Apparatus For Diagnosis Research Articles

Effect of tDCS combined with virtual reality for post-stroke cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial study protocol

BackgroundPost-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) not only increases patient mortality and disability, but also adversely affects motor function and the ability to perform routine daily activities. Current therapeutic approaches for, PSCI lack specificity, primarily relying on and medication and traditional cognitive therapy supplemented by a limited array of tools. Both transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and virtual reality (VR) training have demonstrated efficacy in improving cognitive performance among PSCI patients. Previous findings across various conditions suggest that implementing a therapeutic protocol combining tDCS and VR (tDCS - VR) may yield superior in isolation. Despite this, to our knowledge, no clinical investigation combining tDCS and VR for PSCI rehabilitation has been conducted. Thus, the purpose of this study is to explore the effects of tDCS - VR on PSCI rehabilitation.MethodsThis 4-week, single-center randomized clinical trial protocol will recruit 200 patients who were randomly assigned to one of four groups: Group A (tDCS + VR), Group B (tDCS + sham VR), Group C (sham tDCS + VR), Group D (sham tDCS + sham VR). All four groups will receive conventional cognitive rehabilitation training. The primary outcome measurement utilizes the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Secondary outcome measures include the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Frontal Assessment Battery, Clock Drawing Test, Digital Span Test, Logic Memory Test, and Modified Barthel Index. Additionally, S-YYZ-01 apparatus for diagnosis and treating language disorders assesses subjects’ speech function. Pre- and post-four-week intervention assessments are conducted for all outcome measures. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is employed to observe changes in oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO), deoxy-hemoglobin (HbR), and total hemoglobin (HbT) in the cerebral cortex.DiscussionOur hypothesis posits that the tDCS - VR therapy, in opposed to individual tDCS or VR interventions, could enhance cognitive function, speech ability and daily living skills in PSCI patients while concurrently augmenting frontal cortical activity. This randomized study aims to provide a robust theoretical foundation supported by scientific evidence for the practical implementation of the tDCS - VR combination as a secure and efficient PSCI rehabilitation approach.Trial registrationChictr.org.cn Identifier: ChiCTR2300070580. Registered on 17th April 2023.

Human Eye Aberrometry Data Generation Using Generative Adversarial Neural Network

It’s obvious that for development and improvement of methods and apparatus for diagnosis and treatment of optical flaws of human eye at the modelling stage, it’s necessary to have sets of real measurements. However, data requests to clinics are accompanied by substantial amount of bureaucracy procedures and, at the same time, acquired dataset may be too small, which can be critical, for example, for training of neural networks. According to the analysis of existing publications, publicly available datasets of aberrometry data (sets of eye’s refractive flaws) are rare and consist of relatively low number of measurements. But, due to current development state of neural networks, it is possible to generate data based on real measurements. The most common solutions are methods based on the usage of the Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN). This tendency is also relevant for the modern ophthalmology, but no publications aimed at aberrometry data synthesis were found. For this reason, objective of this work is development of solution for generation of sets of human eye’s refractive errors using neural networks. Proposed solution includes generator and critic networks trained according to the Wasserstein GAN with Gradient Penalty (WGAN GP) algorithm. In order to improve training, the method of data augmentation called Data Augmentation Optimized for GAN (DAG) was used, moreover, the possibility of augmentation of aberrometry data in two forms was implemented — for both Zernike coefficient vectors and wavefront pixel images. According to the result’s evaluation, generated data has the distribution close to the real sample (Fréchet distance equals 0.7) and, at the same time, it is neither a copy of real measurements (92% creativity rate) nor duplication of a few aberration sets (diversity metric equals 3.64 which is close to the optimal 3.83). The direction of further improvement includes enhancement of existing architectures of generator and critic, search or creation of bigger training dataset and refinement of data augmentation technics.

Automated Lung Semantic Segmentation on X-Ray Using Convolutional Models

Towards the culmination of 2019, an outburst of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic struck mankind, which was instigated due to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) which originally transpired from Wuhan City, China. Myriad of people have acceded to this disease. The effects of the pandemic have been more severe on the populous nations of the world. In India, although over 1.5 billion vaccinations have been provided to the inhabitants, as of 21 February 2022, the pandemic has barely diminished, as seen in Figure 1.1. While restrictions are being somewhat relaxed, the chances of the ominous ’4th wave’ materialises large. In such scenarios, it is of supreme importance to have apparatus for rapid testing and diagnosis of the disease, to expedite a much faster process. This paper will give an insight of a model that can efficiently and precisely predict the presence of COVID-19 by using a CT scan of the lungs.

