Apartment Owners Research Articles

Planning for Publication Development on Room Sales in Sevenz Apartment

The apartment business presents a lucrative opportunity when employing effective marketing strategies, including social media publications which can enhance brand awareness and customer satisfaction. In Batam, an international industrial hub, the demand for accommodation is on the rise, and entrepreneurs such as the owners of Sevenz Apartments are capitalizing on this opportunity by developing daily and monthly rental businesses. However, there is a need for additional strategies to address the seasonal imbalance in occupancy rates. Therefore, the researcher developed publications for Sevenz Apartments. A descriptive design was employed in this study. Given the qualitative nature of the data, interviews were conducted to collect firsthand data from informants regarding publications in the marketing of Sevenz Apartments. Based on the interview results, a website was developed as the primary promotional platform providing comprehensive information about facilities, prices, and promotions. This website is expected to increase visibility and room sales by expanding the audience reach and utilizing social media and content marketing.

KGB Agents: their Types, Functions and Objectives

KGB agents are one of its pillars and sources of power since on the basis of the information they provided, the operative work was organized, which ensured that the atmosphere of fear and obedience pervade society. The goal of this research is to name and define the types of agents, the tasks they had to carry out, the goals to be achieved as well as in what segments of the population they were most active. The definition of an agent in KGB documents is a Soviet citizen, a foreign country national (subordinate) or an individual who has no citizenship, who collaborated secretly with the KGB organs and fulfilled its tasks ensuring internal security in the USSR. The committee’s apparatus consisted of agents, residents, owners of apartments for secret meetings, and owners of conspiracy apartments who were not on the staff of the agency. KGB secret agents are divided into certain types by the nature of their activities and the tasks they were to carry out. Agents infiltrated into the clergy controlled the Church and seminaries’ activities, attempted to exert influence on anti-Soviet priests as well as to form a positive position of the Vatican and the community of the devout that was in favour of the Soviet regime. Among the émigré communities their goal was to harm the organisations of the diaspora and discredit the cause of Lithuania’s liberation for which they fought. The objective of the agents who were in charge of monitoring resistance activities was to uncover anti-Soviet schemes, especially the ways and organizers of samizdat. They aimed to influence people so that they avoided resistance, and those who got involved would abandon it. Agents using various instruments such as spreading disinformation about individuals, compromising them, trying to “reeducate” them took efforts to discredit non-conformists in the eyes of the public. The role of agents was particularly important for explaining the activities of resistance both in Lithuania and the West. After 1953, requirements for agents were more demanding than before. However, constant search for secret collaborators demonstrates that the work was complicated and the results could not satisfy the KGB although separate individuals suffered harm.

Sustainability promotion through information provision: the perspective of Australian apartment owners and renters

ABSTRACT The provision of sustainability information is a crucial step in raising awareness and promoting sustainability in the residential sector. The effectiveness of this information in increasing interest in sustainability depends on its relevancy and suitability for the intended recipients, namely potential buyers or renters. However, the evaluation of such suitability is impeded due to limited research regarding buyers’ and renters’ preferences and priorities for sustainability information. A nationwide survey of 410 respondents living in Australia provided the data to understand the sustainability priorities and information preferences of three apartment stakeholders: owner-residents, investors, and renters. The survey investigated how ownership type and demographics influence sustainability priorities as well as the perceived importance of information across three criteria: comfort, cost and consumption, and layout and location. The results show that current and potential apartment buyers and renters place high importance on receiving information pertaining to all three criteria. The comfort criterion was found to be significantly more important across most of the studied ownership and demographic groups. Findings from this study can assist apartment developers and researchers in determining key sustainability information that aligns with the preferences and priorities of the targeted buyers and renters.

Modern Technologies for Effective Communication between Apartment Owners and Apartment Building Managers in Latvia

