Components Of Anxiety Research Articles

Using an Innovative Intervention to Promote Active Learning in an Introductory Microbiology Course

We found that actively engaging students in our introductory microbiology course was a challenge given our large class sizes and many non-majors taking the course as a program requirement. Therefore, we introduced a novel active learning strategy to our course. Students grouped into teams of three had to create PowerPoint virtual posters on one of three themes: (a) a report on a microbe or immunology story in the news, b) interview a research scientist, or c) research a microbiological topic of their choice. To assess the intervention’s effectiveness, a pre- and post-course assessment was done. Pre-posttest analysis revealed a significant drop in surface learning and rise in deep learning. Also, there was a drop in the extrinsic (grade-dependent) goal orientation and affective (test anxiety) components. We found a decline in task value, self-efficacy for learning and performance, organization, critical thinking, time and study environment, and help seeking in students’ post-test scores. Qualitative findings also indicated the importance of group activity, gaining extra knowledge outside the curriculum, and long-term course content retention. In conclusion, we propose that the creation of digital posters in teams is an effective strategy to increase student engagement in large classes.

Age differences in trajectories of depressive, anxiety, and burnout symptoms in a population with a high likelihood of persistent occupational distress.

Work in occupations with higher levels of occupational stress can bring mental health costs. Many older adults worldwide are continuing to work past traditional retirement age, raising the question whether older adults experience depression, anxiety, or burnout at the same or greater levels as younger workers, and whether there are differences by age in these levels over time. Longitudinal survey of 1161 currently employed US clergy followed every 6-12 months for up to 66 months. Depression was measured with the 8-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8). Anxiety was measured using the anxiety component of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Burnout symptoms were assessed using the three components of the Maslach Burnout Inventory: emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization (DP), and sense of personal accomplishment (PA). Older participants had lower scores of depression, anxiety, EE, and DP and higher levels of PA over time compared to younger adults. Levels of EE decreased for older working adults, while not significantly changing over time for those younger. DP symptoms decreased over time among those 55 years or older but increased among those 25-54 years. Older working adults may have higher levels of resilience and be able to balance personal life with their occupation as well as may engage in certain behaviors that increase social support and, for clergy, spiritual well-being that may decrease stress in a way that allows these older adults to appear to tolerate working longer without poorer mental health outcomes.

Relationship between psychological pain and death anxiety with comprehensive geriatric assessment in older adults.

Psychological pain refers to the torment that results from adverse experiences, such as loneliness, guilt, frustration, hopelessness or loss. Psychological pain may impair physical and psychosocial functioning of older adults. Death anxiety is associated with cognitive function deterioration, change to social environment and increased risk of depression. This study investigated associations among components of comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA), death anxiety and psychological pain. In total, 100 patients aged ≥65 years were included in this study. Demographic characteristics and CGA test scores were examined. The Templer scale was used to evaluate death anxiety; the Psychache scale was used to evaluate psychological pain. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify parameters independently associated with poor cognitive performance and death anxiety. The patients' median age was 73 (65-92) years. Death anxiety was detected in 34% of patients. Psychological pain and death anxiety levels were significantly associated with Mini-Mental State Examination, clock drawing test, Geriatric Depression Scale-15 and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) scores. Psychological pain levels were independently associated with cognitive performance. Finally, psychological pain and IADL scores were independently associated with death anxiety. During a CGA, practitioners should note that psychological pain and death anxiety may negatively affect cognitive function and IADL scores. Patients should be re-evaluated, following suitable psychotherapeutic interventions. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20: 1056-1060..

Associations of Social Isolation with Anxiety and Depression During the Early COVID-19 Pandemic: A Survey of Older Adults in London, UK.

The COVID-19 pandemic is imposing a profound negative impact on the health and wellbeing of societies and individuals, worldwide. One concern is the effect of social isolation as a result of social distancing on the mental health of vulnerable populations, including older people. Within six weeks of lockdown, we initiated the CHARIOT COVID-19 Rapid Response Study, a bespoke survey of cognitively healthy older people living in London, to investigate the impact of COVID-19 and associated social isolation on mental and physical wellbeing. The sample was drawn from CHARIOT, a register of people over 50 who have consented to be contacted for aging related research. A total of 7,127 men and women (mean age=70.7 [SD=7.4]) participated in the baseline survey, May–July 2020. Participants were asked about changes to the 14 components of the Hospital Anxiety Depression scale (HADS) after lockdown was introduced in the UK, on 23rd March. A total of 12.8% of participants reported feeling worse on the depression components of HADS (7.8% men and 17.3% women) and 12.3% reported feeling worse on the anxiety components (7.8% men and 16.5% women). Fewer participants reported feeling improved (1.5% for depression and 4.9% for anxiety). Women, younger participants, those single/widowed/divorced, reporting poor sleep, feelings of loneliness and who reported living alone were more likely to indicate feeling worse on both the depression and/or anxiety components of the HADS. There was a significant negative association between subjective loneliness and worsened components of both depression (OR 17.24, 95% CI 13.20, 22.50) and anxiety (OR 10.85, 95% CI 8.39, 14.03). Results may inform targeted interventions and help guide policy recommendations in reducing the effects of social isolation related to the pandemic, and beyond, on the mental health of older people.