Whispered Hearing Analyzer — a device for preventive examinations to detect early hearing loss

Introduction. The problem of hearing loss and deafness, due to the general prevalence of hearing loss in different age groups, is significant not only for medicine, but also for the social sphere of society. Nowadays, just as 40 years ago, preventive medical examinations and initial examinations by an otorhinolaryngologist use methods of testing hearing by means of whispered speech, which has its own characteristics for everyone. This leads to diagnostic errors and does not allow to detect hearing loss in its early stages. Purpose of the study—development of a whispered-speech apparatus for early express diagnosis of hearing loss, and study of the effectiveness of the developed apparatus. Materials and methods. The Department of Hygiene at the Izhevsk State Medical Academy, as part of the program "Umnic-2018" a whispered hearing analyzer — a device for early express diagnosis of hearing loss was developed. The device was tested on the basis of otorhinolaryngologist offices in Izhevsk and Tchaikovsky. The study group included 53 patients aged 19 to 76. As part of the testing of the device, the subjects underwent whispered speech hearing tests using acumetric Voyacek word tables; express diagnostics of the hearing level with the whispered hearing analyzer and tonal threshold audiometry using the ITERA II diagnostic audiometer (Otometrics, Denmark). Results. As a result of the testing of the developed device, we found that the use of the whispered hearing analyzer allows you to reduce the time of examination and increase its diagnostic efficiency compared to conventional methods of hearing level examination at medical check-ups. Discussion. The Whispering Hearing Analyzer is designed to quickly and accurately detect hearing loss during medical examinations. The results obtained with this instrument can only tell you that you have a hearing loss, but it is not possible to make a diagnosis. Conclusion. The problem of disabling hearing loss can be solved through preventive measures, one of which is the developed device for early express diagnosis of hearing loss. The use of this device eliminates the occurrence of diagnostic errors associated with the researcher's speech characteristics, thereby making it possible to detect hearing loss at an early stage.

Revealing Hidden Features in Multilayered Artworks by Means of an Epi-Illumination Photoacoustic Imaging System.

Photoacoustic imaging is a novel, rapidly expanding technique, which has recently found several applications in artwork diagnostics, including the uncovering of hidden layers in paintings and multilayered documents, as well as the thickness measurement of optically turbid paint layers with high accuracy. However, thus far, all the presented photoacoustic-based imaging technologies dedicated to such measurements have been strictly limited to thin objects due to the detection of signals in transmission geometry. Unavoidably, this issue restricts seriously the applicability of the imaging method, hindering investigations over a wide range of cultural heritage objects with diverse geometrical and structural features. Here, we present an epi-illumination photoacoustic apparatus for diagnosis in heritage science, which integrates laser excitation and respective signal detection on one side, aiming to provide universal information in objects of arbitrary thickness and shape. To evaluate the capabilities of the developed system, we imaged thickly painted mock-ups, in an attempt to reveal hidden graphite layers covered by various optically turbid paints, and compared the measurements with standard near-infrared (NIR) imaging. The obtained results prove that photoacoustic signals reveal underlying sketches with up to 8 times improved contrast, thus paving the way for more relevant applications in the field.

Design and Testing of an Active Light Source Apparatus for Crop Growth Monitoring and Diagnosis

