Apigenin Content Research Articles

Flavonoids from duckweeds: potential applications in the human diet.

Duckweeds are the smallest free-floating flowering aquatic plants. Their biotechnological applications include their use as food, bioenergy, and environmental sustainability, as they can help clean polluted water. The high growth capacity and their chemical properties make them suitable for human health applications. Here we evaluated the ethanolic extracts from five species of duckweeds by HPLC-DAD/MS-MS for chemical characterization. Sixteen compounds were identified and quantified, in which three were chlorogenic acid derivatives and eleven apigenin and luteolin derivatives. We describe for the first time the presence in duckweeds of 5-O-(E)-caffeoylquinic acid (1), 3-O-(E)-coumaroylquinic acid (2), luteolin-7-O-glucoside-C-glucoside (3), 4-O-(E)-coumaroylquinic acid (4), luteolin-6-C-glucoside-8-C-rhamnoside (5), and luteolin-8-C-glucoside-6-C-rhamnoside (6). The flavonoids diversity showed a significant content of luteolin and its derivatives, except for Landoltia punctata that had significant apigenin content. Flavones identified in duckweeds were mostly C-glycosides, which can benefit human diets, and its abundance seems to be related to the higher antioxidant and anticancer capacities of Wolffiella caudata, Wolffia borealis, and Landoltia punctata. Our findings reinforce the idea that duckweeds could be valuable additives to the human diet, and their potential should be further explored.

Deficit irrigation during the oil synthesis period affects olive oil quality in high-density orchards (cv. Arbequina)

The effect of 4 irrigation doses during the oil synthesis (from the end of August until harvest) on virgin olive oil quality was evaluated in high-density orchards of the cv. Arbequina. The control treatment (T1) kept a humidity bulb close to the field capacity. Three deficit irrigation treatments (T2, T3 and T4) were applied during oil synthesis, providing 68, 40, and 17 % of T1, respectively. The olive fruits were harvested and their oil was extracted and analyzed. Plant water status (Ψstem), oil production, fruit characteristics and fruit temperature were measured. During 2012 mild water stress was produced in a less irrigated treatment T4 (mean Ψstem -2.39 MPa) and deficit irrigation did not affect most of the oil quality parameters. However, in 2013 a higher stress was observed in T4 (-4.76 MPa) and the oil showed higher values for K232, K270, carotenoids, chlorophylls, α-Tocopherols, β-Tocopherols, total tocopherols, palmitoleic acid, estearic acid, and linoleic acid, but lower oil stability than T1. In 2013 hydroxytyrosol, vanillic acid, acetoxypinoresinol, ferulic acid, luteolin and apigenin contents were higher under low stress treatment, producing oil fruitier and more pungent. The total phenol content was the most sensitive oil parameter to water stress and in both years it was significantly higher in the most irrigated treatments. Increasing stress conditions (lower Ψstem) coincided with lower values for oleic, phenols and oxidative stability. However, this stress induced higher vitamin contents (A, E and F). Considering that ‘Arbequina’ oil is characterized by low values for total phenol, oleic acid and oxidative stability, high tree hydration (>-2.21 MPa) should be maintained during oil synthesis for maximum oil production, oxidative stability, oleic acid and high phenol content.

Identification and evaluation of Citrus grandis based on DNA barcode,UPLC and chromaticity method

In order to identify the source of Citrus grandis and evaluate its quality originate from two areas comprehensively,DNA barcode was used to identify 26 samples of C. grandis. The content of naringin,rhoifolin,naringenin and apigenin was determined by UPLC method,and the color difference was numerically studied by color difference analyzer,which was related to the effective components of C. grandis. The results showed that samples was the source of C. grandis in both regions. The ITS2 sequence length was about400-500 bp,and the sequence similarity reached 99. 82%. There was only one base deletion in the two groups. There was one base A in some medicinal materials of Guangdong at 330 bp,but no base in Chongqing. The contents of naringin and rhoifolin in Chongqing samples were higher than those in Guangdong samples,and there were statistical differences between naringenin and apigenin. The chroma value showed that L*value of Guangdong was larger,a*value was smaller,L*value of Chongqing was smaller,and a*value was larger,while the b*value of both was not significantly different; The results of correlation analysis showed that naringin,rhoifolin,naringenin were positively correlated with L*,b*value,negatively correlated with a*value,and apigenin had no correlation with L*,a*,b*value. In this study,the scientific identification and evaluation of C. grandis was carried out to provide a new idea for the further study of the rapid identification and evaluation of C. grandis.

