Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule Research Articles

Social psychological factors and strategies for women’s incarceration-induced phobias

BackgroundThe incarceration of women is a risk factor for phobias in women. Depth phobia can seriously affect patients’ quality of life and even induce the risk of suicide. However, this phenomenon is common in many countries and regions. To study the social and psychological reasons for this phenomenon and propose strategies to help patients escape their fear.Subjects and MethodsFifty women with a history of incarceration and phobias were selected as the experimental group, and 50 women with a history of imprisonment and no phobias were selected as the control group. The Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (ADDIS-IV) was used to analyze the 100 women comprehensively.ResultsThe experimental group had a mean score of 88, and the control group had a mean score of 72 out of 100 on the 20-item comprehensive assessment. The study found that factors such as domestic violence, gender discrimination, mental health, and local culture may lead to the incarceration of women, and women with excessive life stress and a history of incarceration are more likely to develop phobias. In addition, the local social structure and legal system may also lead to the imprisonment and phobias of women.ConclusionsThe results showed domestic violence and gender discrimination were the leading causes of women’s incarceration and phobias. Therefore, the provision of psychosocial counseling and treatment services should be strengthened to reduce the incidence of incarceration and phobia among women.

The Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders compared with diagnosis-specific protocols for anxiety disorders: A three-year follow-up

ObjectiveCompare the long-term efficacy of diagnosis-specific and transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBT) from a randomized equivalence trial for the treatment of heterogenous anxiety disorders. MethodParticipants were treatment completers (N = 80; 58.8% female) from the parent equivalence trial treated with either the Unified Protocol (UP; n = 44) or the single-disorder CBT protocol (SDP; n = 36) for their primary anxiety disorder. Clinical interviews were conducted at 24- and 36-month follow-up and self-report questionnaire batteries were completed at 18-, 24-, 30-, and 36-month follow-up. With-in condition effect sizes were calculated to determine maintenance of treatment gains in each treatment condition over time and potential differences between treatment conditions were evaluated using the principal diagnosis clinician severity rating (CSR) from the Anxiety Disorder Interview Schedule (ADIS); additional outcomes included anxiety, depression, and functional impairment. ResultsTreatment gains within each condition were largely maintained at three years post-treatment, with small fluctuations in subclinical symptoms. At 36-month follow-up, the UP and SDP treatment conditions remained comparable on the principal diagnosis ADIS CSR. Although there were some differences on secondary outcomes favoring the SDP condition at intermediate time points, there were no significant differences between the UP and SDP conditions on ADIS CSR or any secondary outcomes at 36-month follow-up. ConclusionsResults further support the utility of the UP as a single intervention that produces durable treatment effects for the most commonly occurring psychological disorders through demonstration of outcomes commensurate with current first-line SDPs.

Evaluating the long-term effects of cognitive behavioural therapy as an early intervention for at-risk anxiety disorders among preschool children in Asia.

There are few evaluations of early intervention for the prevention of anxiety disorders in East Asia, and those that exist generally evaluate outcomes to a maximum of 6-12months. The current study evaluated the long-term effect (5years) of an anxiety prevention program presented to preschool children and their parents in Japan. Participants for the study were 10 inhibited children 5-6years old and their parents. The parent's and children's program comprised group sessions of a cognitive-behavioural program. Parents and teachers completed the anxious/depressed, withdrawn and behavioural inhibition at pre-post-intervention and 3-month follow-up. Five years after starting the intervention, participants were invited to a diagnostic interview, Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule (ADIS) to examine a long-term preventive effect of the intervention. The majority of children showed a reduction in anxious/depressed, behavioral inhibition, and approximately half showed reliable change according to parents' and teachers' reports. Moreover, the results indicated that 9 of the 10 children did not met the diagnostic criteria for anxiety disorders. These results suggested that the early intervention had preventive effects because the diagnostic criteria for anxiety disorders were not met in the follow-up assessment conducted five years later.

Effectiveness of a projection-based augmented reality exposure system in treating cockroach phobia: study protocol of a randomised controlled trial

BackgroundDespite being the treatment of choice for phobic disorders, in vivo exposure treatment (IVET) presents some important limitations related mainly to low acceptance and high drop-out rates. Augmented reality (AR)...

Emotion-focused skills training for parents with anxious children. A pilot study.

