API Standards Research Articles

Integrative approach for formation damage diagnosis in a Colombian brownfield: a comprehensive methodology

Formation damage is the reduction of a well's productivity due to the alteration of the permeability of the subsurface rock, leading to economically inefficient operations. This research established a methodology to diagnose such damage, which is divided into: 1) Identification of operational problems, 2) Field sampling and analysis of geological and engineering data, 3) Adaptation of API standards for the study of fluid-fluid and rock-fluid interactions, 4) Identification of damage mechanisms and recommendations. This methodology was applied to two depleted wells in a brown oilfield with reduced productivity to address scale deposition and casing corrosion issues. Finally, the application of control and stimulation fluids must satisfy technical and environmental requirements, with the objective of inducing destabilization of the identified formation damage mechanisms.

The Innovation of Digital Payment System with QRIS in National Open API and Maqasid al-Sharia Standards

QRIS is a digital payment system innovation standardized as a national QR code in Indonesia. This paper analyzes the National Open API and Maqasid al-Sharia standards within the QRIS digital payment system. Employing a qualitative descriptive methodology, the study determined that Bank Indonesia formulated three National Open API standards: governance guidelines, data standards with technical specifications, and technical and safety standards. Aligned with Maqasid al-Sharia, the analysis reveals a significant correlation between QRIS and its core tenets, specifically Hifz ad-Din (safeguarding religion) and Hifz al-Mal (preserving wealth). Moreover, viewing maqasid as a methodological framework, QRIS is deemed a legal and halal system conforming to maqasid. This topic can be examined from five dimensions: the payment system's alignment with Sharia law, its widespread use among traders (urf tujjar), the contractual adherence (ijab qabul) to Islamic sharia and user benefits, the reflection of service value in QRIS service fees, and mutual advantages for both parties. Regarding maslahah, QRIS falls under dzanni maslahah, necessitating its implementation to be entrusted to contemporary mujtahids for the continued benefit of users

The reliability assessment method for sealing structure of subsea horizontal clamp connector based on sealing and strength

The reliability assessment of the Subsea Horizontal Clamp Connector (SHCC) sealing performance faces a challenge due to the lack of characteristic dimension evaluation methods. Hence, this paper develops the Comprehensive Sealing Reliability Evaluation (CSRE) method. This approach allows for the simultaneous analysis of failure in two dimensions: structural sealing and structural strength, incorporating the uncertainty of fuzzy stress in the evaluation. The CSRE method is based on Bayesian networks, using contact stress as a critical parameter to establish structural sealing failure nodes with gasket coefficients combined with the API standards for acceptance. Simultaneously, it establishes structural strength failure nodes using an improved stress interference model. When applying the CSRE method, this paper, through Monte Carlo simulations combined with torque transmission mechanics and finite element contact models, analyzes the reliability variations of the developed SHCC under different torque levels. The results indicate that the sealing reliability of SHCC is related to sealing pressure and structural strength, with excessively high or low torque affecting its sealing reliability. At an input torque of 2400 N·m, its reliability reaches the maximum value, which is 0.9912. The presented CSRE approach, validated through experimentation and method comparison, demonstrates greater alignment with engineering practicality.

Circular Economy Opportunity Utilizing Fitness for Service Methodology for Aged HIC Defected Reboiler

The phenomenon of Hydrogen-Induced Cracking (HIC) is a cracking mechanism of carbon steel material as in ASME SA- 516 pressure containing equipment operating in a wet sour H2S environment. Such phenomenon is mainly driven by the diffusion of hydrogen atoms into the carbon steel due to corrosion reaction. The Structural integrity of an in-service equipment that contain a flaw or damage such as HIC could be scrutinised using Fitness For Service (FFS) assessments as quantitative engineering evaluations. The assessments are conducted using methodologies specifically prepared for pressurized equipment. These assessments provide standard procedure that can be used to determine if pressurized equipment containing flaws could continue to operate safely for certain period of time. FFS assessments are recognized and referenced by the API Codes and Standards such as API- 510, 570, & 653, and by National Board-23. Those assessments are considered suitable methodologies for evaluating the structural integrity of pressurized equipment as heat exchangers, pressure vessels, piping systems and storage tanks where inspection has revealed degradation and flaws in the equipment. The objective of this paper isto illustrate API-579 case study of HIC of fifty (50) years operating pressurized equipment, namely reboiler.

