study, a native polysaccharide (DP) with sugar content of 87.54 ± 2.01 % was isolated from dandelion roots. DP was chemically modified to obtain a carboxymethylated polysaccharide (CMDP) with DS of 0.42 ± 0.07. DP and CMDP were composed of the same six monosaccharides including mannose, rhamnose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, and arabinose. The molecular weights of DP and CMDP were 108,200 and 69,800 Da, respectively. CMDP exhibited more stable thermal performance and better gelling properties than DP. The effects of DP and CMDP on the strength, water holding capacity (WHC), microstructure, and rheological properties of whey protein isolate (WPI) gels were investigated. Results showed that CMDP-WPI gels had higher strength and WHC than DP-WPI gels. With the addition of 1.5 % CMDP, WPI gel had a good three-dimensional network structure. The apparent viscosities, loss modulus (G"), and storage modulus (G') of WPI gels were increased with the polysaccharide addition, the influence of CMDP was remarkable compared to DP at the same concentration. These findings suggest that CMDP may be used as a functional ingredient in protein-containing food products.

Aberrant adaptation of the inner medullary collecting ducts results in sodium retention and hypernatremia in a thick ascending limb specific Myh9 and Myh10 conditional knockout mouse model

Sodium reabsorption in the thick ascending limb (TAL) epithelium is essential to generate and sustain the interstitial osmotic gradient, which facilitates water reabsorption in the adjacent collecting duct system. Impaired TAL function can compromise this gradient and lead to electrolyte imbalance. Our previous work demonstrated that pan renal tubular conditional genetic inactivation of nonmuscle myosin II genes Myh9&10 in adult mice results in progressive kidney disease of TAL origin with aberrant regulation of TAL proteins U MOD and NKCC2 (Otterpohl et al; 2020). To confirm the cell-autonomous role for NM2 proteins in adult TAL epithelial cells, we generated a TAL-specific conditional knockout mouse model of Myh9&10 using the UMOD->CreERT2 mouse line (cKO). Genetic inactivation of Myh9&10 in the TAL was induced at 5 weeks of age with tamoxifen injections. Age matched control and cKO littermates were part of every cohort. Mice underwent metabolic, histologic, immunohistochemical, and biochemical analyses at varying time points until moribund. Development of progressive kidney disease in cKO mice was indicated by increasing levels of blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, and the tubular injury marker NGAL. Our results show that cKO females experience significant loss of weight at 12 weeks of age and are moribund between 13 – 14 weeks, while cKO males survive up to 25 weeks. Interestingly, female cKO mice exhibit hypernatremia at 12 weeks of age and male cKO mice between 16 - 20 weeks of age. We analyzed NKCC2 protein levels in whole kidney lysates and a drastic reduction was evident in both female and male cKO mice by 9 weeks of age, therefore hypernatremia was unexpected. We examined if the hypernatremia in TAL-Myh9&10 cKO mice is due to tubular adaptation in the distal nephron and/or the collecting duct segments. Systematic analysis of sodium cotransporters and channels in the distal nephron and collecting duct segments revealed an increase in NCC/pNCC levels in males and a decrease in females when compared with age matched control littermates. No apparent volume loss (increased urine output) has been observed in the female mice. Additionally, immunostaining experiments showed aberrant increase in expression of ENaC gamma in the inner medullary collecting duct cells in female and not male mice by 9-weeks of age. ENaC expression is limited to cortical collecting duct and the connecting segment under normal conditions in the mouse kidney. Consistent with this, our control mice do not have ENaC gamma expression in the inner medullary collecting ducts. Further experiments are underway to determine the cellular state/identity of these ENaC expressing inner medullary collect duct cells. These experiments confirm the critical role for Myh9&10 proteins in TAL tubule NKCC2 transport, and reveal novel, sex specific, adaptive mechanisms in distal nephron and collecting ducts in response to compromised NKCC2 transport within the TAL. NIDDK RO1 DK131020-01A1 This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2023 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Facile hydrothermal synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles on silicalite-1: Effect of ultra ZnO Nano size on desulfurization activities