Anxiety disorders are common among children and adolescents. Effective treatments exist, but meta-analyses indicate that 40% of children continue to have significant symptoms posttreatment. Alternative therapeutic interventions are needed. Emotion-focused parental interventions have been found to be effective in targeting children's internalizing difficulties, but no research has examined remission. In this pilot trial, we examined whether Emotion Focused Skills Training (EFST) was associated with remission of diagnosis in children with anxiety. Nine 8-14-year-olds diagnosed with anxiety were recruited at a mental health clinic in Norway. Both parents of each child attended a 2-day EFST program followed by five 1-hour weekly sessions. Pre- and posttreatment diagnosis and severity were evaluated using a multiinformant approach using the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale and the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule. After treatment, 33% no longer met criteria for any anxiety diagnosis, 66% obtained remission from their primary anxiety diagnosis, and 89% from at least one.

Social anxiety disorder in adolescents: Prevalence and subtypes in the Young-HUNT3 study

BackgroundFew studies have examined the prevalence of social anxiety disorder (SAD) among adolescents and the associated sex-specific fears. No previous studies have reported variance in SAD prevalence among adolescents based on a stepwise diagnostic approach. MethodsUsing various diagnostic thresholds from the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule child version, and the diagnostic criteria from both the 4th and 5th editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), we explored the point prevalence of SAD among a population-based sample of 8216 adolescents aged 13–19 years. ResultsOverall, 2.6% of adolescents met the SAD diagnostic criteria. The prevalence varied from 2.0% to 5.7% depending on the criteria-set. Twice as many females met the overall SAD criteria. The DSM-IV generalized SAD subtype was assigned to 86.5% of the sample, while 3.5% met the DSM-5 performance-only subtype. Compared with males aged 16–19 years, significantly more of those aged 13–15 years met the SAD criteria; no significant age group differences were found among females. ConclusionsThis is the first study to demonstrate variance in SAD prevalence among adolescents based on the diagnostic threshold method. Depending on the threshold applied, SAD prevalence among adolescents varied from 2.0% to 5.7%. Age and sex differences in social fear experiences highlight the importance of considering developmental heterogeneity in SAD, especially for adapting prevention and treatment interventions.

Diagnosing selective mutism: a critical review of measures for clinical practice and research.

Selective mutism (SM) is an anxiety disorder (prevalence 1-2%), characterized by the consistent absence of speaking in specific situations (e.g., in school), while adequately speaking in other situations (e.g., at home). SM can have a debilitating impact on the psychosocial and academic functioning in childhood. The use of psychometrically sound and cross-culturally valid instruments is urgently needed.The aim of this paper is to identify and review the available assessment instruments for screening or diagnosing the core SM symptomatology. We conducted a systematic search in 6 databases. We identified 1469 studies from the last decade and investigated the measures having been used in a diagnostic assessment of SM. Studies were included if original data on the assessment or treatment of SM were reported. It was found that 38% of published studies on SM reporting original data did not report the use of any standardized or objective measure to investigate the core symptomatology. The results showed that many different questionnaires, interviews and observational instruments were used, many of these only once. The Selective Mutism Questionnaire (SMQ), Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule (ADIS) and School Speech Questionnaire (SSQ) were used most often. Psychometric data on these instruments are emerging. Beyond these commonly used instruments, more recent developed instruments, such as the Frankfurt Scale of SM (FSSM) and the Teacher Telephone Interview for SM (TTI-SM), are described, as well as several interesting observational measures. The strengths and weaknesses of the instruments are discussed and recommendations are made for their use in clinical practice and research.

A Review on Pediatric Social Phobia and Selective Mutism

Selective mutism (SM) is a psychological disease that affects children and is defined by a complete lack of speech in certain social contexts while speech production appears normal in others. Separation anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder (previously known as social phobia), agoraphobia, and panic disorder, as well as shyness and anxiety, can all be associated with selective mutism. SM is a rather uncommon condition. Estimates of its point prevalence have been found in clinic or school samples in a variety of countries, and typically range between 0.03 percent and 1.9 percent depending on the setting. To properly establish the disorder's diagnosis, clinicians can use the SM module of the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for Children and Parents (ADIS-C/P) or the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for Children (Kiddie- or K-SADS). Nonmedication and medication-based therapies are the two basic types of treatment for selective mutism. Psychodynamic therapy, behavioural therapy, and family therapy are among the most common nonmedication-based or psychotherapy treatments. Selective seratonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (fluoxetine in particular) have been demonstrated to improve mutism and anxiety when used as a treatment option. The study aims to evaluate and treat selective silence and social phobia in children.