Portable spectrometers can extract crop growth information in a non-destructive, rapid, and efficient way. However, most existing instruments can only be used to collect spectral reflectance and calculate vegetation indices. They are costly and lack crop spectral monitoring models and diagnosis models; therefore, crop growth information cannot be directly output from these instruments. In this paper, an active light source apparatus for crop growth monitoring and diagnosis (CGMD) was developed based on the canopy shape characteristics and spectral monitoring mechanisms of row-cultivated crops. A modulated light source was used in this apparatus to effectively eliminate the interference of ambient light. At the same time, a high-pass filter was used in the apparatus to extract the canopy reflectance spectral information, which improves the signa-noise ratio. Crop canopy vegetation indexes-the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the ratio vegetation index (RVI)-and crop growth parameters-leaf area index (LAI), leaf dry weight (LDW), leaf nitrogen accumulation (LNA), and leaf nitrogen content (LNC)-were obtained in real time. The ambient light influence test and the comparison test of different test heights of the CGMD apparatus show that it has high test stability and can effectively overcome ambient light interference within the standard test height range. The rice and wheat experimental results demonstrated that the test results of the CGMD apparatus and the commercial Analytical Spectral Devices field spectrometer (Malvern Panalytical, Malvern, Worcs, UK) were consistent. Comparing the vegetation indexes and agronomic parameters obtained from the chemical analysis, the CGMD apparatus has a good predictive ability for LAI, LDW, LNC, and LNA.

Apparatus for Online Continuous Diagnosis of Induction Motors Based on the SFRA Technique

The induction motor is used the most in industrial applications. In these areas, motor faults can involve several issues concerning health, safety, and process down time, in addition to the bare cost of the machinery itself. Induction motors may have different types of faults, mainly in the stator windings. These often begin as simple turn-to-turn failures, which can then lead to worst phase-to-phase or phase-to-ground failures. In the complex scenario of diagnostic techniques available today, the sweep frequency response analysis (SFRA) has recently emerged as a promising approach for the characterization of rotating electrical machines. In this article, a PC-based, low-cost test system that implements the SFRA technique is proposed, to verify its applicability for the continuous online diagnostic of induction motors. The system performances have been experimentally evaluated, by testing two 5.5-kW induction motors, with two-and four-poles. Both the heating test at constant mechanical load and the test at thermal equilibrium with variable loads have been investigated. The positive results obtained seem to confirm the applicability of the proposed system for the online diagnosis of asynchronous motors.

An Innovative Ultrasonic Apparatus and Technology for Diagnosis of Freeze-Drying Process.

The freeze-drying process removes water from a product through freezing, sublimation and desorption procedures. However, the extreme conditions of the freeze-drying environment, such as the limited space, vacuum and freezing temperatures of as much as −50 °C, may block the ability to use certain diagnostic sensors. In this paper, an ultrasonic transducer (UT) is integrated onto the bottom of a specially designed frozen bottle for the purpose of observing the freeze-drying process of water at varying amounts. The temperatures and visual observations made with a camera are then compared with the corresponding ultrasonic signatures. Among all of the diagnostic tools and technologies available, only ultrasonic and visual records are able to analyze the entire progression of the freeze-drying process of water. Compared with typical experiment settings, the indication of drying point for water by the amplitude variations of ultrasonic L3 echo could reduce the process period and energy consumption. This study demonstrates how an innovative frozen bottle, an integrated ultrasonic sensor and diagnostic methods used to measure and optimize the freeze-drying process of water can save energy.

MAD2 Combined with Mitotic Spindle Apparatus (MSA) and Anticentromere Antibody (ACA) for Diagnosis of Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC).

BackgroundMAD2 is the gene controlling mitosis. Many studies have assessed MAD2 in various types of carcinoma. Antinuclear mitotic spindle apparatus antibody (MSA) and anticentromere antibody (ACA) are related mitotic antibodies, playing roles in autoimmune diseases and carcinomas, but the expression of MAD2, MSA, and ACA in SCLC is unclear.Material/MethodsWe enrolled 70 SCLC patients, 72 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, and 65 pulmonary nodule (PN) patients. MAD2 expression was measured through agarose electrophoresis and qt-PCR. Antinuclear mitotic spindle apparatus antibody (MSA) and anticentromere antibody (ACA) were detected by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF).ResultsMAD2 was found both in SCLC and NSCLC. Interestingly, there was a significant difference found between SCLC and NSCLC using qt-PCR (P<0.05). The area under the ROC curve of MAD2 expression was 0.799, with medium diagnostic value. MAD2 expression was related to age, lymphatic metastasis, and survival time, but not with sex. The positivity for MSA and ACA by IIF assay were 37.20% and 34.00%, respectively, in the SCLC group, which were higher than in the NSCLC and pulmonary nodule groups (P<0.05). The kappa values of MSA and ACA with MAD2 expression were 0.73 and 0.65, respectively, with moderate consistency. Combining MAD2 with MSA and ACA enhanced the sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing SCLC.ConclusionsMAD2 expression was found to be involved in carcinogenesis and prognosis of SCLC. The combination of MAD2 with MSA and ACA is useful for early diagnosis and shows promise in treatment of SCLC.