Reactive adsorption desulphurization (RADS) is an excellent technique for producing ultra-clean sulphur-free fuel in mild operating conditions. The sulphur adsorption capacities of the catalysts strongly relate to the stable nano size of ZnO nanoparticles, dispersion of active phases, and the acidity of the catalysts. In this work, a series of ultra nano-sized ZnO nanoparticles with a nano-size of 2–8 nm supported on silicalite-1 were synthesized via a homogeneous hydrothermal technique and utilized as a support for the dispersion of Ni nanoparticles. The RADS activity of the NiZnS-1 catalyst for thiophenic compound substantially increased from 163 mg S/g to 205 mg S/g with the decrease of the ZnO particle size from 8 nm to 2 nm. The NiZnS-1 adsorbents were characterized through N2 adsorption-desorption, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, High-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and Temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia. Catalytic activity tests show that NiZnS-1(6) adsorbent with ZnO particle size of 2–3 nm achieved an excellent breakthrough sulphur adsorption capacity of 57.5mgS/g and accumulative sulphur adsorption capacities of 205 mg S/g while dealing with model gasoline (1500 mg/L). Which is four folds higher than NiZnS-1(20) adsorbent with a compromised RADS capacity of 163 mg S/g. This superior desulphurization activity and sulphur adsorption capacity for NiZnS-1 adsorbent strongly depend on to the size of ZnO nanoparticles, the diffusion rate of the reactant’ and product molecules, the adsorbent total acidity and ZnO/Ni nanoparticles dispersion on the support. Upon five desulfurization regeneration cycles, NiZnS-1 showed high stability without apparent activity loss, revealing that the ZnO particle size is intact after multiple cycles. A mechanism is proposed based on the desulphurization results.

Formation and characterization of oleogels derived from emulsions: Evaluation of polysaccharide ratio and emulsification method

In the present work, highly oil-binding oleogels were fabricated by two polysaccharides (insoluble soybean fiber (ISF) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC)) using an emulsion-templated method. The polysaccharide-based network was developed by oven-drying ISF and HPMC co-stabilized emulsions to obtain the oleogels and two emulsification methods were compared. The aqueous polysaccharide mixtures displayed an increased hydrodynamic diameter but decreased viscosity with increasing proportions of ISF, leading to a reduced interfacial tension. Increased HPMC reduced the droplet size of emulsions while it improved the apparent viscosity and loss modulus. Emulsions prepared by high-pressure homogenization displayed a smaller droplet size and lower viscosity while the oleogels exhibited abundant liquid oil. By contrast, emulsions prepared by high-speed shearing presented a larger droplet size while the oleogels exhibited well-structured semi-solid oil. The oleogels were endowed with stronger gel strength (increased to 184 g and 461 g, respectively) and hardness from increased HPMC, resulting in a decreased oil loss. Increasing the HPMC content contributed to a more compact structure of the oleogels and emulsions whereby emulsions with a too small droplet size were difficult to be fully converted into gel-like semi-solid oil. Results indicate that ISF and HPMC can be applied in structuring oleogels as substitutes for solid fats.

Apparent Aging during Accelerated Cycling Aging Test of Cylindrical Silicon Containing Li-Ion Cells

Accelerated cyclic aging tests are very important for research and industry to quickly characterize lithium-ion cells. However, the accentuation of stress factors and the elimination of rest periods lead to an apparent capacity fade, that can be subsequently recovered during a resting phase. This effect is attributed to the inhomogeneous lithium distribution in the anode and is observable with differential voltage analysis (DVA). We tested cylindrical 18,650 cells with Li(NixCoyAlz)O2-graphite/silicon chemistry during two cycling and resting phases. The capacity, the pulse resistance, the DVA, and the capacity difference analysis are evaluated for cells cycled at different average SOC and current rates. An apparent capacity loss of up to 12% was reported after 200 FCE for cells cycled under the presence of pressure gradients, while only 1% were at low-pressure gradients. The subsequent recovery was up to 80% of the apparent capacity loss in some cases. The impact of silicon cannot be estimated as it shows no features in the dV/dQ curves. We observe a recovery of apparent resistance increase, which is not reported for cells with pure graphite anodes. Finally, we demonstrate the strong impact of apparent aging for the lifetime prediction based on standard accelerated cyclic aging tests.