Correlation between color of Scutellariae Radix pieces and content of five flavonoids after softening and cutting by different methods

Scutellariae Radix is one of the commonly used heat-clearing and damp-drying drugs in clinical practice. Establishment of the quality evaluation system for Scutellariae Radix is of great significance to ensure safety and effectiveness of clinical drug use.Scutellariae Radix pieces were prepared under different processing conditions with 3 softening methods: boiling,atmospheric steaming and pressurized steaming. High performance liquid chromatography( HPLC) method was used to determine the content of five flavonoids in Scutellariae Radix,and L*,a*,b*values representing color chromaticity of Scutellariae Radix powder were measured by colorimeter,then total color value E*was calculated. Simple correlation and canonical correlation analysis was used to explore the correlation between color of Scutellariae Radix powder and content of five flavonoids. The results showed that the contents of baicalin and wogonoside were significantly positively correlated with L*,b*and E*values,but negatively correlated with a*value. The contents of wogonin,apigenin,and melaleuca A were positively correlated with a*value,but negatively correlated with L*,b*,and E*values( P<0. 01). There was a significant negative correlation between the content of flavonoid glycosides and flavonoid aglycones( P<0. 01).All of these indicated that the color of Scutellariae Radix powder was significantly correlated with content of five flavonoids. The experiment results proved that when color difference between Huangqin pieces and medicinal materials was kept at ΔL*<6,Δb*<3,ΔE*<6,the total amount of the two glycosides in the pieces was about ±1. 5% of the medicinal materials; in this case,the total amount of the two glycosides was relatively high and stable,indicating that the color of Huangqin decoction pieces is a concrete manifestation of its intrinsic quality,and the chromaticity value detected by colorimeter can be used as a means to quickly evaluate the quality of Scutellariae Radix pieces. The results provide a new detection index for the characteristic quality evaluation system of Scutellariae Radix pieces.

Autofermentation of Chamomile Ligulate Flowers Promote Antitumor Effects in vitro

In the frame of this paper, the enzyme-assisted hydrolysis coupled with ultrasound and Soxhlet extraction was applied in order to get extracts of chamomile ligulate flowers (CLF). Obtained extracts were characterized in terms to their apigenin and apigenin glucoside composition, as well as antiproliferative potential against tumour cells. Antioxidant activity was determined by two different assays based on different mechanisms showing that autofermented extracts have higher reduction potential. Autofermented extracts prepared by ultrasound and Soxhlet extraction had a stronger impact on the treated carcinoma (HeLa and NCI-H358) and leukemia (K562) cells' growth reduction in comparison to the native extracts, 30-35% greater inhibition at the lowest concentration (0.01 mg/mL), in two observed time points (48 and 72 h). Leukemia cells are more sensitive to all tested extracts. The autofermented CLF extracts with highest antiproliferative efficacy induced morphological changes and apoptosis in the HeLa cells. Obtained results clearly showed that the combination of enzymatic hydrolysis with cavitation phenomenon results in extracts with higher apigenin content and increased biological potential.

Phenolic composition, antioxidant and antibacterial properties, and in vitro anti-HepG2 cell activities of wild apricot (Armeniaca Sibirica L. Lam) kernel skins