INCREASE OF THE LUBRICATING PROPERTIES OF WATER-CLAY DRILLING MUDS DURING INCLINED AND HORIZONTAL DRILLING

The paper presents the results of experimental studies of the antifracturing properties of natural oils: castor, hemp, rapeseed, soybean, mustard, sunflower, and corn. The results of the experiments are presented, which allow to evaluate the effect of the studied natural oils on the parameters of fresh, mineralized and saline-saturated water-clay drilling mud (density, rheological and structural-mechanical properties, pH level, filtration index, thickness and stickiness of the clay crust, lubrication coefficient). The experiment was conducted using the methodology of the American Petroleum Institute (according to API standards). It was established that in the fresh solution, rapeseed oil in concentrations of 1 and 3 % and sunflower oil in a concentration of 1 % showed the most effective lubricating properties, in a mineralized solution - sunflower oil with a concentration of 0.5 % and rapeseed oil with a concentration of 3 %, in a saline-saturated solution - rapeseed oil with a concentration of 1 %. Sunflower oil additives showed satisfactory test results only for fresh and mineralized water-clay drilling mud. Compared to sunflower oil, rapeseed oil showed itself when added to all the tested samples. It can be concluded that the introduction of rapeseed oil provides satisfactory anti-fracture and technological indicators for all types of solutions, therefore rapeseed oil was chosen as the basis of the lubricant additive. Technologically appropriate concentrations of oils are in the range from 1 to 3 %. At these oil concentrations, the negative side effect, in particular on the foaming of the solution, is to a lesser extent, the solutions are characterized by a stable consistency over time, and their lubricating properties are improved. The composition of a lubricating additive based on rapeseed oil was developed for the treatment of various types of water-clay drilling mud.

Comparative Analysis of Dry Market Sample of Acorus calamus Linn. Sample with Pharmacopoeial Standards

A comparative analysis of market-available dry Acorus calamus Rhizome samples with pharmacopoeial standards provides valuable insights into the quality and authenticity of these products. The study revealed significant variations in morphological features among the market samples, highlighting the need for stringent quality control measures. The sample was identified as Acorus calamus Linn. While the drug meets API standards, it lacks a few features. Most of the samples are of irregular shape rather than cylindrical, and triangular, transverse leaf scars were absent. These observations suggest potential variations or discrepancies in the market-available samples compared to pharmacopoeial standards. Further investigations and quality control measures are essential to ensure the consistency and efficacy of Acorus calamus products in traditional and modern medicinal practices.

Evaluation Of Category III Overhead Tools Inspection Rig X PT. BMS

Overhead tool inspection is an important process in the oil and gas well drilling and maintenance industry. In harsh and hazardous environments, it is important to regularly monitor the physical condition and functionality of overhead tools. The use of overhead tools in the oil and gas industry has the advantage of lifting and moving heavy loads easily and safely. However, the use of heavy equipment also carries the risk of dangerous work accidents. The methodology in this research involves problem identification, literature review, research design, data collection, interpretation, analysis, and findings. The discussion emphasizes the meticulous inspection required for overhead tools, exemplified through the evaluation of traveling block, hook block, crown block, elevators, and elevator links. Each inspection, guided by API standards, ensures compliance, identifies potential hazards and prevents incidents in the inspection of overhead tools, various methods are used to ensure accurate inspection results and reduce the risk of failure during operation. This inspection involves techniques such as visual inspection and Non-Destructive Test (NDT) to test each overhead tools component which is guided by API SPEC 8A, API RP 8B and also API SPEC 8C. The main objective is to ensure that every aspect of the overhead tools has been carefully inspected and produces accurate inspection results. Thus, the risk of failure when inspecting overhead tools can be significantly reduced.The results indicate that the overhead tools inspected at PT. BSM meets API SPEC 8C standards. However, crucial findings, such as defects in crown block bearings and elevator safety pin issues, underscore the need for immediate attention. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of swift action to maintain safety and prevent further damage.