As in other sectors of the economy, the construction and operation of buildings are becoming increasingly technologically advanced. Different digital tools are used not only for design and construction planning but also for faster and more efficient communication in housing maintenance and management processes. These technologies can significantly speed up the flow of information, save time and money, and optimize decision-making. This way, the most sustainable solutions are chosen, which not only saves money but can also increase the value of the property. The aim of the study is to identify and analyze the problems and their causes in the communication between apartment building managers and apartment owners, as well as to provide recommendations for their elimination using modern technologies. In order to achieve the objective of the study, the following tasks were carried out: 1) to analyze the statistics, technical and legal aspects of the Latvian housing stock, 2) to assess the situation in the cooperation and communication of apartment owners with the manager, 3) to study and evaluate the use of the largest and most frequently used digital platforms in management activities. The analysis of the technical and legal aspects is based on the monographic or descriptive method and the analysis of secondary data. In order to find out the current situation and identify the main communication problems, the authors have carried out a survey of apartment dwellers. The study found that the most significant problems in managing apartment buildings are related to a lack of information among apartment owners, which contributes to confusion, disinterest, passivity, or conflict. Sometimes you may also encounter incompetence on the part of the manager. Problems are often caused by communication gaps between apartment owners and building managers, or even a lack of communication. With the communication that modern technology can provide, apartment owners and managers can work together effectively to address issues in an environment of understanding and mutual trust.

Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Study for Apartment Buildings

Changes in the engine type of cars aimed at climate goals also have an impact on the habit of electricity consumption at home. Charging electric cars from the residential grid also increases the total electricity consumption of the residential building. If all apartment owners in an apartment building want to charge their electric car at the same time, this may create a situation where the main protection of the apartment building is activated. The purpose of this research is to identify possible options to avoid this problem, based on different real-life data. For example: adding an energy storage to the electrical system of an apartment building is seen as one solution. Also supplement of an energy management software to the electrical and battery bank system to enables residents to schedule and prioritize their electric car charging times to avoid simultaneous high-demand periods. This system can also be used to optimize electricity distribution and consumption in apartment buildings under volatile electricity price conditions.

Legal Protection for Debtors in the Pre-Project System of Sale of Credit Agreements Ownership of Apartments

<p>This research aims to find out the validity of the apartment ownership credit agreement (KPA) with PPJB as collateral and legal protection for debtors if the developer of the pre-project selling system defaults. This research is motivated by cases of developers of pre-project selling systems that default and cause losses to consumers who have been bound in KPA with the bank. This research is needed because there are no regulations governing PPJB as collateral and there is an imbalance of power between the debtor and the creditor because of a standard agreement. The discussion on this topic has not been comprehensively explained in previous studies. This research uses normative legal research with a statutory approach with data collection techniques in the form of a literature study. The results show that PPJB as collateral is not ideal, but it does not affect the validity of the KPA agreement. Then, in terms of legal protection for debtors who are harmed by developers, they can refer to Law 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection because the position of debtors is equated with consumers.</p>

An analysis of apartment listings in best destinations on an OTA: Thailand versus Japan

PurposeThe sharing economy enables apartment owners to generate income from their assets. “Agoda Homes” is an online travel agent (OTA) that directly competes with Airbnb. A destination has to discover its competitiveness, but few studies have provided an overview of accommodation attributes in each destination, which are crucial to shaping its brand image. This paper aims to illustrate firm-generated content or attributes that apartment owners list about their properties on an OTA platform to comprehend factual information about apartments in each destination with various star ratings and user ratings and to formulate a research model for future studies.Design/methodology/approachInformational content and accommodation attributes for apartments are automatically collected using a Web scraping tool (the Data Miner). Descriptive statistics and text analysis (word cloud and word frequency) are used to analyze data.FindingsFindings reveal the primary location, facilities, cleanliness and safety attributes for all apartments in each destination, along with star ratings and user ratings. A research framework for scholars is also suggested. Guidelines for stakeholders in the tourism industry are additionally furnished.Originality/valueThis work concentrates on apartments, which have received less attention in the tourism literature. The study gathers factual data from a website to mitigate respondent bias issues inherent in the traditional survey methods.

Late-Soviet Collective Housing: Self-Help Construction and Self-Management in Youth Residential Complex Housing Movement

In the Soviet era, a long-lasting idea of collective housing was implemented in various forms, most notably, constructivist “house-communes” (doma-kommuny) of the 1920s. This article considers less-known realization of collective housing in late-Soviet Russia, by focusing on the project of “Youth Residential Complex” (MZhK). Starting in 1968, this project was declared as an experiment, in which residents had to participate in the process of design, organization, and management of their housing complexes. Future residents also had to work on the construction site for several years, building housing with their labor and earning, in such a way, the right to live in it. Based on this case, this article re-emphasizes the agency of residents’ collectives and grassroot organization as an essential but neglected part of late-Soviet urban development. In contrast to the common narrative of the top-down provision of apartments by the state, it demonstrates that bottom-up collective practices were behind a major housing project, with ample consequences for both people concerned and urban development. While the history of self-help housing construction is firmly embedded within the context of crises and austerity, in the Soviet context, participation in self-help project was regarded as a privilege, leading to a single-family apartment ownership and exclusive urban services, otherwise unavailable in residential districts.