The polyphenols profiles of the methanol extracts of bitter apricot [Armeniaca Sibirica (L.)] kernel skins (AKS) were analysed by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The antioxidan, anticancer effect on HepG2 cell and antibacterial properties of the AKS polyphenol extracts were further characterized in vitro. Polyphenol compounds (35), including nine phenolic acids, thirteen anthocyanins and thirteen flavonoids, were identified in AKS for the first time. The content of apigenin 7-O-glucoside, (cyanidin 3-(4″-acetylrutinoside), 3- (6″-acetylglucoside)-5-glucoside and salicylic acid was relatively high than the others. The AKS polyphenols strongly reduced Fe3+ and exhibited good scavenging activity towards 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) free radicals, 1,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radicals, hydroxyl radicals, superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide. The AKS polyphenols could regulate oxidant stress in HepG2 cells by downregulating reduced glutathione, upregulating oxidative glutathione, malondialdehyde and advanced oxidation protein products, and reduced cell viability to induce apoptosis of HepG2 cells in vitro. The AKS polyphenols showed strong antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Acetobacter aceti and Bacillus cereus. Therefore, the antioxidant, inhibitory effect on HepG2 cells and antimicrobial activity of the AKS polyphenols were distinct and worthy of further consideration for medical industry applications.

Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activities of Two Different Color Chrysanthemum Flower Teas.

Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat is a perennial flowering plant widely cultivated for use in a tea infusion and as a popular beverage. To identify and evaluate the tea infusion made with a γ-irradiated mutant chrysanthemum cultivar with dark purple petals (cv. ARTI-Dark Chocolate), its phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity were tested and compared with those of the commercially available chrysanthemum cultivar with yellow petals (cv. Gamguk) by HPLC-DAD-ESIMS, as well as DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays. The purple chrysanthemum tea contained anthocyanins and linarin, which were not detected in the yellow chrysanthemum tea and the content of chlorogenic acid, acacetin-7-O-β-glucoside, and luteolin was higher compared with the yellow chrysanthemum tea. In contrast, the yellow chrysanthemum tea had higher luteolin-7-O-β-glucoside, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, apigenin-7-O-β-glucoside, and apigenin contents in comparison with the purple chrysanthemum tea. In addition, the content and antioxidant activity of the two chrysanthemum teas were investigated according to different water temperatures and infusing time. The yellow chrysanthemum tea did not show any significant differences according to infusing time and temperature, while the purple chrysanthemum tea was more influenced by the infusing time than water temperature, showing the highest total compound content in the infusing condition of 100 °C and 4 min. Moreover, the floral scent volatiles of the two chrysanthemum tea sources were analyzed using HS-SPME-GC-MS. In the DPPH radical scavenging assay, the purple chrysanthemum tea broadly showed greater antioxidant activity than did the yellow chrysanthemum tea, corresponding to the high content of anthocyanins known as the powerful antioxidant. Further, both chrysanthemum flower teas exhibited strong ABTS radical scavenging effects ranging from 76% to 61% under all infusing conditions. Therefore, the purple chrysanthemum cultivar, ARTI-Dark Chocolate, is worthy of breeding as a new tea cultivar.

Evaluation of secondary metabolites and antioxidant activity in Dracocephalum polychaetum Bornm. cell suspension culture under magnetite nanoparticles and static magnetic field elicitation

Suspension-cultured Dracocephlum polychaetum Bornm. is a wild medicinal herb native to Iran, treated with a static magnetic field (SMF) and Fe2O3 magnetic nanoparticles (MNP). The effect of SMF (30 mT), Fe2O3 MNP (100 ppm) and the combination of these treatments on phenolic metabolism and the medicinal compounds were examined by high performance liquid chromatography and UV–Vis spectrophotometer. The activity of polyphenol oxidase and phenylalanine ammonialyase, as well as the content of total phenolics, flavonoid, anthocyanins, lignin and malondialdehyde in all treated cells, showed a significant difference with control. The intracellular content of rosmarinic acid, naringin, apigenin, thymol, carvacrol, quercetin and rutin, in all treated cells increased considerably. Their quantities also increased significantly in the treated cell culture media. These results suggest this increase is due to the increased production and secretion of the medicinal compounds from cells to the culture media upon application of SMF and Fe2O3 MNP.