THE URGENCY OF STANDARDIZING THE OPEN APPLICATION PROGRAMMING INTERFACE IN IMPLEMENTATION OF OPEN BANKING FOR CUSTOMER PROTECTION

Open banking with Open Application Programming Interface (open API) technology is an initiative aimed at streamlining the payment system in Indonesia. The open API allows banks to integrate their systems with digital financial service providers (fintech) and bold trade (e-commerce) providers by disclosing customer transaction data. This study investigates the urgency of open API standardization in implementing open banking in Indonesia. This study uses a normative juridical approach to secondary data. The data includes primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. In addition, it also uses qualitative normative data analysis methods. It was concluded that before the National Open API Payment Standard (SNAP) stipulation, the process of sharing data between banks and fintech and/or e-commerce still needed to be standardized but was only based on an agreement between the parties. Banking in Indonesia has various open API standards that can affect the protection of customer data. According to the Financial Services Authority Regulation Number 12/POJK.03/2018, the relationship between banks, fintech, and/or e-commerce in providing digital banking services based on agreements between parties needs to be stronger. OJK is indeed present as a supervisory agency. However, the parties will eventually come back to a deal between themselves. Unlike the Regulations of the Financial Services Authority, the Regulations of the Members of the Board of Governors, which form the legal basis for SNAP, provide standards that must be complied with by both service providers and service users. However, implementing SNAP-based open APIs still requires personal data protection regulations.

Experimental study of hydrophilic additives on filter cake permeability and filtrate losses

AbstractIn the past few years, great emphasis has been placed on developing the water‐based mud system in drilling operations because its properties are suitable for the environment and it is a better choice than oil‐ and synthetic‐based muds. Despite research and development in this field, water‐based muds still have filtration issues that lead to drilling problems, and attempts must be continued in this regard. Therefore, this work aims to reduce the filtrate loss of water‐based mud by affecting the drilling cake and making the permeability as low as possible with enhanced properties that resist the filtration of the drilling fluid. Special care was taken to develop suitable mud rheological properties in terms of plastic viscosity, yield point, and gel strength compared to API standards. To this end, some hydrophilic materials were added to the mud, such as thinners (spersene and trisodium phosphate [TSP]) and some polymers (sodium silicate [SS] and poly acryl amide [PAA] (to compare with the basic mud. The results showed that using thinners and polymers without carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and baryte reduced filtrate loss and permeability by a small percentage. On the other hand, adding CMC and baryte to the four additives (spersene, TSP, SS, and PAA) each separately reduced the permeability by 66.1%, 67.7%, 74.1%, and 79%, and reduced filtrate loss by 50.1%, 51.4%, 55.3%, and 58.6%, respectively. It was concluded that adding PAA with CMC and baryte can effectively reduce filtrate losses due to its ability to provide a membrane of low permeability.

Colloidal Properties of Polymer Amended Cyprus Bentonite for Water-Based Drilling Fluid Applications

In this work, we investigate the capability of a waste bentonite from the Polycanthos quarry in Cyprus, as a low-density solid additive to create colloids that are used in water-based drilling fluid systems (WBF) in drilling operations. Repurposing waste bentonite aligns with environmental sustainability and when properly processed can serve as a cost-effective solution to achieve the desired colloidal properties for WBF. Samples were obtained from waste stockpiles and were mechanically processed to a size < 63 μm. The material was activated with soda ash via three different methods investigating optimum soda ash percentage and curing time. Standard tests were performed for the rheological behavior and filtration properties and the results indicated that the quality of the activated clay dispersions improved slightly but the desired colloidal properties were not obtained. This can be attributed to the K+-rich clay and non-clay impurities that are inherent in the material so further amendment with xanthan gum polymer was conducted, at various concentrations. Results of this work show that with minor polymer addition, the material under investigation reaches the desired colloidal properties and qualifies according to API standards for WBF. Exploiting local waste clay material in WBF application leads to the development and sustainability of local resources thus contributing to the circular economy principle.