School Functioning and Educational Aspirations in Adolescents With Social Anxiety-The Young-HUNT3 Study, Norway.

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) typically emerges during childhood or early adolescence and often has long-term effects on several areas of an individual's life, including school and education. The purpose of this study is to examine whether social anxiety is associated with (1) school functioning in terms of behavioral difficulties (hyperactivity and/or attention problems), school dissatisfaction, social exclusion, truancy, and learning difficulties, and (2) educational aspirations (educational level). We use data from the population-based Young-HUNT3 study (2006–2008), where 8,199 Norwegian adolescents participated. Social anxiety is measured both as self-report [the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for Children (SPAI-C)], and as screening information from diagnostic interviews [Anxiety Disorder Interview Schedule for DSM IV: child version (ADIS-C)]. ADIS-C screening positives (n = 388) reported higher rates of behavioral difficulties (RR = 1.06), school dissatisfaction (RR = 1.15), social exclusion (RR = 1.24), truancy (RR = 1.05), and learning difficulties (RR = 1.10) compared to screened negatives. Self-reported social anxiety symptoms showed similar patterns. Further, higher mean scores of self-reported social anxiety symptoms and being ADIS-C screening positive were negatively associated with aspirations of higher education (OR = 0.92 and OR = 0.74, respectively). However, as regards to having aspirations for the future (aspirations of higher education and/or aspirations of vocational training), no associations were found. The results indicate that social anxiety in adolescence is related to unfavorable/poorer school functioning and lower tendency of aspirations of higher education, which may have consequences for future educational pathways and later work life.

Therapist-Guided Internet-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy vs Internet-Delivered Supportive Therapy for Children and Adolescents With Social Anxiety Disorder

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a prevalent childhood-onset disorder associated with lifelong adversity and high costs for the individual and society at large. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an established evidence-based treatment for SAD, but its availability is limited. To assess the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of therapist-guided internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy (ICBT) for SAD in youths vs an active comparator, internet-delivered supportive therapy (ISUPPORT). This single-masked, superiority randomized clinical trial enrolled participants at a clinical research unit integrated within the child and adolescent mental health services in Stockholm, Sweden, from September 1, 2017, to October 31, 2018. The final participant reached the 3-month follow-up (primary end point) in May 2019. Children and adolescents 10 to 17 years of age with a principal diagnosis of SAD and their parents were included in the study. ICBT and ISUPPORT, both including 10 online modules, 5 separate parental modules, and 3 video call sessions with a therapist. The Clinician Severity Rating (CSR), derived from the Anxiety Disorder Interview Schedule, rated by masked assessors 3 months after the end of treatment. The CSR ranges from 0 to 8, with scores of 4 or higher indicating caseness. Secondary outcomes included masked assessor-rated diagnostic status of SAD and global functioning, child- and parent-reported social anxiety and depressive symptoms, and health-related costs. Of the 307 youths assessed for eligibility, 103 were randomized to 10 weeks of therapist-guided ICBT (n = 51) or therapist-guided ISUPPORT (n = 52) for SAD. The sample consisted of 103 youths (mean [SD] age, 14.1 [2.1] years; 79 [77%] female). Internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy was significantly more efficacious than ISUPPORT in reducing the severity of SAD symptoms. Mean (SD) CSR scores for ICBT at baseline and at the 3-month follow-up were 5.06 (0.95) and 3.96 (1.46), respectively, compared with 4.94 (0.94) and 4.48 (1.30) for ISUPPORT. There was a significant between-group effect size of d = 0.67 (95% CI, 0.21-1.12) at the 3-month follow-up. Similarly, all of the secondary outcome measures demonstrated significant differences with small to large effect sizes, except for child-rated quality of life (nonsignificant). The cost-effectiveness analyses indicated cost savings associated with ICBT compared with ISUPPORT, with the main drivers of the savings being lower medication costs (z = 2.38, P = .02) and increased school productivity (z = 1.99, P = .047) in the ICBT group. There was 1 suicide attempt in the ISUPPORT group; no other serious adverse events occurred in either group. In this randomized clinical trial, internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy was an efficacious and cost-effective intervention for children and adolescents with SAD. Implementation in clinical practice could markedly increase the availability of effective interventions for SAD. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03247075.

Sociodemographic Correlates and Mental Health Comorbidities in Adolescents With Social Anxiety: The Young-HUNT3 Study, Norway.