Flavonoid Productivity Optimized for Green and Red Forms of Perilla frutescens via Environmental Control Technologies in Plant Factory

Perilla frutescens (Lamiaceae) is a dietary staple in Asia. It is an abundant source of flavonoids that are bioactively beneficial to human health and fitness. The current popularity of plant-based consumption is being driven by the healthful benefits of bioactive nutrition, and the concentration of bioactive agents found in raw plant materials is an important factor in the assessment of food quality. To test the feasibility of promoting flavonoid productivity in perilla plants via environmental treatment, plant factory technology was applied to perilla plant cultivation. Apigenin (AG) and luteolin (LT) are two of the most potent anticarcinogenic flavonoids in perilla, and these are also found in many vegetables and fruits. Quantitative analysis of AG and LT was conducted on plants cultivated under nine environmental forms of treatment imposed by three levels of light intensity (100, 200, and 300 µmol·m−2·s−1) combined with three levels of nutrient-solution concentration (1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 dS·m−1) for hydroculture. The contents of AG in green and red perilla plant were increased by high nutrient-solution levels under the same light intensity. In green perilla, the highest concentration of AG (8.50 µg·g−1) was obtained under treatment of the highest level of nutrient-solution (3.0 dS·m−1) and 200 µmol·m−2·s−1 of light intensity, whereas in red perilla, the highest concentration of AG (6.38 µg·g−1) was achieved from the highest levels of both of these forms of treatment (300 µmol·m−2·s−1 and 3.0 dS·m−1). The increase in AG content per plant between the lowest and the highest levels was recorded by 6.4-fold and 8.6-fold in green and red perilla, respectively. The behavior of LT concentration differed between green and red forms of perilla. LT concentration in red perilla was enhanced under nutrient deficiency (1.0 dS·m−1) and affected by light intensity. Different responses were observed in the accumulations of AG and LT in red and green perilla during treatments, and this phenomenon was discussed in terms of biosynthetic pathways that involve the expressions of phenylpropanoids and anthocyanins. The total yield of flavonoids (AG and LT) was improved with the optimization of those forms of treatment, with the best total yields: 33.9 mg·plant−1 in green Perilla; 10.0 mg·plant−1 in red perilla, and a 4.9-fold and a 5.4-fold increase was recorded in green and red perilla, respectively. This study revealed that flavone biosynthesis and accumulation in perilla plants could be optimized via environmental control technologies, and this approach could be applicable to leafy vegetables with bioactive nutrition to produce a stable industrial supply of high flavonoid content.

Adsorption/desorption characteristics and enrichment of quercetin, luteolin and apigenin from Flos populi using macroporous resin

In this study, the adsorption/desorption characteristics of quercetin, luteolin and apigenin from Flos populi extract (Populus tomentosa Carrière, Salicaceae) on twelve macroporous resins (NKA-9, HPD-600, HPD-826, HPD-750, HPD-400, DM-130, AB-8, SP-825, X-5, D-101, HPD-100, HPD-200) were evaluated. Both high adsorption and desorption capacities of quercetin, luteolin and apigenin from Flos populi extract on SP-825 resin indicated that SP-825 resin was appropriate and its data were well fitted to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. To get the optimal separation process, the influences of factors such as flow rates, loading sample volumes, concentrations of desorption solution were further investigated. Column packed with SP-825 resin was used to perform dynamic adsorption and desorption experiments. After one round of treatment, the contents of quercetin, luteolin and apigenin in the final products were 3.75-fold, 3.67-fold and 3.54-fold increased with recovery yields of 87.25, 85.19 and 82.22%, respectively. The results showed that the preparative enrichment of quercetin, luteolin and apigenin was available via adsorption and desorption on SP-825 resin. This method is a promising basis for the large-scale preparation of quercetin, luteolin and apigenin from Flos populi.

Determining the contents of rupestonic acid, vitexicarpin, apigenin, and luteolin in Artemisia rupestris L. in different growth stages by thin-layer chromatographic scanning

The contents of the four components in different growth stages of Artemisia rupestris L. was determined by thin-layer chromatographic scanning. Chloroform, methanol, formic acid, and water with the proportion of 6.35:0.63:0.17:0.07 were used as the developing solvent. The temperature was 28–32°C. The humidity was less than 30%. The scanning wavelengths were 250 nm and 352 nm. The linearity ranges of rupestonic acid, vitexicarpin, apigenin, and luteolin were 0.128–0.725, 0.0706–0.400, 0.0255–0.145, and 0.0172–0.0976 μg, respectively. The components had the corresponding correlation coefficients of 0.9909, 0.9908, 0.9971, and 0.9934, which showed a good linear relationship. Precision analyses showed a relative standard deviation of <5.0%. Stability studies showed that rupestonic acid, vitexicarpin, apigenin, and luteolin can be stable for at least 30 min at room temperature. Their average recovery percentages were 99.9%, 103.6%, 98.07%, and 99.9%, respectively. The contents of the four components in the dif...