Drilling Casing Design using Drilling Software at Well “Well X-01” Field “S”

Well "X-01" is a slant (J-Type) directional well and will be subjected to appropriate and technically qualified drilling casing planning in order to prevent problems such as burst, collapse, and tension that can cause increased internal and external pressure loads experienced by the casing. The methodology used in this research is document study and quantitative analysis in casing planning using Drilling Software by taking into account the loading acting on the casing, which is burst, collapse, tension, biaxial, and triaxial loads. Casing design planning for Well "X-01" is carried out by analyzing the casing setting depth based on PPFG data, considering kick tolerance, then casing planning is carried out using Drilling Software. The results of drilling casing planning inWell "X-01" Field "S" using Drilling Software, five design routes were obtained, that is conductor casing using X-52 casing; 157.5 ppf, surface casing using K-55 casing; 94 ppf, intermediate casing using K-55 casing; 54.5 ppf, kick tolerance 32.55 bbls, production casing using K-55 casing; 40 ppf, kick tolerance 42.1 bbls, and production liner using K-55 casing; 23 ppf, kick tolerance 69.08 bbls. The safety factor of each route met API standards for the durability of the selected casing. In well "X", casing planning can be a reference in the casing design process stage because optimal and safe results are obtained.

OGC API Standards for the Next Generation of Web Mapping

OGC API Standards for the Next Generation of Web Mapping

Improvement of Local (Umuna) Clay for the Production of Drilling Mud

The continuous importation of foreign bentonite in the presence of proved and potential clay deposits spread across states in the country is not consistent with the government desire and commitment for the development of local content. This research explores the possibility of improving the Umuna local clay samples for the production of drilling mud. The clay samples were experimentally analysed in accordance with API standard of measurement. The obtained results show a marked trend as most of the considered rheological parameters such as yp, PV, gel strength, yp/PV, viscosity @600rpm and fluid loss were far away from satisfying the minimum required API standard specification for drilling mud. While parameters such as mud density, n-factor, K-factor, specific gravity and filter cake all satisfy the minimum required API standard specification for drilling mud production. The rheological properties of the local clays were significantly improved after beneficiation with 2g PAC-R. These obtained result after beneficiation now equated to that of the imported bentonite and also satisfy the required minimum API standard specification. The local clay fell under the inactive soil type based on its average activity value of 0.52. The presence of oxide compositions and cation exchange capacity (CEC) range of 70 – 150 Meq/100g suggests and confirms that the analyzed clay is of the montmorillonite family, with traces of illite which is good for drilling mud production. The obtained average thinner cake value (0.35) for the local clay is more desirable in drilling operations for reducing the risk of pipe sticking. This property with the combination of high value (29.39av) of consistency factor (k) and low value (0.28av) of the power law flow behavior index (n) portrays the clay sample been very much adequate for effective hole cleaning due to its high viscosity resulting from high consistency factor (k) and enough shear thinning property derived from the low power law flow behavior index (n).

Potential of Kaolin Clay on Formulation of Water Based Drilling Mud Reinforced with Biopolymer, Surfactant, and Limestone

Drilling the wellbore into subsurface formations is the earliest stage in the life of a well that requires a suitable drilling fluid with good rheological and filtration control characteristics to achieve a successful drilling operation. This paper reports on the formulation of water-based drilling mud using kaolin clay reinforced with biopolymer, surfactant, and limestone from Tanzania. The raw materials used for the formulation were characterized using XRD, XRF, FTIR, and TGA techniques. The rheological properties, filtration loss, pH, and density of the formulated mud were measured using a viscometer, filter press, pH meter, and mud balance, respectively. The XRD results revealed kaolinite and quartz as the main minerals in all kaolin clay samples which were in agreement with the FTIR findings. The mineralogical composition of the kaolin was observed to vary with the mining sites and influenced the rheological and filtration control characteristics of the mud. The beneficiated drilling mud showed better rheological and filtration control characteristics than the commercially available bentonite mud in Dar es Salaam market and was comparable with the API standards. These results, therefore, are not only new but rather important and novel information on the potential of kaolin clay for the formulation of water based drilling mud.&#x0D; Keywords: Water-based drilling mud, kaolin clay, biopolymers, bentonite, surfactant