Social anxiety is highly prevalent in adolescents and is often associated with great individual suffering and functional impairment. Psychiatric comorbidity is common and further adds to this burden. The purposes of this study were: (1) to describe the occurrence of diagnosed and self-reported social anxiety among 8,199 Norwegian adolescents aged 13–19 years who participated in the population-based Young-HUNT3 study (2006–2008); (2) to examine associations between sociodemographic characteristics and different subgroups of social anxiety; and (3) to describe the psychiatric health comorbidities among adolescents diagnosed with social anxiety disorder (SAD). In total, 388 (5.9%) of the adolescents screened positive for SAD and were invited into a diagnostic interview, performed by professional nurses, using Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM IV: child version (ADIS-C) (response rate = 54.6%). A SAD diagnosis was indicated in 106 individuals (50% of the interview subjects), and more than two-thirds of the adolescents diagnosed with SAD had one or more comorbid psychiatric disorders. Higher mean scores of self-reported social anxiety symptoms, poor self-rated health, sleep problems, poor family economic situation, low physical activity, and having sought professional help within the last year were associated with higher odds of being in the screening positive subgroup. Screening positive subjects who did not meet for a diagnostic interview did not differ notably from the rest of the screening positive group in terms of these sociodemographic characteristics. Based on our results and the fact that individuals with social anxiety often fear interview situations, the use of ADIS-C, screening questions and self-reports seem to be sufficient when aiming to identify epidemiologically representative cohorts of adolescents at risk of social anxiety.

Testing Clinical Intuitions About Barriers to Improvement in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Panic Disorder

Although clinical intuitions influence psychotherapeutic practice and are a rich source of novel hypotheses for research, many remain to be empirically tested. This study evaluates whether clinicians’ beliefs about barriers to progress in cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for panic disorder are supported by data. Data from a randomized-controlled trial comparing CBT to panic-focused psychodynamic psychotherapy (PFPP) for adults with primary panic disorder (N = 161) were used to evaluate 15 factors endorsed by clinicians as impediments to CBT in a recent survey. Panic severity was assessed before, during (at Weeks 1, 5, and 9), and at termination of treatment (Week 12) using the Panic Disorder Severity Scale. Hierarchical linear modeling revealed that none of the perceived barriers were predictive of poor outcome. Contrary to clinicians’ intuitions, dissociation during panic attacks was associated with greater symptomatic improvement in both treatment arms (β = −0.69, p < .05), above the effect of established predictors. Moderation analyses revealed that when patients had PTSD diagnosed with the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule (β = 1.71, p < .05) or less severe panic disorder (β = 0.45, p = .04), they changed more rapidly in CBT than in PFPP. Overall, clinician agreement was inversely related to the strength of a predictor (r = −.24, p = .39). Although clinical intuitions can be useful as clinical and empirical signals, such beliefs should be critically examined before informing practice. Dialogue between academics and clinicians might be enhanced through research that incorporates input from front-line practitioners.

A pilot trial of a transdiagnostic treatment for emotional disorders-a locally adapted variant of group Unified Protocol (UP) for Chinese adults.

There has been increasing interest in transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), which is more cost efficient yet yields similar effect sizes when compared to disorder-specific CBT. The Unified Protocol (UP) for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders was adapted for Hong Kong Chinese adults with common mental disorders, such as depression and anxiety. It was piloted in community settings and delivered in a group format. Thirty-one Chinese adults (female = 93.5%, mean age = 44 years) with heterogeneous anxiety and depressive disorders were recruited from a number of public-funded community mental health centers in Hong Kong to participate in a pilot trial of a locally adapted variant of UP. Treatment consisted of 14 group sessions plus one individual session. Each group included six to nine participants. The diagnostic and outcome measures included Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV, The Chinese versions of Beck Depression Inventory-Revised (C-BDI-II), Beck Anxiety Inventory (C-BAI), Positive Affect subscale of Positive and Negative Affect Scale, and Work and Social Adjustment Scale. Results indicate significant improvement across a number of outcome measures, with moderate-to-large effect sizes for measures of depression (d = 1.11), anxiety (d = 0.67), positive affect (d = 0.54), and work and social functioning (d = 0.49). Furthermore, 45.2% and 29.0% of the participants scored within the normal range of C-BDI-II and C-BAI at posttreatment, respectively, compared to 3.2% and 6.5% at pretreatment. This pilot, uncontrolled trial demonstrated potential effectiveness of a locally adapted variant of group UP for Chinese adults with common mental disorders. It achieved comparable effect sizes to those observed in western populations.