Daily Rental of Residential Premises: Finding a Balance of Interests and Implementating of the Principle of Solidarity in Judicial Practice and Legislation

The article shows that despite the steady growth in demand for daily rental of residential premises, the use of apartments for designated purposes raises many questions in society, legal doctrine and judicial practice, among which is the issue of the ratio of short-term rentals and the provision of hotel services, as well as the need to ensure a balance of interests between owners of residential premises leased daily hiring, and persons permanently residing in an apartment building (neighbors) and thus implement the principle of solidarity, and protection of the right to housing at the same time as the economic efficiency of the use of living space. The authors proceed from the fact that at the moment the relations developing in connection with the daily rental of residential premises do not have a clear legal regulation, which entails the need in each specific situation to raise the question of the legal qualification of the concluded contract, and often requires judicial interpretation. Analyzing judicial practice, the draft law with the proposed amendments, as well as the doctrine, the authors conclude that when qualifying a contract mediating the transfer of an apartment for daily rent, the differentiation should primarily occur based on the intention to create a sufficiently stable connection with the place of residence. Some ways are proposed to ensure a balance between the interests of the owners of apartments for rent, on the one hand, and neighbors, on the other hand. In conclusion, it is summed up that this problem requires a thoughtful and adequate response from the legislator, and the hope is expressed that in the new law and the judicial practice that develops on its basis, it will be possible to ensure a balance of interests and implement the principle of solidarity.

Revitalizing Modernist Districts: Neighbourhood Level Mass-Renovation with SOFTacademy Project

This article discusses the neighbourhood-level renovation potential in Tallinn's modernist privately owned apartment blocks, with the aim of addressing the global need for deep renovation. The analysis considers international directives, national policies and municipal objectives, highlighting the focus of current renovation initiatives on apartment buildings. The discourse drives the ongoing conflict between energy-focused renovation and the preservation of spatial quality, relevant especially for the countries that favour partial renovation over the complete transformation of a building. It analyses the emerging impact of the New European Bauhaus (NEB) initiative, emphasizing the need to balance technical energy investments with cultural and aesthetic considerations in wider neighbourhoods. Shifting the focus to Tallinn, the article deals with the challenges of modernist mass production housing districts, recognizing their technical structure, current decay and socio-economic limitations. The European Renovation Wave strategy and upcoming energy efficiency requirements are seen as catalysts for neighbourhood revitalization, prompting the exploration of innovative models to transform these neighbourhoods into liveable and functional spaces. The discussion unfolds within the NEB compass, emphasizing the core values of beauty, sustainability, and cohesion. Practical considerations for the transformation of Tallinn districts are discussed, including spatial regulations, the complexity of ownership and the different perspectives of apartment owners. As a solution, the SOFTacademy approach is introduced, proposing a collaborative model establishing both the hardware and software elements for NEB driven renovation of neighbourhoods. In terms of hardware solution, prefabrication and modularity is used both for renovating the buildings as well as reinventing the courtyards around them. While the physical rejuvenation of the neighbourhoods is the key to NEB transformation, the shift depends as much from the software solutions. The results outline a process for initiating neighbourhood-level renovations, emphasizing the importance of consulting with owners, creating blueprints, and entering into cooperative agreements.