ENHANCING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF INDONESIA’S FINANCIAL SERVICES SECTOR IN THE DIGITAL ERA THROUGH OPEN BANKING: LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE UK’S EXPERIENCE

In 2021, Bank Indonesia launched the National Open API Payment Standard (SNAP) to facilitate interoperable data-access for Indonesia’s digital payments sector. This article examines the lessons learned from the UK’s experience in open payments to improve the regulatory and institutional framework of Indonesia’s open banking regime. This article employs a comparative legal analysis of the UK’s open banking regime and concludes that Indonesia’s open banking regime could be improved by expanding the delivery of the Open API standards enabling interoperable data access for the entire financial services sector through an outcomes-based approach. Such expansion could be facilitated by encouraging collaboration between banks and fintechs and by creating an Open Banking App Store to increase user adoption, enhance product visibility, and widen access to digital financial services for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs)

Experimental study of the effects of semi-elliptical defects on the API X52 pipeline and its reparation by welding

The aim of the project is to study experimentally the influence of the semi-elliptical defect on the steel of grade API 5L X52 pipeline and its reparation by welding operation to keep the safety of hydrocarbons transport network. The tests have been performed on the specimens with/without semi-elliptical defects by using two ratios a/c and a/t, where the defects issue on the piping systems wall is treated by using the welding operation, which focuses on the filling the defected surface as same thickness of the base wall of the pipeline after removing the defects. The decrease of ultimate stress is mainly evident depending on the size of crack, where they compared to the base metal results. The experimental results showed that the reliability of the welding operation is proved especially in the ratio a/c =1, which is similar to that found in automatically welded. It is proved that the ratio a/t = 0.2 curve exhibits similarity to the base metal curve and their elongation conforms to API standard of steel X52 grade. Clearly, corrosion defects cause degradation of mechanical property in the order of 44% to 50% depending on the ratio of 0 &lt; a/c ≤1 and from 20% to 80% according to the second ration of 0 &lt; a/t ≤0.8. The obtained results proved that the enhanced of mechanical properties by welding reaches to ultimate stress is 559 MPa for the ratio a/t = 0.2 and 531 MPa for the ratio a/t = 0.5. Finally, the experimental results provided that the impact of semi-elliptical defect has effects on the safety of piping systems where welding became as one of among solutions to repair the piping systems.

VIABILITY TESTING OF GAME ENGINE USAGE FOR VISUALIZATION OF 3D GEOSPATIAL DATA WITH OGC STANDARDS

Abstract. Urban digital twins have become an essential factor for cities and communities to visualize, simulate and analyze data. The conventional geospatial standards work great with online platforms such as CesiumJS or ArcGIS API for JavaScript. However, their usage in different platforms such as game engines has not been well established yet. Game engines provide an interesting application case because they offer a different approach to visualizing large city models and provide a high graphical fidelity.This paper aims to answer how the existing standards, such as the API standards GeoVolumes and SensorThings, as well as the 3D model standards 3D Tiles and Esri Indexed 3D Scene Layer (I3S), can interact with game engines. For this purpose, three use-cases were selected and have been used to build applications. These focus on using sensor data in AR and different city development scenarios in a digital environment.This study shows that different geospatial standard formats such as 3D Tiles, I3S, and GL Transmission Format (glTF) can be used in game engines, either directly or over a GeoVolumes Server. Their implementation makes it possible to use the advantages of game engines with real-world datasets.