Validation of UV-Vis spectrophotometry methode for analysis of apigenin in celery extract (Apium graveolens L.)

Apigenin is one of the flavonoid compounds contained in celery ( Apium graveolens L.) and has been used for the treatment of various diseases. This study aims were to ensure the validity and accuracy of analytical method for apigenin assay in celery extract using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The flavonoids test of celery extract give a positive result which produces a yellow color that can be drawn by amyl alcohol. The result of TLC test using a mobile phase of chloroform and methanol (9.5 : 0.5) produced R f value of 0.75. Validation of analytical methods were sensitivity, linearity, limit of detection as well as limit of quantification, accuracy, and precision. Validation of analytical methods showed that sensitivity results as represented by molar extinction (e) was 77004.35 M -1 cm -1 . Linearity from calibration curve at concentration of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mgL -1 resulted an equation of y = 0.074 x – 0.0011 with coefficient correlation (r) of 0.9996. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were 2.99 mgL -1 and 9.92 mgL -1 respectively with recovery percentage of 97.59% and the coefficient variation values were 1.53%; 2.43% and 1.68%. The average contents of apigenin in the celery extract were of 3.74 ± 0.09%.

AgFNS overexpression increase apigenin and decrease anthocyanins in petioles of transgenic celery

Apigenin and anthocyanin biosyntheses share common precursors in plants. Flavone synthase (FNS) converts naringenin into apigenin in higher plants. Celery is an important edible and medical vegetable crop that contains apigenin in its tissues. However, the effect of high AgFNS gene expression on the apigenin and anthocyanins contents of purple celery remains to be elucidated. In this study, the AgFNS gene was cloned from purple celery (‘Nanxuan liuhe purple celery’) and overexpressed in this purple celery to determine its influence on anthocyanins and apigenin contents. Results showed that the AgFNS gene was 1068bp, which encodes 355 amino acid residues. Evolution analysis showed that the AgFNS protein belongs to the FSN I type. In AgFNS transgenic celery, the anthocyanins content in petioles was lower than that wild-type celery plants. Apigenin content increased in the petioles of AgFNS transgenic celery. The transcript levels of the AgPAL, AgC4H, AgCHS, and AgCHI genes were up-regulated, whereas those of the AgF3H, AgF3′H, AgDFR, AgANS, and Ag3GT genes were down-regulated in the petioles of AgFNS transgenic plants compared with wild-type celery plants. This work provides basic knowledge about the function of the AgFNS gene in the anthocyanin and apigenin biosyntheses of celery.

Anti-inflammatory properties of the stem bark from the herbal drug Vitex peduncularis Wall. ex Schauer and characterization of its polyphenolic profile

Vitex spp. have been reported as constituents of herbal preparations, namely Vitex peduncularis, commonly used in Asian countries. Unlike other species extensively investigated, reports on the biological activities and chemical profile of V. peduncularis are still scarce. In this work, the polyphenolic profile of V. peduncularis stem bark was unveiled, revealing a high content of apigenin and luteolin derivatives. More than 20 polyphenols were identified and quantitated for the first time, including C-rhamnosyl flavones infrequently reported. Regarding potential anti-inflammatory properties, the methanolic extract of the stem bark significantly reduced the levels of NO in macrophages, which may be a consequence of scavenging effect upon •NO. Significant inhibition of phospholipase A2 activity was also noted. Consequently, the therapeutic applicability of this edible plant is also broadened due to the anti-inflammatory properties found.