Cellular differentiation into hyphae and spores in halophilic archaea

Several groups of bacteria have complex life cycles involving cellular differentiation and multicellular structures. For example, actinobacteria of the genus Streptomyces form multicellular vegetative hyphae, aerial hyphae, and spores. However, similar life cycles have not yet been described for archaea. Here, we show that several haloarchaea of the family Halobacteriaceae display a life cycle resembling that of Streptomyces bacteria. Strain YIM 93972 (isolated from a salt marsh) undergoes cellular differentiation into mycelia and spores. Other closely related strains are also able to form mycelia, and comparative genomic analyses point to gene signatures (apparent gain or loss of certain genes) that are shared by members of this clade within the Halobacteriaceae. Genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of non-differentiating mutants suggest that a Cdc48-family ATPase might be involved in cellular differentiation in strain YIM 93972. Additionally, a gene encoding a putative oligopeptide transporter from YIM 93972 can restore the ability to form hyphae in a Streptomyces coelicolor mutant that carries a deletion in a homologous gene cluster (bldKA-bldKE), suggesting functional equivalence. We propose strain YIM 93972 as representative of a new species in a new genus within the family Halobacteriaceae, for which the name Actinoarchaeum halophilum gen. nov., sp. nov. is herewith proposed. Our demonstration of a complex life cycle in a group of haloarchaea adds a new dimension to our understanding of the biological diversity and environmental adaptation of archaea.

Steady State and Dynamic Oscillatory Shear Properties of Carbon Black Filled Elastomers

A correlation between the steady shear viscosity and complex dynamic viscosity of carbon black (CB) filled rubbers was found by evaluating the Cox-Merz rule and an alternative approach originally proposed by Philippoff for dilute polymer solutions, but since applied to amorphous polymers and concentrated suspensions. This was done by measuring the rheological properties of 16 industrially important rubber mixes containing CB N660 at concentrations of 20 and 35% by volume. A capillary rheometer at various shear rates and a dynamic oscillatory shear rheometer at small and large amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS and LAOS) were used. The apparent viscosity, storage and loss moduli, complex dynamic viscosity and Fourier transform harmonics were measured. Generally, the shear stress, storage and loss moduli increased with increasing CB loading. Also, the ratio of third and fifth stress harmonics to first harmonics increased with increasing strain amplitude and filler loading. Viscous Lissajous figures (shear stress versus shear rate) at a strain amplitude of 14% showed a nearly linear response for compounds containing CB at 20% by volume. All other shear stress responses demonstrated a strong nonlinearity. The stress waveforms at a strain amplitude of 140% for compounds containing 35% CB by volume displayed a backwards tilted shape expected for highly filled compounds. The stress waveforms at a strain amplitude of 1,000% tended toward a rectangular shape expected for pure polymer. Generally, the nonlinear response of the compounds appeared to be dominated by the filler at strain amplitudes of 14% and 140% and by the rubber matrix at a strain amplitude of 1,000%. The Cox-Merz rule was not applicable for any of the compounds with their complex dynamic viscosity being greater than the apparent viscosity. However, a modification of the approach proposed by Philippoff provided reasonable agreement between the apparent viscosity and complex dynamic viscosity.