Preventing the Onset of Anxiety Disorders in Offspring of Anxious Parents: A Six-Year Follow-up.

This study examined the effects of a family-based intervention Coping and Promoting Strength (CAPS) relative to a control condition, information-monitoring (IM), to prevent the onset of anxiety disorders in offspring of anxious parents sixyears after their initial assessment. One hundred thirty six families participated in the original randomized trial; 113 (83%) completed the one time follow-up assessment. Presence of anxiety disorders and severity of symptoms in offspring were assessed by masked evaluators using the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule; parents and offspring also completed questionnaires assessing offspring anxiety. Using the intentionto treat sample from the original trial, Cox regression models showed significant intervention main effects in the rate of onset of anxiety disorders from baseline to follow-up (anxiety disorder: hazard ratio (HR) = 2.55, 95% CI: 1.54, 4.21) but growth curves suggest effects occurred within the first year after program completion. No group differences were found in the cumulative incidence of anxiety disorders at the six-year follow-up. Additional intervention appears needed to maintain the initial positive effects long-term to reduce the risk for downstream disability.Clinical Trials Registration: NCT00847561.

Psychometric properties of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale-12 in generalized anxiety disorder: Assessment of factor structure, measurement properties and clinical utility

Intolerance of uncertainty is a psychological vulnerability implicated in the development and maintenance of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). The Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale-12 (IUS-12) is a widely used measure, however no studies have thoroughly tested the psychometric properties in a clinically diagnosed GAD sample. This study aimed to evaluate the factor structure, measurement properties and clinical utility of the IUS-12 in clinical and non-clinical samples. Participants were screened using the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV to ascertain clinical (n = 136: principal diagnosis of GAD) or non-clinical status (n = 76). Confirmatory factor analysis determined that the bifactor type (two-factor testlet) model demonstrated significantly better fit in comparison to the unidimensional model for the clinical sample. The IUS-12 exhibited limited multidimensionality indicating that only the total score provides meaningful interpretation. The IUS-12 demonstrated good construct validity (with DASS-21, MCQ-30, and PSWQ), good internal consistency, as well as good test-retest reliability over 12-weeks. The IUS-12 demonstrated responsivity to treatment following cognitive behavioral therapy and mindfulness based psychological interventions. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis indicated an optimal cut-off score of 28 for distinguishing individuals with GAD from non-clinical cases. Overall, the IUS-12 is a valid, reliable and clinically useful instrument for individuals with GAD.

The Unified Protocol compared with diagnosis-specific protocols for anxiety disorders: 12-month follow-up from a randomized clinical trial

ObjectiveTo examine whether the Unified Protocol (UP) remains equivalent to single-disorder protocols (SDPs) in the treatment of anxiety disorders at 12-month follow-up. MethodWe report results from the 12-month follow-up of a recent randomized equivalence trial [1]. Data are from 179 participants (55.31% female sex, 83.24% White, average age 30.66) who met criteria for a principal anxiety disorder and were randomized to either the UP or SDP conditions. Consistent with the parent trial, the primary outcome was principal diagnosis clinician severity rating (CSR) from the Anxiety Disorder Interview Schedule (ADIS). Secondary outcomes included anxiety, depression, and impairment. Missing data were accommodated using multiple imputation (10,000 imputed data sets) under a missing at random assumption. Equivalence between the UP and SDPs was tested using slope difference scores from latent growth models and 95% confidence interval of between-condition effect sizes. ResultsThe results indicated that the UP and SDP conditions remained equivalent with regard to principal diagnosis clinician severity rating at 12-month follow-up. In addition, there were no significant differences between conditions on secondary outcomes at 12-month follow-up. ConclusionsThe UP continues to yield outcomes comparable to SDPs at 12-month follow-up, and therefore provides a single intervention that can be used to treat the most commonly occurring psychiatric disorders with durable effects.

Evidence-based assessment in clinical settings: Reducing assessment burden for a structured measure of child and adolescent anxiety.