Three-dimensional property: Current development trends on the Polish example

Abstract 126The majority of modern European legislations traditionally follows the concept of land ownership derived from Roman law. It is based on the assumption that the owner’s rights are unlimited in spatial terms. Within this understanding, the spatial scope of ownership extends to open space above and below a specific part of the land’s surface, delineated two-dimensionally. Several exceptions to the general underlying approach have been successively introduced in particular European legal systems in the course of historical development. These include, in the first place, building leases and apartment ownership as well as separate ownership of buildings. Furthermore, widely accepted limitations as to the vertical scope of ownership stem from specific regulations in the fields of mining law, geological law, water law and aviation law. Another manifestation of departure from the traditional concept of land ownership are legal solutions falling into the category of three-dimensional (3D) property, which is of increasing interest nowadays in view of growing needs for new forms of ownership and land use in densely built urban areas. At the core of the concept of 3D property in the strict sense lies the possibility to divide the space into distinct layers defined by horizontal and vertical planes, and to create so-called three-dimensional immovable properties which constitute independent objects of property rights. Such 3D units can serve multiple above- and underground investment purposes. Regulations regarding different models of 3D property rights have already been adopted in a number of countries in Europe and worldwide. Recently, conceptual work on layered ownership has been undertaken in Poland, which has opened a discussion in the legal scholarship on the future legislative changes to be implemented in order to introduce the notion of 3D property to domestic law. In parallel with these tendencies, the idea of 3D cadastre is being promoted. It offers 127the possibility to register real estate objects located at different levels. Worthy of note in this regard is also the impact of the current technological advancements on increasing the investment potential of urban space through 3D property formation. This article elaborates, first, on the general concept and selected types of 3D property rights existing in national jurisdictions. Against this background, the proposal for the new legal construct of layered ownership has been discussed with particular consideration of the possible ways of adapting it to the Polish property law framework. Some of the opportunities and challenges brought about by the 3D property rights development have been then outlined in the context of extensive implementation of emerging technologies in real estate transactions.

Innovations by the German Modernising Apartment Ownership Act of 2020 (WEModG 2020) to the management of apartment ownership (sectional title) schemes compared with the South African management legislation and regulations

Die Duitse Moderniserende Deeltitelwet (Wohnungseigentumsmodernisierungsgesetz – WEModG) van 2020 bevat die volgende innoverende bestuursbepalings: Woonsteleienaarsverenigings Die woonsteleienaarsvereniging word erken as ’n regspersoon met die bevoegdheid om regte en verpligtinge te verwerf en om as eiser of verweerder voor die hof te verskyn. Die woonsteleienaarsvereniging kom tot stand wanneer die onderverdeling van die grond en gebou in die registrasiekantoor geregistreer word. Die bestuur van die gemeenskaplike eiendom is nie meer die gesamentlike verpligting van die professionele bestuurder en die deeleienaars nie, maar die uitsluitlike verpligting van die deeleienaarsvereniging. Die deeleienaars is aanspreeklik vir die skuld van die woonsteleienaarsvereniging in verhouding tot hulle deelnemingskwota. Die woonsteleienaarsvereniging kan slegs ontbind word indien die gebou totaal vernietig word of die eienaars eenparig besluit om die skema te ontbind of indien die gebou gedeeltelik vernietig word sonder ’n verpligting om te herbou. Verder word die reg van ’n verbandskuldeiser om tenuitvoerlegging van ’n skuldvonnis die woonstel in eksekusie te verkoop of die huiseienaarsvereniging