Sub-resolution modeling of the apparent mass loss in quantitative broadband X-ray radiography

The quantitative impact of image blur on calculated object mass in X-ray radiography is explored. Radiographed object masses are initially estimated through experimental calibration and compared against their known true mass, with the deviation, or “apparent mass loss”. Apparent mass loss occurs due to the effect of spatial blur on X-ray transmission images that reduces the measured mass because while the image intensity is conserved with spatial blur, the nonlinear conversion to path length is not. A synthetic model is proposed where an object’s apparent mass loss is estimated through the amount of blur present within the radiograph image. The image blur is inferred through a combination of readily available image parameters related to the signal levels, object shape, and experimental extrinsics. A regularized regression model is built that correlates these blur parameters to the expected mass loss. The model is first trained on 2100 and tested on 140 synthetically created objects, and then later verified on two separate experimental setups of type 304 stainless steel objects imaged with a portable tube source at 150 kVp and type 6061 aluminum objects at 80 kVp. The proposed model allows for a simple post hoc reduction in errors of approximately 20% in object mass through X-ray radiography.

Facile Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of 2D Imine-Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks for Exceptional Iodine Capture.

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as auspicious porous adsorbents for radioiodine capture. However, their conventional solvothermal synthesis demands multiday synthetic times and anaerobic conditions, largely hampering their practical use. To tackle these challenges, we present a facile microwave-assisted synthesis of 2D imine-linked COFs, Mw-TFB-BD-X, (X = -CH3 and -OCH3) under air within just 1 h. The resultant COFs possessed higher crystallinity, better yields, and more uniform morphology than their solvothermal counterparts. Remarkably, Mw-TFB-BD-CH3 and Mw-TFB-BD-OCH3 exhibited exceptional iodine adsorption capacities of 7.83 g g-1 and 7.05 g g-1, respectively, placing them among the best-performing COF adsorbents for static iodine vapor capture. Moreover, Mw-TFB-BD-CH3 and Mw-TFB-BD-OCH3 can be reused 5 times with no apparent loss in the adsorption capacity. The exceptionally high iodine adsorption capacities and excellent reusability of COFs were mainly attributed to their uniform spherical morphology and enhanced chemical stability due to the in-built electron-donating groups, despite their low surface areas. This work establishes a benchmark for developing advanced iodine adsorbents that combine fast kinetics, high capacity, excellent reusability, and facile rapid synthesis, a set of appealing features that remain challenging to merge in COF adsorbents so far.

The solvent-free hydrogenation of butyl levulinate to γ-valerolactone and 1,4-pentanediol over skeletal Cu-Al-Zn catalyst

γ-valerolactone (GVL) is a sustainable chemical, which can be obtained by hydrogenation of levulinic acid (LA) and levulinate. Herein, we reported a solvent-free hydrogenation of butyl levulinate (BL) to GVL and 1,4-pentanediol (1,4-PDO) over a skeletal Cu-Al-Zn catalyst. The skeletal Cu-Al-Zn catalyst was prepared from Devarda's alloy by alkali leaching and the catalyst was characterized by different analysis methods. The aluminum in the Devarda's alloy was dissolved by sodium hydroxide in the leaching process and many active Cu atoms were generated on the catalyst surface and the skeletal Cu-Al-Zn exhibited many micrometer-scale irregular particles with rough surface. The skeletal Cu-Al-Zn catalyst showed the excellent performance in the solvent-free hydrogenation of BL to GVL under constant hydrogen pressure (5 wt% catalyst loading, 180°C, 6 MPa of H2, 6 h): the LA conversion was 100%, the GVL yield was 74.75% and the 1,4-PDO yield was 25.63%. Moreover, the catalyst showed stable performance and it was reusable up to 5 times without apparent loss of activity. A stable hydrogen pressure with Zn would suppressed the dehydration of 1,4-PDO.