Development of an Apparatus for Crop-Growth Monitoring and Diagnosis.

To non-destructively acquire leaf nitrogen content (LNC), leaf nitrogen accumulation (LNA), leaf area index (LAI), and leaf dry weight (LDW) data at high speed and low cost, a portable apparatus for crop-growth monitoring and diagnosis (CGMD) was developed according to the spectral monitoring mechanisms of crop growth. According to the canopy characteristics of crops and actual requirements of field operation environments, splitting light beams by using an optical filter and proper structural parameters were determined for the sensors. Meanwhile, an integral-type weak optoelectronic signal processing circuit was designed, which changed the gain of the system and guaranteed the high resolution of the apparatus by automatically adjusting the integration period based on the irradiance received from ambient light. In addition, a coupling processor system for a sensor information and growth model based on the microcontroller chip was developed. Field experiments showed that normalised vegetation index (NDVI) measured separately through the CGMD apparatus and the ASD spectrometer showed a good linear correlation. For measurements of canopy reflectance spectra of rice and wheat, their linear determination coefficients (R2) were 0.95 and 0.92, respectively while the root mean square errors (RMSEs) were 0.02 and 0.03, respectively. NDVI value measured by using the CGMD apparatus and growth indices of rice and wheat exhibited a linear relationship. For the monitoring models for LNC, LNA, LAI, and LDW of rice based on linear fitting of NDVI, R2 were 0.64, 0.67, 0.63 and 0.70, and RMSEs were 0.31, 2.29, 1.15 and 0.05, respectively. In addition, R2 of the models for monitoring LNC, LNA, LAI, and LDW of wheat on the basis of linear fitting of NDVI were 0.82, 0.71, 0.72 and 0.70, and RMSEs were 0.26, 2.30, 1.43, and 0.05, respectively.

An innovative method to evaluate the severe level of general Qi deficiency

OBJECTIVEThe study aim was to use existing relevant indexes to establish an index series for the quantitative measurement of Qi deficiency pattern (QDP) in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). METHODSSeventeen indexes of arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2), TCM pulse diagnosis, heart rate, and blood pressure were integrated into an index series, and 94 selected subjects were divided into a healthy control group, a mild QDP group, and a typical QDP group. All three groups were then synchronously given a breath-holding (BH) test and index detections using TCM apparatus for auxiliary diagnosis and treatment and a photoplethysmograph. The detections were carried out repeatedly until there was no monotonic change in the value of the minimal SaO2 during a BH measurement (SaO2MIN) or in the duration of BH during a BH measurement (TBH). RESULTSBH measurement and index detection data from 380 eligible cases were analyzed and a significant intergroup difference was found for 12 indexes. CONCLUSIONAn index series for quantitative QDP measurement could comprise the 12 effective indexes: RSaO2d (rate of decline of SaO2 during a BH measurement), RSaO2r (recovery rate of SaO2 after a BH measurement), SaO2min, BFV (blood flow velocity), TSaO2d (the time at which SaO2 started declining during a BH measurement), TBH, TSaO2min (the time of occurrence of the minimal SaO2 during a BH measurement), TSaO2max (the time of occurrence of the maximal SaO2 after a BH measurement), PTP (pulse-touching pressure), SBP (systolic blood pressure), PWV (pulse wave velocity), and DBP (diastolic blood pressure). Of the indexes, RSaO2d could play a key role in quantitative QDP measurement; RSaO2r and SaO2min could be used to differentiate the QDP symptom of shortness of breath and as early-warning indexes for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. BFV, TSaO2d, and TBH could be used to quantitatively assess the QDP symptoms of spontaneous perspiration and shortness of breath.

Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis Using Enzyme‐Sensitive Ratiometric Fluorescence Dye and Antibody–Quantum Dot Conjugates for Multiplexed Detection

AbstractA rapid and accurate molecular fluorescence imaging technique will greatly reduce cancer mortality by overcoming the detection limit of the naked eye in colonoscopy. Two imaging probes are reported that can be co‐used for colonoscopic diagnosis: a fluorescent molecular probe, cresyl violet–glutamic acid derivative, that ratiometrically switches between two fluorescent colors in response to the enzyme activity of λ‐glutamyltranspeptidase and an antibody quantum dot probe that is a conjugate of biocompatible AgInS2 quantum dot with matrix metalloproteinase 14 antibodies. Validity of the probes is confirmed using human colon cancer cell lines, ex vivo mouse model tissues, and patient tumor colon tissues in which the tumor lesions are well‐visualized in less than five minutes. Co‐application of the two probes onto fresh colon tissues affords accurate visualization of carcinomas and also hyperplasia and adenoma regions. Fresh human colon adenoma tissues are also valuated, where the two probes show complementary diagnoses of cancer. Two‐photon microscopy shows the time‐dependent depth profiles of the two probes. Both rapidly permeate and populate most at 10–20 µm from the surface. Extensive toxicity studies are performed for the two probes at cellular level and also at the organ level using a small animal model.

画像処理を用いた非侵襲的眼球運動計測装置の試作とサッケード評価への適用

In present psychiatric diagnosis, an interview by the psychiatrist is mainly adopted, which highly depends on knowledge and experience of the psychiatrist. Therefore, objective and quantitative psychiatric diagnosis is required. In this paper, non-invasive eye movement measurement apparatus for psychiatric diagnosis is investigated. The apparatus has an eye movement measurement function using image processing and target motion control function on monitor as a stimulus. Moreover, number of saccade occurrences is extracted from the measurement data of image processing by using the eye movement measurement system. The proposed system is applied both to healthy subjects and schizophrenic patients, and the results show the effectiveness of the proposed system.

外装タイル剥離診断装置の開発に関する基礎研究

Exterior tile cladding can suffer debonding or adhesive failures as it ages. Failures that lead to cladding tiles falling from the building are highly dangerous for people passing beneath, and consequently it is vital to be able to identify debonding defects at an early stage to prevent tiles falling. This study was performed to develop high-precision apparatus for the efficient debonding detection of debonding. This paper presents the results of investigations into detection methods using impact acoustics. Initially, eight exterior-tile wall specimens were prepared with artificially debonded areas. The type of tiles, bonding materials, debonding interface and debonding depth were different for each sample. Percussion tests were carried out by three professional testers, and diagnostic tests were also performed using two types of existing debonding detecting apparatuses. The professional testers had an error rate of up to 40% in differentiating between bonded and debonded areas, while the error rate using the detecting apparatuses was up to 20 percent. These results reveal the effectiveness of using debonding detecting apparatus, but also the need for clear criteria for the apparatus, as well as the need to improve accuracy of the apparatus for objective and accurate diagnosis of debonding, Next, a prototype apparatus which has a highly efficient impact mechanism with a solenoid actuator and a microphone was manufactured. The apparatus was then used to examine suitable analysis methods, using impact acoustics, for detecting debonding and effective method for predicting depth of the debonding. As a result, relative maximum amplitude derived from impact sound waveform detected debonding areas correctly. In addition, the interval between the first and the second peaks of the recorded impact sound waveform showed the possibility of predicting debonding depth properly. Further research will be continued in order to establish more effective and accurate parameters and their criteria.

Clinical application of a 3-dimensional morphometric apparatus for diagnosis and treatment of a Class III patient with facial asymmetry: A pilot study

This article demonstrated the usefulness of a non-contact 3-dimensional (3D) morphometric apparatus in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment evaluation. A female patient, 23 years 6 months of age, had a Class III malocclusion with mandibular deviation. The 3D images taken by a 3D morphometric apparatus figured out her protrusive chin of 6mm on the deviation side compared to the non-deviation side, and showed a possibility of orthognathic surgery. Before starting of orthodontic treatment, a diagnostic splint was used for 2 months to determine her proper mandibular position. The 3D images retaken for quantitative evaluation showed decrease of the mandibular protrusion by approximately 3mm, and improvement of facial asymmetry. Then, we decided to treat the patient without orthognathic surgery. After 18 months of active orthodontic treatment with miniscrew anchorage, the mandibular deviation was improved and an acceptable occlusion was achieved. The 3D images at posttreatment demonstrated significant decrease of chin protrusion on the deviation side, and improvement of facial asymmetry. In conclusion, a 3D morphometric apparatus could provide quantitative data of facial asymmetry and chin protrusion and contributed decision making process of treatment planning in a patient with facial asymmetry.