Associations among exaggerated threat perceptions, suicidal thoughts, and suicidal behaviors in U.S. firearm owners

Firearm availability has traditionally been conceptualized as an environmental risk factor for suicide mortality. Firearm acquisition for the primary purpose of self-protection (i.e., protective gun ownership) is often motivated by exaggerated threat expectancies—a central component of anticipatory anxiety—but firearm acquisition may paradoxically reinforce or exacerbate threat expectancies and contribute to behavioral disinhibition. Firearm ownership may therefore confer increased risk for suicide mortality through biobehavioral mechanisms. The present study conducted an initial test of this hypothesis by examining associations among firearm ownership, intentions to acquire additional firearms, threat expectancies, and past-month suicidal thoughts and behaviors using data collected from a national sample of 6200 U.S. adults. Results indicated threat expectancies and rates of suicide-related behaviors were significantly elevated among protective gun owners and participants who intended to acquire a firearm within the next year as compared to non-gun owners and non-protective gun owners. Threat expectancies were associated with significantly increased risk for past-month suicide-related behavior. Results suggest that threat expectancies in particular, and anticipatory anxiety more generally, may be biobehavioral processes associated with the correlation of firearm ownership and increased suicide risk.

Understanding the composite dimensions of the EQ-5D: An experimental approach.

The EQ-5D(-5L) includes two composite dimensions: "Pain or Discomfort" (P/D) and "Anxiety or Depression" (A/D), which involves an inherent ambiguity. Little is known about how these composite dimensions are interpreted across contexts where (i) individuals self-report their own health; and (ii) individuals value stylised health states. We detail the nature of the ambiguity and present experimental evidence from two large online surveys (n=1007 and n=1415). In one survey, individuals reported both their current health and their health at the time they felt the worst because of their health. In the other, they valued stylised EQ-5D states using Discrete Choice Experiments with duration as an attribute. In both surveys, participants were randomised into treatments in which the presentation of one of the composite dimensions was altered, or a control. Our results suggest (1) In self-report, use of the composite dimensions differs across the dimensions, with P/D used mainly to report Pain, but A/D used mainly to mean the more severe component of Anxiety and Depression. (2) In valuation, Pain was perceived to be worse than Discomfort at the same level, and Depression was perceived to be worse than Anxiety at the same level. (3) In valuation, the composite dimension P/D was interpreted to mean Pain, whilst the composite dimension A/D was interpreted to lie between Anxiety and Depression. We conclude that care must be taken when interpreting responses to existing health (or wellbeing) descriptive systems that rely on composite dimensions, and that caution should be applied when designing new ones.

Predictors of health anxiety in cancer patients' loved ones: A controlled comparison.

Cognitive-behavioural models suggest that vicarious illness experiences precipitate health anxiety; however, this assumption is largely untested. This study aimed to (a) compare the severity of health anxiety and rates of clinical health anxiety, Illness Anxiety Disorder (IAD), and Somatic Symptom Disorder (SSD) in participants with and without a loved one with cancer, and (b) determine the predictors of health anxiety severity in participants with vicarious cancer experiences. Participants with (n = 142) and without (n = 65) vicarious cancer experiences completed an online battery of questionnaires assessing the severity and cognitive, physiological, and behavioural components of health anxiety. Participants reporting clinical levels of health anxiety completed a diagnostic telephone interview to assess for IAD and SSD. Severity and rates of clinical health anxiety, IAD, and SSD did not differ between groups. Participants with a vicarious experience of cancer reported elevated fear of cancer recurrence regarding their loved one's illness, however only 15.8% reported clinically significant health anxiety. Hierarchical regression revealed that in participants with vicarious cancer experiences, less relationship closeness and greater perceived risk of cancer, severity of somatic symptoms, bodily hypervigilance, and catastrophic interpretation of symptoms predicted health anxiety. Being a caregiver for or genetically related to the person with cancer, the expectedness of the cancer diagnosis, and whether the loved one died from cancer were not significant predictors. These results suggest that people reporting vicarious cancer experiences do not have elevated rates of health anxiety. However, how these individuals interpret their experiences influences health anxiety severity.