PMMA nano-encapsulated phase change material colloids for heat management applications

Phase Change Materials (PCM) emulsions or micro-nano-encapsulated into organic and inorganic shells have attracted scientific interest for their potential to enhance the thermal capacity and the efficiency of heat transfer liquids. In this work, RT21HC, a commercial PCM with transition temperature at 21 °C, has been successfully nano-encapsulated into Poly(methyl-methacrylate) (PMMA) shells by an emulsion polymerization process after the selection of proper surfactant and synthesis parameters, in order to obtain complete encapsulation and stable colloidal dispersions. Water-based colloidal dispersions containing 10 wt% PCM were obtained and characterized from point of view of microstructure, colloidal stability, rheological properties, apparent heat capacity and thermal diffusivity, in order to show the potential of these colloidal dispersions as advanced heat management fluids. With the aim to mitigate the phenomenon of PCM crystallization supercooling that is caused by nano-confinement and is cause of apparent thermal capacity loss, the effect of incorporation into the nano-capsules of two fatty esters, two fatty alcohols and a fatty acid as nucleating agents, has also been studied.

Transformation of Physical Characteristics in Fired Clay Bricks by Adopting Waste-based Fluxing Agent

The current practices in the recent development of fired clay brick (FCB) by adopting waste materials have tremendously reduced the usage of the primary source of FCB, which is clay soil (CS). In this study, the main objective is to reduce the utilisation of CS as the main component in the FCB-making process. Other waste materials such as soda lime silica (SLS) glass bottles, and sea shells (SS) were also added into the precursor admixtures. The admixtures containing CS, SLS and SS were mixed according to the empirical formula of (1-x)[40SLS - 60CS]: x[SS] = 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 wt.%. A batch of 40 g mixture was prepared, and 21% water was added. The admixtures were mixed, moulded into a rectangular brick shape, and dried before the sintering process at 850 °C. The physical properties of the FCB were investigated as a function of the SS content in the form of apparent density, linear shrinkage, loss of ignition and plasticity. As a result, the apparent density and loss of ignition of the FCB increased from 1.91 gcm-3 to 2.31 gcm-3 and 10.60 % to 20.81%, respectively. The linear shrinkage and plasticity percentage decreased from 2.50% to 2.27% and 11.01% to 8.70% with an increase of SS content. This study has uncovered the above findings, and has demonstrated a promising discovery of the SS as a possible substitute in FCB.

Versatile performance edges of HBsAg Next assay in diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of HBV infection.

HBsAg Next assay (HBsAgNx) claims improved detection of HBsAg. The aim was to investigate its performance in ascertaining HBsAg loss, ability to detect HBsAg in various phases of HBV infection, specificity and its amenability to in-house neutralization. Analytical sensitivity was investigated using NIBSC standard (3rd WHO-IS). For clinical performance, out of 91,962 samples tested for HBsAg (Qual-II), 512 samples consisting of 170 cases with evidence of HBsAg loss during treatment (n=116) and without treatment (n=54), acute-hepatitis B (n=90) and acute exacerbation of chronic-hepatitis B (n=41), acute-hepatitis A (n=24) and acute-hepatitis E (n=9) positive, HIV-1 positive (n=20), non-HBV, HAV and HEV related acute-hepatitis (n=81) and HBsAg prozone (n=14) as well as in-house neutralization (n=63) were included. The calculated limit of detection (LOD) was 0.004IU/mL. Of the 170 patients with apparent HBsAg loss, 18/116 (15.5%) among treated and 15/54 (27.7%) with spontaneous clearance were positive in HBsAgNx (p<0.0001). Additionally, it detected HBsAg in 12/95 (12.6%) and 6/34 (17.6%) patients who were HBV DNA negative in treatment experienced and spontaneous clearance groups respectively (p<0.001). The specificity of HBsAgNx was comparable to HBsAg Qual-II. The signal-intensity of HBsAgNx was significantly higher than HBsAg Qual-II across various phases of HBV infection and prozone samples. HBsAgNx significantly enhanced the accuracy of HBsAg detection without compromising the specificity in ascertaining HBsAg loss. The performance was superior in various phases of HBV infection including samples that exhibited prozone effect. Furthermore, it is amenable to cost-effective in-house neutralization to confirm low HBsAg levels.