Effect of Aqueous Extracts of Moringa oleifera leaves or Arctium lappa Roots on Lipid Peroxidation and Membrane Integrity of Ram Sperm Preserved at Cool Temperature.

This study aimed to investigate effect of addition of different levels (0, 100, 500 and 1000 µg/ml) from Moringa oleifera leaves (MOL) or Arctium lappa L. roots (ALR) extracts, as antioxidants to ram semen extender on sperm characteristics, lipid peroxidation and enzyme activity in seminal plasma of ram semen preserved at cool temperature (5°C)for 48 hours. Four adult Rahmani rams were used. Semen was collected from all rams using an artificial vagina once a week for 8 weeks. Lecithin soybean based-extender was divided into seven portions; control (T1), 100 (T2), 500 (T3) and 1000 (T4) µg MOL extract/ml or 100 (T5), 500 (T6) and 1000 (T7) µg ALR extract/ml extender. In each treatment, percentage of progressive motility (PM), livability (SL), and abnormality (AB) were determined. Also, percentages of spermatozoa having curled tails or chromatin damage were calculated. Polyphenols and flavonoid compounds in MOL or ALR extracts were identified. Concentrations of total antioxidant (TAO) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and activity of acid phosphatase (ACP) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) were determined. Results showed that both extracts revealed higher content of most phenolic compounds in ALR than in MOL extract, but Pyrogallol compound showed the highest level of phenolic compounds in both MOL and ALR extracts. ALR extract showed higher contents of Narengenin, Rutin, Quercetin, Apigenin and Luteolin and lower contents of Hisperdin, Romarinic acid, Kampferol and Hesperitin than in MOL extract. Only overall percentages of SL and AB improved (P<0.05), while percentage of sperm with chromatin damage increased (P<0.05) in T7 as compared to T1. Overall percentage of PM and curled tail of spermatozoa did not differ in T7 compared with T1, while T6 showed poorer (P<0.05) results than in T1. All sperm characteristics studied showed deleterious effect (P<0.05) by increasing storage period. The effect of interaction between treatment and storage period was not significant on all sperm characteristics. Concentrations of TAO and MDA as well as ACP and LDH activities tended to be higher (P≥0.05) in seminal plasma of semen in all treatments. Effect of storage period or its interaction with treatment was not significant on concentrations of TAO and MDA as well as ALP and LDH activities. The present results showed that adding 1000 µg of Arctium lappa roots extract improved livability and abnormality with appropriate progressive motility and response to HOS-t of spermatozoa in Lecithin soybean based-extender of ram semen preserved at cool temperature (5°C) for 48 hours as compared to un-supplemented or those supplemented with 100 or 500 µg of Moringa oleifera or Arctium lappa.

Simultaneous Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography Determination and Antioxidant Activity of Linarin, Luteolin, Chlorogenic Acid and Apigenin in Different Parts of Compositae Species.

Linarin (LA), luteolin (LE), chlorogenic acid (CA) and apigenin (AP) are four major flavonoids with various promising bioactivities found in Compositae (COP) species. A reliable, reproducible and accurate method for the simultaneous and quantitative determination of these four major flavonoids by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) analysis was developed. This method should be appropriate for the quality assurance of COP. The UPLC separation was carried out using an octadecylsilane (ODS) Hypersil (2.1 mm × 250 mm, 1.9 μm) and a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid in water at a flow rate 0.44 mL/min and ultraviolet (UV) detection 254 nm. Gradient elution was employed. The method was precise, with relative standard deviation below 3.0% and showed excellent linearity (R2 > 0.999). The recoveries for the four flavonoids in COP were between 95.49%–106.23%. The average contents of LA, LE, CA and AP in different parts (flower, leave and stem) of COP were between 0.64–1.47 g/100 g, 0.66–0.89 g/100 g, 0.32–0.52 g/100 g and 0.16–0.18 g/100 g, respectively. The method was accurate and reproducible and it can provide a quantitative basis for quality control of COP.