insolvent te verklaar slegs toegelaat indien die woonsteleienaarsvereniging gelyktydig ontbind word. Die woonsteleienaarsvereniging word verteenwoordig deur die professionele bestuurder in hofaangeleenthede en aangeleenthede buite die hof. Wanneer grond aangekoop of ’n leningsooreenkoms aangegaan word moet die transaksie egter gesteun word deur ’n meerderheidsbesluit van die woonsteleienaarsvereniging. Die professionele bestuurder Die professionele bestuurder word aangestel deur die woonsteleienaarsvereniging en kan enige tyd afgedank word. Die bestuursooreenkoms kom egter tot ’n einde ten laaste ses maande na sy of haar afdanking. Die professionele bestuurder moet ’n eksamen deur die Duitse kamer van nywerheid en handel slaag om as gesertifiseerde professionele bestuurder dienste te lewer. Die professionele bestuurder word toegelaat om besluite te neem oor minder belangrike aangeleenthede soos geringe herstelwerk aan die gemeenskaplike eiendom en die betaling van skulde van die huiseienaarsvereniging en om reëlings te tref betreffende die afhandeling van dringende kwessies om verliese te voorkom. Die algemene vergadering mag egter besluit om beperkings te stel op die afhandeling van bogenoemde kwessies byvoorbeeld om beperkings te plaas op betalings aan diensverskaffers. Die professionele bestuurders ontvang gewoonlik betaling ooreenkomstig die getal eenhede en die deelnemingskwota van die eenhede in die skema. Die administratiewe adviesraad Die Duitse administratiewe adviesraad bestaande uit lede van die woonsteleienaarsvereniging word deur meerderheidsbesluit verkies om toesig oor die finaniele en ander bedrywighede van die professionele bestuurder te hou en hom of haar te ondersteun. Dit stem tot ’n groot mate ooreen met die toesig wat die lede van die regspersoon oor die professionele Suid-Afrikaanse bestuursagent moet uitoefen. Indien die professionele bestuurder ontbreek, mag die voorsitter van die adviesraad ’n algemene vergadering byeenroep of ander addisionele funksies vervul volgens meerderheidsbesluit van die woonsteleienaarsvereniging. Die adviesraad ontvang geen vergoeding vir hulle dienste nie maar word vergoed vir hulle uitgawes in die uitvoering van hulle funksies aangegaan. Hulle word slegs aanspreeklik gehou vir skade wat deur hulle opset of growwe nalatigheid veroorsaak word. Die algemene vergadering Die algemene vergadering word bevestig as die plek waar beleidsbestuursbesluite geneem word. Die kennisgewingstydperk vir die agenda van die algemene vergadering word verleng van twee na drie weke. Die kworum vereiste vir algemene vergaderings word afgeskaf omrede die vereiste selde nagekom word in groter skemas en omdat uitgestelde vergaderings gewoonlik nie ’n voorgeskrewe kworum het nie en voortgegaan word met slegs twee of drie lede. Daar word gewys op die koste verbonde aan die huur van ’n saal vir die uitgestelde vergadering en die man-ure wat verlore gaan deur die bywoning van die vergadering. Alle besluite op die algemene vergadering is meerderheidsbesluite. Gevolglik word alle verwysings na eenparige besluite, spesiale besluite en ander bykomende meerderheidsbesluite afgeskaf. Besluite deur die rondomtalie-manier geneem, hoef nie meer deur lede onderteken te word nie. Dit kan per e-pos of selfone gekommunikeer en aangeneem of verwerp word. Hoofsaaklik omdat virtuele vergaderings gedurende die COVID-19 tydperk persoon-tot-persoon vergaderings vervang het, bekragtig die Moderniseringwet virtuele vergaderings mits daar terselfdertyd voorsiening gemaak word vir persoonlike bywoning van persone sonder selfone of toegang tot die internet in ’n saal onder beheer van die professionele bestuurder. Ten slotte bevat die bespreking waardevolle inligting deur Duitse regspraktisyns betreffende riglyne en voorwaardes oor tegnologie keuses; kommunikasiemetodes; toegang tot en vertroulikheid in deelname aan virtuele vergaderings; die gebruik van toepaslike harde- en sagteware en die indiensneming van opgeleide personeel om daarmee te werk; die voordele van en uitdagings wat aanlynvergaderings in die gesig staar; databeskermingskwessies en tegniese probleme in aanlyndeelname. Die bogenoemde nuwighede word breedvoerig ontleed en vergelyk met ooreenstemmende bepalings in die Suid-Afrikaanse wetgewing en regulasies.