Clinically useful and evidence-based mental health assessment requires the identification of strategies that maximize diagnostic accuracy, inform treatment planning, and make efficient use of clinician and patient time and resources. This study uses classification tree analyses to determine whether parent- and child-report instruments, alone or in combination, can accurately predict diagnoses as measured by the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule (ADIS). The ADIS, which is the gold-standard semistructured interview for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents, requires formal training and lengthy administration. Data were collected as part of the standard diagnostic assessment process for 201 patients (ages 5 to 17 years) in an urban outpatient psychiatry specialty clinic. Analyses examined 2 models to determine which predictors reached an acceptable level of diagnostic accuracy for generalized anxiety, social anxiety, and separation anxiety disorders. The first model used scores on a parent- and child-report anxiety measure combined with demographic factors, and the second model incorporated a broad-band measure of child psychopathology and a depression measure into the analysis. Although demographic factors did not emerge as accurate predictors in either model, particular measures, either alone or in combination, were able to predict specific ADIS diagnoses in some cases, allowing for the potential streamlining of ADIS administration. These results suggest that a classification-tree analysis lends itself to the construction of simple algorithms that have high clinical utility and may advance the feasibility and utility of evidence-based assessment strategies in real-world practice settings by balancing cost effectiveness, administration demands, and accuracy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Integration of insomnia management strategies in cognitive behavior therapy for generalized anxiety disorder

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of integrating insomnia management strategies into CBT for GAD on insomnia and anxiety. Forty-nine participants with GAD (84% females; mean age = 32.0) were randomized to 12-weeks of CBT for GAD that included or excluded insomnia management strategies. Participants completed the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (ADIS-IV) before and after treatment, as well as the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and the Worry and Anxiety Questionnaire (WAQ) before and after treatment and at 3- and 6-month follow-ups. There was no condition effect and no condition × time interaction effect on the primary outcomes (ISI and WAQ). Both conditions produced large decreases in insomnia, F(3, 46.03) = 25.75, P

Behavioral Inhibition in Childhood as A Risk Factor for Development of Social Anxiety Disorder: A Longitudinal Study.

Previous research has suggested the association between behavioral inhibition (BI) and the development of social anxiety disorder in childhood. However, there is scarce research using longitudinal methodology in Spanish-speaking populations. To cover this gap, the sample comprised 73 children ranging from six to eight years who had been examined for BI two years earlier in home and school settings. Children and their parents were administered the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-5-Child and Parent Versions to assess the presence of possible anxiety disorders. The results revealed the stability of BI symptomatology over time. Data also showed that BI children were almost ten times more likely to develop social anxiety disorder two years later, compared to no-BI children. As a result, findings suggest behavioral inhibition strongly predicts social anxiety disorder, making BI a logical focus for selective preventive interventions. Therefore, screening for behavioral inhibition holds promise for primary prevention.

0997 The Sleep Disturbance Scale For Children In Youth With Tourette’S Disorder

Abstract Introduction Sleep disturbance is common in youth with Persistent Tic Disorders (PTDs), including Tourette’s Disorder. However, studies elucidating the nature of sleep problems in PTDs are limited. The present study examines the types of sleep disturbance present in youth with PTDs relative to healthy controls, and investigates the relationship between sleep disturbance and tic severity. Methods Participants were 56 youth ages 8 to 17 (M=11.9, SD=2.86), including individuals with PTDs (n=27), and healthy controls (n=29). An interviewer evaluated psychiatric diagnosis using the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule, and tic severity using the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS). Parents rated sleep using the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC), and tic severity using the Parent Tic Questionnaire (PTQ). Independent-samples t-tests and bivariate correlations were performed. Results Higher SDSC Total scores, t(30)=-3.74, p=.001) were found in youth with PTDs relative to healthy controls. Youth with PTDs endorsed elevated sleep disturbance with respect to: Disorders of Initiating and Maintaining Sleep, t(35)=-2.43, p=.02), Sleep-Wake Transition Disorders, t(37)=-3.04, p=.004), and Disorders of Excessive Somnolence, t(33)=-2.36, p=.02). No significant group differenceswere shown for Sleep Breathing Disorders, Disorders of Arousal, and Sleep Hyperhydrosis. There was a positive association between SDSC Total scores and YGTSS Total (p=.01, r=.56) and YGTSS Impairment scores (p= .03, r=.33). Finally, there was a positive relationship between SDSC Total and PTQ Total scores (p=.01, r=.61). Conclusion Findings suggest youth with PTDs are more likely to experience sleep disturbance than healthy children, particularly difficulties with sleep initiation and maintenance, abnormal movements during sleep, and daytime sleepiness. Further, there is a relationship between sleep disturbance and tic severity. Findings highlight the need for sleep screening and targeted sleep intervention in youth with PTDs. Support N/A