Microstrip antennas on 3D-printed magneto-dielectric substrates: fabrication and efficiency study

AbstractMagneto-dielectric antennas (MDAs) provide small sizes, enhanced bandwidths, and frequency/polarization agility. We describe the fabrication and efficiency characterization at 0.4–0.8 GHz of five microstrip MDAs, whose gradually thicker substrates were 3D-printed using an off-the-shelf polylactic acid (PLA) filament doped with ferromagnetic particles. It was experimentally discovered that efficiency increases monotonically from 12% (−9.2 dB) to 37% (−4.3 dB) as substrate thickness goes from 1.6 to 4.3 mm; the rate is faster than expected for microstrip antennas. Numerical analysis indicated that the apparent magnetic loss tangent of the MD substrate experiences a threefold decrease as the 3D printer deposits more layers of iron-doped PLA. The MDAs exhibit radiation quality factors that are 3.7–7.2 times better than the dielectric counterparts. Moreover, a simple optimization of ground plane size could increase efficiency to 55% (−2.6 dB). The reduction in magnetic loss is attributed to a reduction in eddy current loss due to the separation of agglomerate iron particles. Therefore, despite the inherently lossy material used, the potential of 3D-printed MD substrates in providing acceptable antenna efficiencies is demonstrated together with unprecedented design freedom and fabrication flexibility.

Experimental Study on the Influence of Snow-Melting Agents on Fiber-Reinforced Cemented Soil under Freezing-Thawing Cycles

To explore the effect of snow-melting agents on the glass fiber-reinforced cemented soil under freezing-thawing cycles, three widely used snow-melting agents, including potassium acetate, magnesium chloride, and sodium sulfate, were used in this article. The effects of snow-melting agent types on the apparent damage, mass loss, and mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced cemented soil under freezing-thawing cycles were analyzed through salt freezing and unconfined compressive strength tests. The results show that the snow-melting effect of potassium acetate is the best, the snow-melting effect of magnesium chloride is the second, and the snow-melting effect of sodium sulfate is the worst. Notably, as the number of freezing-thawing cycles increases, the strength of the test block decreases to varying degrees. After the fifth freezing-thawing cycle, the strength of the block without fiber decreased by 61.30%, 70.22%, and 81.58% in clear water, potassium acetate, and magnesium chloride solution, respectively, while the test block in sodium sulfate solution lost its bearing capacity. A series of studies proved that the snow-melting agent with sodium sulfate as the main component has the most apparent erosion effect on the cemented soil, followed by magnesium chloride, and the erosion effect of potassium acetate is the weakest. The incorporation of glass fiber can effectively improve the resistance of the cemented soil under the action of various salt solution erosion and freezing-thawing coupling and has a significant effect on slowing the development of surface cracks, improving peak strength, and reducing the mass loss rate. This research will provide theoretical support for the design of subgrade and the selection of snow-melting agents in cold areas.

Loss of interest for training in paediatric surgery in India.

Background Despite the sizeable Indian paediatric population, few students have opted for postdoctoral (Magister Chirurgiae [MCh]/Diplomate of the National Board of Examinations [DNB]) courses in the past decade. We analyse the apparent loss of interest for training in paediatric surgery in India and suggest remedies. Methods We did a combination of an online questionnaire-based survey and several interviews among students, teachers and practitioners of paediatric surgery. The results were collated and analysed. Results Information from 238 questionnaires, 35 interviews and 75 feedbacks were distilled. About 83% of respondents agreed to a definite loss of interest among students in paediatric surgery, largely because of poor exposure during undergraduate/postgraduate courses and absence of a department in medical colleges. The blanket increase in seats has led to vacancies. The low saleability of paediatric surgery is linked to high personnel and infrastructure investment, modest remunerative potential and poor insurance cover for patients. Besides increasing public awareness, strategic governmental patronage in postdoctoral training (e.g. establishing a department in medical colleges, moderating the number of seats, encouraging performing training centres and rationalizing the bond after the training course) and facilitation of patient care (e.g. insurance cover for congenital conditions and paediatric surgeon in neonatal care units in district hospitals) is suggested. Conclusions The loss of interest in paediatric surgery among medical trainees is real and urgently requires a multipronged strategy by the medical fraternity, professional organizations and regulatory bodies across government and non-governmental sectors to facilitate a revival and cater to the sick surgical child in the future.