Organizational and technological aspects of major repairs in the maintenance and operation of the housing fund

One of the tasks of a state is to create decent living conditions for the population, which includes providing people with high-quality and comfortable housing. However, over time, housing is subject to wear and tear, becomes outdated and unsuitable for use. Major repair measures are being implemented with the goal to slow down and prevent rapid deterioration of housing. Such measures are aimed at restoration, reconstruction and replacement of structural elements of residential buildings that have fallen into disrepair. Major repair of housing is a set of organizational, technological and economic measures aimed at reducing and eliminating the physical wear and tear of an apartment building. Major repairs were studied using the example of the Russian Federation, where there are two forms of deduction of contributions for major repairs of apartment buildings by the owners of premises therein: either to a special account opened by the owners of apartment owners of the building at a special bank, or deductions to the so-called “common pool”, i.e., to a general account of the regional major repair system operator. The system of major repairs of apartment buildings in the Russian Federation is based and implemented on a regional principle. Regional funds and regional major repair programs are formed within the regions. Provision of decent living conditions for the population and preservation of the housing fund of municipalities, being the most important task of modern socio-economic development of society, depends on the efficiency of the major repair system.

Lessons to be learned from the German Modernising Apartment Ownership Act of 2020 (WEMoG 2020) on structural alterations to a scheme building with an emphasis on the promotion of electromobility by the installation of charging stations for electrical vehicles

Ingevolge artikel 20(1) van die Duitse Moderniserende Deeltitelwet (Wohnungseigentumsmodern­isierungsgesetz – WEMoG) mag deeleienaars struktuurveranderinge aan die deeltitelgebou aanbring wat instandhouding en herstelwerk aan die gebou oorskry. Dit kan gedoen word deur hetsy ’n besluit op ’n algemene vergadering geneem deur twee derdes van die deeleienaars aanwesig op daardie vergade-ring wat meer as die helfte van die totale mede-eiendomsaandele in die gemeenskaplike eiendom het óf deur ’n gewone meerderheidsbesluit wat ’n individuele deeltiteleienaar magtig om die verandering te onderneem. Ingevolge artikel 20(2) van die Duitse Moderniserende Deeltitelwet kan ’n deeleienaar of huurder aanspraak maak op struktuurveranderinge aan die gebou vir die aanleg van laaigeriewe vir elektriese voertuie, die verwydering van gedeeltes van die gebou wat die bewegingsvryheid van be­jaarde persone of persone met ’n fisiese gestremdheid aan bande lê, struktuurveranderinge wat inbreuk in deeltiteleenhede hokslaan en wat die opvang van die internet in eenhede verbeter. Ingevolge artikel 20(4) mag struktuurveranderinge wat ’n residensiële skema prinsipieel herontwerp of wat een deeleie­naar ongeregverdig sonder sy toestemming teenoor die ander deeleienaars benadeel nie toegelaat word of deur ’n eienaar of huurder aangevra word nie. Betreffende elektromobiliteit word die lede van die bestuursliggaam ingevolge die bogenoemde super meerderheidsbesluit toegelaat om ’n laaigerief teen die buitemuur van die gebou te installeer (wall box) en dit deur elektriese kabels aan die bestaande kragbron te verbind. In beginsel dra die deeleienaar die koste van die struktuurverandering wat hy of sy aanbring of wat namens hom of haar deur die bestuursliggaam aangebring word en is hy of sy alleenlik geregtig om die verandering te benut. Indien die lede deur ’n superbesluit die verandering goedgekeur het, word die koste verbonde aan die verandering proporsioneel volgens hulle mede-eiendomsaandeel tussen al die lede van die bestuursliggaam verdeel en mag hulle die verandering dienooreenkomstig gebruik. Slegs in die geval waar die koste verbonde aan die verandering onproporsioneel is tot die voordele wat die verandering meebring en waar die koste nie binne ’n redelike tyd afbetaal sal kan word nie, hoef die lede wat teen die besluit gestem het, nie by te dra tot die koste nie. Hierdie lede mag egter later deur betaling van ’n vasgestelde bedrag bydra tot die koste van die verandering om sodoende medegebruik van die verandering byvoorbeeld die herlaaigerief of kragopwekkingseenheid te verkry. Volgens die Suid-Afrikaanse Regulasies ingevolge die Wet op die Bestuur van Deeltitelskemas sal slegs struktuurveranderinge wat elektromobiliteit bevorder in luukse deeltitelskemas geklassifiseer word as veranderings wat redelik noodsaaklik is. Sodanige verandering sal egter slegs aangebring kan word indien die trustees die lede vir 30 dae vooraf skriftelik ingelig het omtrent die totale koste van die voorgenome verandering, hoe die regspersoon die koste gaan betaal, wat die effek van die verandering sal wees en hoekom dit noodsaaklik is. Indien enige lid tydens die 30 dae aandui dat ’n spesiale vergadering omtrent die aangeleentheid byeengeroep moet word, moet die trustees die vergadering belê en kan die verandering slegs deurgevoer word indien dit bekragtig word deur ’n spesiale besluit. Gedragsreël 4(2) bepaal dat die eienaar of okkupeerder van ’n deel geag word toestemming van die trustees te verkry het om ’n sluit- of veiligheidstoestel te installeer ten einde bewoners teen indringers te beskerm of ’n vensterskerm aan te bring wat diere en insekte verhoed om die deel binne te kom. Hierdie struktuur ter beskerming moet behoorlik aangebring word en moet ooreenstem met die ontwerp, kleur, en materiaal wat skriftelik deur die trustees goedgekeur is. Daar is geen gesag in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg betreffende struktuurveranderinge wat die verwydering van gedeeltes van die gebou wat die bewegingsvryheid van gestremde persone aan bande lê, of die verbetering van internetontvangs van deeltiteleienaars magtig nie. Ten einde tred te hou met die omgewingskrisis, die wêreldwye bevordering van elektromobiliteit, die beskerming van die regte van persone met gebreke, die beskerming van dele teen inbrake en die verbetering van internetontvangs van dele, sal die Suid-Afrikaanse wetgewer moet besluit watter van die Duitse maatreëls oor struktuurveranderinge nagevolg moet word en of verdere gevalle soos die oprigting van sonkragopwekkingstasies ook geprivilegeer moet word. Weens die omslagtige manier waarop eienaars of huurders van deeltiteleenhede in die Duitse Moderniserende Wet geprivilegeer word, verkies ek die benadering van die Oostenrykse wetgewer wat die toestemming van al die eienaars tot die struktuurveranderinge onder sekere omstandighede veronderstel. Die 2023 Oostenrykse wetgewing standaardiseer die bepalings vir die oprigting van gemeenskaplike kragopwekkingstasies om te voorkom dat oprigting van individuele kragstasies in die weg staan van gemeenskaplike opwekkingstasies.