Improving filter cake sealing properties for high-density ilmenite drilling fluid

Drilling fluids must be cautiously designed to form an impermeable filter cake layer that diminishes the intensity of solid and mud invasion during drilling of a well. Inability to abate solid and mud invasion can cause adverse effects on the productivity of the drilled well. As a result, a variety of additives have been proposed for improving filter cake's sealing properties, which are also utilized to control fluid filtration. This work investigates the role an amorphous volcanic glass (perlite), a novel filtration agent, to amend the quality of filter cake layer that formed using ilmenite (FeTiO3) drilling fluid. The characteristics of the filter cake were evaluated in terms of the filtration behavior, filter cake thickness, permeability and porosity. In order to accomplish this aim, several concentrations of perlite particles were loaded to the Ilmenite weighted drilling fluid. The tests were conducted under high-pressure high-temperature environment according to API standards. The results of the drilling fluid (containing perlite) were compared with a reference drilling fluid (zero concentration of perlite). It is observed that the perlite containing formulation has improved filtration properties. The flake-shaped perlite particles blocked the filter cake pores and accordingly produced an impermeable filter cake. There was a drastic drop in the filter cake overall permeability after adding perlite concentration of 3 lb/bbl, from 6.09 × 10−3 Darcy to 1.46 × 10−3 Darcy and a significant drop (55%) in the associated filtration volume from 18.5 cm3 to 8.5 cm3. Moreover, perlite-based filter cake lowered the pore size of the filter cake and decreased the filter cake thickness by 45%.

Effect of wet Hydrogen Sulfide on Carbon Steels Degradation in Refinery Based on Case Study

Material degradation caused by wet hydrogen sulfide (Wet H2S) is one of the major issues in refineries. Carbon steel is the main construction material used in refineries and is subjected not only to thickness loss but the hydrogen is the major concern. H2S leads to high atomic hydrogen penetration in steel which causes degradation in the form of blistering and/or cracking (HIC/SOHIC) and stress cracking in the area of welds and heat affected zones. Mechanism is unusually dangerous due to high difficulty of threat assessment, which is mostly based on ultrasonic measurements or calculations based on the API standards. This research is based on evaluation of the real threat of wet H2S degradation based on examination of construction materials after 41 years of exploitation in refinery. The comparison of the theoretical calculation based on API standards and experience of the degradation of the real objects was characterized. Laboratory measurements include mechanical tests involving the elongation in the function of tensile stress and deformation, with analysis of material hardness and gas chromatography analysis. The results are complemented by studies of the chemical composition of the streams and analytical studies of the hydrogen content in the material obtained by the gas chromatography method. The tests showed compliance of the standard analysis of the corrosion risk with the laboratory tests performed on the real samples. Research leads to indication of the destructive methods which can be used on the materials obtained during scheduled material replacements or installation modernizations.

Vom Berg and Hahn–Eyring Drilling Fluid Rheological Models

This article presents rheological models of fluids used in the drilling practice. It discusses the principles of determining drilling fluid rheological parameters based on data acquired from measurements by means of viscometers used in the drilling practice. The authors propose the application of the three-parameter Vom Berg and Hahn–Eyring models not used in the drilling industry so far. Necessary relationships have been developed for these models, which enable the determination of rheological parameters. In order to account for the influence of different flow conditions on the value of drilling fluid rheological parameters, the approach proposing the determination of rheological parameters of a given three-parameter model separately for low shear rates and high shear rates has been suggested. A practical application of the methodology proposed in this paper for determining the rheological parameters of the three-parameter Vom Berg and Hahn–Eyring models is presented using real drilling fluids as an example. Using the author’s methodology for determining the optimum rheological model, called Rheosolution, described earlier in the paper “Selection of Suitable Rheological Model for Drilling Fluid Using Applied Numerical Methods”, published in Energies 2020, 13, 3192, and laboratory tests performed for this work (for cement slurries according to API standards), a strong correlation of the Vom Berg model and, in particular, the Hahn–Eyring model for such drilling fluids was demonstrated.