Test Anxiety and Physiological Arousal: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Test anxiety is a widespread and mostly detrimental emotion in learning and achievement settings. Thus, it is a construct of high interest for researchers and its measurement is an important issue. So far, test anxiety has typically been assessed using self-report measures. However, physiological measures (e.g., heart rate or skin conductance level) have gained increasing attention in educational research, as they allow for an objective and often continuous assessment of students’ physiological arousal (i.e., the physiological component of test anxiety) in real-life situations, such as a test. Although theoretically one would assume self-report measures of test anxiety and objective physiological measures would converge, empirical evidence is scarce and findings have been mixed. To achieve a more coherent picture of the relationship between these measures, this systematic review and meta-analysis investigated whether higher self-reported test anxiety is associated with expected increases in objectively measured physiological arousal. A systematic literature search yielded an initial 231 articles, and a structured selection process identified 29 eligible articles, comprising 31 studies, which met the specified inclusion criteria and provided sufficient information about the relationship under investigation. In line with theoretical models, in 21 out of the 31 included studies, there was a significant positive relationship between self-reported test anxiety and physiological arousal. The strengths of these correlations were of medium size. Moderators influencing the relation between these two measures are discussed, along with implications for the assessment of physiological data in future classroom-based research on test anxiety.

The learner's self-regulation and academic success

This study was motivated by the low levels of academic achievement obtained by the University students, the objective was to explain the difference between those who are successful and those who are not. The theory of self- regulation of learning was used, so to identify them, a descriptive, non-experimental, cross-sectional, correlational study was carried out, with a convenience sample. The data were obtained through a survey, which reflects self-regulated learning, applied to 268 students, and was analyzed using the SPSS 18 statistic. The result was that, of the two roles of self-regulated learning, the one that has a greater relationship with outstanding academic performance was that of learning strategies in the components: metacognitive self-regulation and regulation of effort. Regarding the role of motivation, only the anxiety component was related to this performance, in the opposite direction: the higher the anxiety, the lower the academic performance. It is recommended to implement an institutional program to reinforce learning strategies, with special emphasis on metacognitive self-regulation and effort regulation. In the case of anxiety, it is recommended to deepen the study of the causes that originate it, to reduce its incidence.

Oral Administration of S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe) and Lactobacillus Plantarum HEAL9 Improves the Mild-To-Moderate Symptoms of Depression: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study.

To assess the effects of the combination of SAMe (S-adenosylmethionine) 200 mg and Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) HEAL9 1 × 10⁹ CFU for the overall symptomatology of mild-to-moderate depression. This 6-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study included subjects aged 18-60 years with mild-to-moderate depression (according to ICD-10 diagnostic criteria) recruited from September 17, 2018, to October 5, 2018. Difference between groups in change from baseline to treatment week 6 on the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (Z-SDS) was the primary outcome. Comparisons between groups in change from baseline to treatment week 2 of the Z-SDS and from baseline to treatment weeks 2 and 6 of other scales (related to insomnia, anxiety, irritable bowel syndrome, and health status) were also analyzed. Ninety patients were randomized to SAMe plus L. plantarum HEAL9 (n = 46) or placebo (n = 44) groups. A greater reduction for the new combination compared to placebo was seen at treatment week 6 in the Z-SDS total score (P = .0165) and the core depression subdomain (P = .0247). A significant reduction in favor of the combination was shown at treatment week 2 for the Z-SDS total score (P = .0330), the cognitive and anxiety subdomains (P = .0133 and P = .0459, respectively), and the anxiety questionnaire (P = .0345). No treatment-related adverse events occurred. Supplementation of SAMe and L. plantarum HEAL9 in adults with subthreshold or mild-to-moderate symptoms of depression resulted in fast and clinically relevant effects after 2 weeks. The combination was safe and significantly improved symptoms of depression, anxiety, and cognitive and somatic components. The effect of this novel product is independent from the severity of the symptoms unlike traditional antidepressants available on the market that have minimal benefits for subthreshold or mild-to-moderate symptoms. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03932474.