Addressing Multi-Unit Residential Management Conflicts: A Legal Study

This study delves into the legal complexities and challenges arising from the management dualism disputes within the Association of Occupants and Owners of Flat Units (P3SRS) at the Bogor Valley Apartment. The research adopts a normative juridical approach, focusing on the analysis of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials through comprehensive library research. Central to this investigation is the exploration of the authority of P3SRS under Article 27 of the Regulation of the Minister of PUPR Number 14 of 2021. The study reveals that the existing dual administrations within the P3SRS lack the legitimate authority to manage the interests of the apartment's owners and residents as stipulated by the regulation. This situation has led to significant legal issues, primarily triggered by the dismissal and replacement of P3SRS management. The research further examines legal protection mechanisms for residents and owners affected by this dualism, highlighting two primary approaches: 'preventive legal protection' through government-led socialization and awareness campaigns, and 'repressive legal protection' as outlined in existing housing laws and regulations. Additionally, the study discusses the role of the independent Notary Honor Council (MKN) in providing legal protection for notaries concerning their civil responsibilities and the creation of legal documents. The findings underscore the necessity for clear regulatory frameworks and effective legal protection strategies to address and mitigate the challenges posed by management dualism in residential unit associations, providing valuable insights for policymakers, legal practitioners, and residents of multi-unit dwellings.Highlights: The study identifies illegal authority in dual residential management structures, highlighting a lack of legitimate power in handling owner and resident interests. It emphasizes the necessity of preventive legal protection, advocating for government-led awareness initiatives to educate communities about residential management laws. The research underscores the importance of repressive legal measures, detailing how existing housing regulations provide protection against management conflicts. Keywords: Residential Management, Legal Dualism, Preventive Protection, Repressive Protection, Regulatory Framework

Elastic Neighboring: Everyday Life Within the Geometry and Materiality of Large Housing Estates

This article aims to contribute to the study of the relationship between the increasing size and verticality of contemporary cities and the lived experiences of their residents. Drawing on 20 residential biographies of apartment owners in the newly built large housing estates (LHEs) on the outskirts of St. Petersburg, Russia, I explore how their specific geometry and materiality co-constitute everyday neighboring interactions. As an analytical tool, I apply a version of social practice theory that treats materiality as an influential constitutive component of everyday life. The article shows how geometry, including verticality and size, as well as shared materiality, shape and mediate neighboring practices. I argue that diverse neighboring interactions, occurring simultaneously at larger and smaller scales, as well as in visible and invisible modes, are inherent in vibrantly gigantic and monolithic housing. The article coins the concept of elastic neighboring, focusing on the everyday oscillation between residents’ isolation and awareness of each other.

Issues of Judicial Protection of Violated Rights of Apartment Owners

To date the issue of qualifying apartments as a type of real estate has not been resolved at the legislative level; there is no resolution of the issue in terms of determining the intended (economic) purpose of these premises, taking into account the practice of using them for permanent or primary residence. This situation is due to the lack of a definition of apartments in the current legislation. The goal is to consider certain issues of judicial protection of the rights of owners of apartments that have variable intended use, related to the observance of the rights of third parties, the organization of management of buildings in which the apartments are located, with the transfer of apartments from non-residential premises to residential ones. In particular, attempts to change the current legislation in terms of determining the status of apartments are analyzed, taking into account the balance of interests of all participants, taking into account the existing negative and positive experience. The current judicial practice is examined from the point of view of protecting the violated rights of apartment owners during bankruptcy proceedings and enforcement proceedings. Positive contractual structures have been identified when purchasing apartments, taking into account minimizing the legal risks of their owners. The features and disadvantages of taxation of apartments used for permanent residence, including during their alienation, have been identified. That is, the legal institution of apartments, used for the permanent residence of citizens, was considered as a multifaceted complex phenomenon, the regulation of which is carried out by many branches of law. Methods: analysis, synthesis and comparison. The obtained conclusions are of scientific novelty and practical significance, since they contribute to the improvement of the norms of civil legislation and the development of the science of civil law.