Highly sensitive and selective polyaniline thin-film sensors for detecting SF6 decomposition products at room temperature

Gas sensors for detecting SF6 decomposition products under partial discharge have been considered as an effective and low-cost apparatus for electrical insulation diagnosis of gas-insulated switchgear. A new gas sensor was developed using polyaniline (PANI) conducting polymers. HCl-doped PANI was successfully synthesized via in situ chemical oxidation polymerization. The formation, structure, and morphology of PANI were analyzed with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and field emission scanning electron microscopy, respectively. PANI thin films were deposited onto the substrates by drop coating. Their gas-sensing properties to H2S, SO2, SOF2, and SO2F2 were measured. The PANI sensors showed excellent sensitivity of −58% to a low concentration (10ppm) of H2S. The plausible response and recovery mechanism of PANI thin-film sensors were also discussed.

Прегравидарная подготовка: современные аспекты и новые технологии диагностики и лечения на основе лазерной рамановской спектроскопии и фотоиммунной терапии

A unique high-performance, unparalleled integrated medical technology (methods and apparatus) for laser Raman spectral diagnosis and simultaneous treatment of inflammatory and degenerative and hormone-dependent diseases of the reproductive system in women on the basis of their physico-chemical has been developed. Precise and informative on-line diagnostics (screening and monitoring) of metabolic and morphometric characteristics of inflammatory diseases and cancer of female genital mutilation is comparable with the data of histological studies by 80%. Diagnostics takes less time when compared with conventional studies (biopsies) by almost 200 times (diagnosis using laser Raman spectrography - 1-2 min, the biopsy - 8-10 days). For the first time pregnancy in women with prolonged infertility (over 5 years) and having from 2 to 12 unsuccessful programs of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer in 36-40% of cases comes.

Design and experiments of portable apparatus for plant growthmonitoring and diagnosis

Design and experiments of portable apparatus for plant growthmonitoring and diagnosis

Method and Apparatus for Fault Diagnosis of Automobile Brake System Using Vibration Signals

Method and Apparatus for Fault Diagnosis of Automobile Brake System Using Vibration Signals

An apparatus for diagnosis of ossicular chain mobility in humans

Confirmation of the conditions of the ossicles is essential for tympanoplasty. However, at present, ossicular mobility is experimentally estimated with palpation by a surgeon, and the results depend on the surgeon's skill. In this study, a new apparatus for quantitatively measuring ossicular mobility was developed. With this apparatus, the ossicles were displaced and the reaction force from the ossicles, (i.e. the load applied to the ossicles) was simultaneously detected. Ossicular mobility of three patients with otosclerosis or chronic otitis media was measured to evaluate the usability of the apparatus. The apparatus can distinguish the differences in ossicular mobility between normal and fixed ossicles, and it makes estimating the change of mobility between pre- and post-treatments for ossicular fixation possible. Positive correlation was seen between ossicular mobility and hearing level.SumarioLa confirmación de la movilidad osicular es esencial para la timpanoplastia; sin embargo, actualmente se estima experimentalmente por medio de palpación por parte del cirujano y el resultado depende de la destreza del mismo. En este estudio se desarrolló un nuevo aparato para medir cuantitativamente la movilidad osicular. Con este aparato, los huesecillos son desplazados y su fuerza de reacción, p.e. la carga que se les aplica, es detectada simultáneamente. Se midió la movilidad osicular de tres pacientes con otoesclerosis u otitis media crónica para evaluar la utilidad del aparato. El aparato puede distinguir entre movilidad normal o huesecillos fijos, y da un estimado de cambio de movilidad pre y post-tratamiento. Se observó una correlación positiva entre la movilidad osicular y el nivel de audición.