Minimum night flow (MNF) and corrosion control in compliance with internet of things (IoT) for water systems

Abstract In the new world view, water is considered an economic-social commodity and a basic human need. This work aims to investigate the relationship between corrosion and changes in the minimum night flow (MNF) rate in water systems. Changes in MNF as a dependent variable are affected by changes in independent variables such as total unreported water loss, allowed night consumption, and network field leakage. First of all, the share of water loss due to network corrosion in total unreported water loss was investigated through a mathematical model and regression analysis according to Geography Information System (GIS). As a result, the p-value for pressure was .564. The Power function had a suitable correlation on the scatter diagram and best-fit curve which was used for Inflow to the water distribution network based on the regression model. The error of the consumers' meter and the correction of these errors were discussed in the apparent water loss section. The apparent water loss value was equal to 1.12% of produced water. This amount of apparent water loss showed the share of the actual water loss due to network corrosion from the total unreported water loss in the facilities.

Effect of High Pressure Homogenization-Modified Soy 11S Globulin on the Gel and Rheological Properties of Pork Myofibrillar Protein

The changes in texture and rheological characteristics, water holding capacity, and microstructure of pork myofibrillar protein with high-pressure homogenization-modified (0-150 MPa) soy 11S globulin were studied. The cooking yield, whiteness values, texture properties, shear stress, initial apparent viscosity, storage modulus (G'), and loss modulus (G″) of pork myofibrillar protein with high-pressure homogenization-modified soy 11S globulin were significantly increased (p < 0.05) compared with the sample of 0 MPa, and centrifugal yield was significantly decreased, except for the sample of 150 MPa. Therein, the sample of 100 MPa had the largest values. Meanwhile, the water and proteins bonded more tightly because the initial relaxation times of T2b, T21 and T22 from pork myofibrillar protein with high-pressure homogenization-modified soy 11S globulin were shorter (p < 0.05). Overall, the water-holding capacity, gel texture and structure, and rheological properties of pork myofibrillar protein could improve when adding soy 11S globulin treated with 100 MPa.

Effects of carboxymethyl cellulose on the emulsifying, gel and digestive properties of myofibrillar protein-soybean oil emulsion

Improving the qualities of vegetable oil replaced animal fat meat products is particularly fascinating for the development of healthy meat products. This work was designed to investigate the effects of different carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) concentrations (0.01 %, 0.05 %, 0.1 %, 0.2 %, and 0.5 %) on the emulsifying, gelation, and digestive properties of myofibrillar protein (MP)-soybean oil emulsions. The changes in MP emulsion characteristics, gelation properties, protein digestibility, and oil release rate were determined. Results demonstrated that CMC addition decreased the average droplet size and increased the apparent viscosity, storage modulus, and loss modulus of MP emulsions, and a 0.5 % CMC addition significantly increased the storage stability during 6 weeks. Lower CMC addition (0.01 % to 0.1 %) increased the hardness, chewiness, and gumminess of emulsion gel especially for the 0.1 % CMC addition, while higher CMC (0.5 %) content decreased the texture properties and water holding capacity of emulsion gels. The addition of CMC decreased protein digestibility during the gastric stage, and 0.01 % and 0.05 % CMC addition significantly decreased the free fatty acid release rate. In summary, the addition of CMC could improve the stability of MP emulsion and the texture properties of the emulsion gels, and decrease protein digestibility during the gastric stage.