RESPONSIBILITIES AND LIMITATIONS OF THE RESIDENT WELFARE ASSOCIATIONS (RWA) IN INDIA.

A Resident Welfare Association (RWA) is a Non-governmental organization representing the interests of the residents of a specific urban or semi-urban locality in India. Resident Welfare Association is not an official government body, and illegal housing localities in India can form RWAs to represent citizen interests. Each residential colony has its own resident welfare association (RWA). Its primary objective is to work toward the common good of all residents in a given area, as the name suggests. At the same time, it is governed by roles and responsibilities to ensure its efficient operation. RWAs are typically registered under cooperative societies acts; it requires groups to have a minimum of fifteen members from a given area, or under the Apartment Owners Act of the state as an "association of apartment owners" or under Societies Registration Act (central Act or state Act), it needs minimum ten members. RWAs are being created in any apartment for better coordination, living style, and harmony among the residents. Sustain social connection is always a priority but not at the cost of discipline. Due to various reasons, the clubs and special interest groups sometimes create problems for the normal functioning of the RWAs. Many issues and conflicts are reported due to the absence of the basic standard operating system of the RWA governance. The Residents Welfare Association of the high-rise buildings of the smart cities is evolving, and there is no clear-cut guideline for the RWA governance from the government. So it is essential to conduct a deep study for the effective functioning of the Residents Welfare Association in India. The essence of the study is to identify the roles, responsibilities, limitations, and challenges of the Residents Welfare Association in India.

ISSUES OF DETERMINING THE COMPOSITION OF PARTICIPANTS OF JOINT HOUSE OWNERSHIP IN THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS AND PARTICIPANTS OF A CONDOMINIUM IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

This scientific article presents a comparative legal study of the concepts of "participants of joint household ownership" in the Republic of Belarus and "participants of a condominium" in the Republic of Kazakhstan, determines their relationship with persons who are obliged to pay for housing and communal and other services in the considered legal relationship. The methodological basis of this work is a combination of general scientific and special legal methods of cognition. The scientific approaches presented in the article testify to the importance of an unambiguous definition in the legislation of the subjects of legal relations that develop in multi-apartment residential buildings. In addition to the owners of premises, apartments or other premises (including non-residential) in multi-apartment buildings may belong to legal entities owning property on limited rights in rem. In the Republic of Belarus, as well as in the Republic of Kazakhstan, the limited property rights of legal entities are the right of economic management and the right of operational management. At the same time, Belarusian legislation does not classify such entities as participants in joint home ownership, which occurs in multi-apartment residential buildings, which creates problems in the distribution of costs in managing the common property of joint household ownership, which are often assigned to the owners of premises (residential or non-residential). The judicial practice of the Republic of Belarus, analyzed in the article, testifies to examples of different application of the legislation on joint household ownership. On the basis of the study presented in this article, the author comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to improve the legislation of the Republic of Belarus, which regulates legal relations on joint home ownership, in terms of clarifying the entities that are obliged to pay the costs of maintaining the common property of joint home ownership

Problems and Solutions of Multi-apartment Housing Management in Latvia

Housing policy is closely related to the well-being and social integration of the population of each country, and has a great impact on the development of various sectors and the entire national economy. An important part of housing policy is the housing management sector, whose processes affect all levels of society. The goals of the housing policy in Latvia are to promote the quality and availability of housing and to ensure the regulatory basis for management. Special attention should be paid to multi-apartment residential buildings, as they occupy more than half of the total residential area in Latvia, and approximately 65% of the population lives in apartments. The tasks of the study are to identify, collect and analyse information on the aspects of managing multi-apartment residential buildings, as well as to provide recommendations for the improvement of the housing policy. The monographic or descriptive method was used for the analysis of the theoretical base. In order to find out the current situation and the main problems related to the management of residential buildings, a survey was conducted in which residents of multi-apartment residential buildings of different series and different in number of apartments participated. Analysing the results of the survey, it was found that the main problems are related to incomplete information, lack of interest, incompetence, lack of communication between apartment owners and the house manager, as well as various legal deficiencies regarding ownership rights. Improvement of the regulatory base, increasing the competence of managers and information measures for apartment owners are offered as solutions.