Validated method for quality assessment of henna (Lawsonia inermis L.) leaves after postharvest blanching and its cosmetic application

Henna (Lawsonia inermis L., Family- Lythraceae) has been used for number of cosmetic purposes, including body painting, palm colouring and dyeing of hair. In spite of huge demand for cosmetic applications, no validated analytical method is available for the quality assessment of henna. Therefore, present validated method demonstrates the simultaneous quantification of eight marker compounds. Chemical markers, namely 1) gallic acid, 2) quercetin, 3) fraxetin, 4) luteolin-7-O- glucoside, 5) p-coumaric acid, 6) lawsone, 7) luteolin and 8) apigenin were chosen for the quality assessment of henna. The method was also applied to assess the effects of postharvest treatments (PHT) on the quality of henna leaves as well its derived product i.e. oil mixed paste. Both the chemical and thermal blanching treatments severely (p<0.5) changed the content of targeted secondary metabolites (1–8). The contents of fraxetin and lawsone were found to increase on deep freezing, remaining six phytochemicals reduced significantly on blanching. Luteolin-7-O- glucoside in henna was most susceptible to both salt and liquid nitrogen treatment. Additionally, the effects of mixing of oils (olive, castor oil, and mentha) on modulation of chemical markers and color intensity over palm were also evaluated. We observed a significant increase in the color intensity attributed to mixing of castor>>menthol>olive oil. The apigenin content was about 2.4 times higher in olive oil mixed henna paste than control, while, fraxetin content reduced to half. Mixing of castor oil in henna paste has produced the most intense color; while the mentha oil facilitated the persistence action when applied for palm ornamentation.

Secretion of Phenolic Compounds into Root Exudates of Pea Seedlings upon Inoculation with Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viceae or Pseudomonas siringae pv. pisi

The content of apigenin, naringenin, pisatin, dibutyl-ortho-phthalate, and N-phenyl-2-naphthyl-amine were assayed in root exudates of pea (Pisum sativum L.) seedlings one day after their inoculation with Rhizobium leguminosarum, bv. viceae or Pseudomonas siringae pv. pisi, which represent, respectively, mutualistic and antagonistic strategies of interaction with a host plant. After inoculation with either bacteria, the concentrations of apigenin and pisatin in the root exudates were equal, whereas the concentrations of naringenin and N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine were different and those of dibutyl-o-phthalate were unchanged. A certain role is suggested for the phenolic compounds in an accomplishment of symbiotic relations of bacteria with a host plant.

Determination of Total Apigenin in Herbs by Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography with UV Detection.

Apigenin is a naturally occurring plant flavone that exhibits strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor properties. A MEKC-UV based method was developed for the determination of total apigenin in selected herbs. Application of pseudostationary phase in the form of SDS micelles resulted in great repeatability of retention times and peak areas. A buffer solution consisting of 30 mmol/L sodium borate (pH 10.2), 10% acetonitrile, and 10 mmol/L sodium dodecyl sulfate was found to be the most suitable BGE for the separation. The method was validated and calibrated for total apigenin in the range of 1.0–100 μmol/L (R 2 = 0.9994). The limits of detection and quantification were 0.48 μmol/L and 0.92 μmol/L, respectively. This precise and robust method was successfully applied to the analysis of plant samples for total apigenin content.

ELABORATION OF APPROACHES TO THE STANDARTIZ OFATION HELICHRYSUM ARENARIUM (1.) MOENCH IN PLANT MIXTURES

Marker for qualitative and quantitative standardization of Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench. flowers in the plant mixtures was determine. As a marker of Helichrysum arenarium Moench. flowers can be used flavonoid apigenin. HPLC method of determination flavonoid apigenin in raw materials and plant mixtures of flowers Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench was developed. Contents of apigenin in the raw plant flowers were in the range from 0,1453 ± 0,0068% to 0,1657 ± 0,0085%, in terms of the dried materials. It is shown, that the presence and content of apigenin flowers Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench can be standardized in the mixtures with the following plant:flowers, leaves and fruits of genus Crataegus L., roots of Althaea officinalis L., roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra L., roots of Cichorium intybus L., roots of Taraxacum officinale Web., cones of Humulus lupulus L., herb of Leonurus cardiaca L., herb of Hypericum perforatum L. and seeds of Linum usitatissimum L.