A-01 Comparing State Anxiety Between Concussed Athletes with and without a History of Sport Related Concussion

Abstract Objective To compare state anxiety between concussed athletes with and without a history of sport related concussion (SRC). Method This study utilized a cross-sectional design. The State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was administered to athletes within 72 hours of SRC diagnosis. The STAI is a subjective, 40-item inventory that assesses state and trait anxiety; however, this study only examined the state anxiety component. Participants reported how they were feeling at the moment of testing on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (not at all) to 4 (very much so). State anxiety scores range from 20–80, with higher scores indicating higher levels of state anxiety. An independent samples t-test was used to compare state anxiety between concussed athletes with and without a history of SRC. Statistical significance was set at p < .05. Results A total of 104 (18.12 ± 2.5 years; male = 65, female = 39) high school (n = 36) and collegiate (n = 68) athletes completed the STAI within 72 hours of SRC. Fifty-nine (56.7%) concussed athletes had no history of SRC and 45 (43.3%) athletes had a history of one or more SRCs. There was no significant difference in state anxiety between concussed athletes with (37.64 ± 9.22) and without (38.47 ± 9.44) a history of SRC (p = .65). Conclusions This study suggests that concussion history does not affect state anxiety after SRC. However, clinicians should continue to assess emotional changes after SRC in order to best manage and treat SRC.

Development of the short version of the spielberger state—trait anxiety inventory

The Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) has been widely used to measure the state and trait components of anxiety. We sought to develop a short, yet reliable and valid form of these scales for use in circumstances where the full‐form is not feasible. We abbreviated the scales using item response theory analyses to retain the items that could discriminate the best among participants. One sample (N = 922) completed the state scale, a second sample (N = 2227) completed the trait scale, while a third sample (N = 250) completed the short forms. Our participants completed the Hungarian version of STAI alongside other measures to observe external validity. We calculated cut-off scores for the state (>9.5,) and trait (>13.5) scales. A total of 19.5% and 20.1% of the respondents reached the cut-off scores. The five-item short forms of STAI had sound psychometric properties that are comparable to those obtained on the full-form. The external validity of the scales is also demonstrated. We report detailed descriptive statistics that could be used in further studies as standards. The short scales are reliable measures that could be used in clinical screening and behavioural research; especially where practical considerations preclude the use of a longer questionnaire.

Effect of various exercises on frailty among older adults with subjective cognitive concerns: a randomised controlled trial.

Physical exercise has been linked to reduced frailty, but there is insufficient evidence of beneficial effects in community-dwelling older adults with subjective cognitive concerns. This study aimed to clarify the effects of physical exercise in this population. Single-blind randomised controlled trial. Community sports centres. Residents aged 65-85years were screened using the Kihon checklist; those with subjective cognitive concerns were invited for eligibility assessment. In total, 415 community-dwelling older adults were enrolled and randomised. This trial investigated the effects of aerobic training (AT), resistance training (RT) and combined training (AT+RT) programs on reducing frailty. All participants were randomised into one of the three intervention groups or the control group. Participants in the intervention groups underwent a group training program and self-paced home training for 26weeks. The control group received lectures about health promotion. A 95-item frailty index (FI) was utilised to determine the effects of training. Participants were followed up at weeks 26 and 52. At baseline, mean age of all participants (47% women) was 72.3 ± 4.6years, with a mean FI score of 0.3 ± 0.1. Compared with control group, AT improved total FI by 0.020 (CI -0.039 to -0.001, effect size -0.275) and the depression and anxiety component of FI by 0.051 (CI -0.084 to -0.018, effect size -0.469) at week 26, but the effects waned at week 52. No significant differences in FI were found in RT and AT+RT groups at weeks 26 and 52. A 26-week AT reduced frailty modestly, especially in the depression and anxiety component, in older adults with subjective cognitive concerns.

Can FRIENDS for Life social-emotional learning programme be used for preventing anxiety and aggression in a school environment: 6 months, 1-year and 1-and-a-half-year follow-up

ABSTRACT FRIENDS for Life is an anxiety prevention programme that integrates cognitive behavioural approach with social and emotional learning. The current study examines the effects of the FRIENDS for Life programme in a school environment, with outcomes focusing on anxiety and aggression. The theoretical basis for the joint prevention and intervention of anxiety and aggression is based on their frequent simultaneous occurrence. Four classes of 4th-grade students (N = 85) were randomly assigned two to intervention and two to a no-treatment control group in a randomized control study. We measured the total anxiety and components of anxiety and the total of aggression and components of aggression with AN – UD and AG-UD aggression scale at pre-, post-, half-year, one-year and one-year-and a half follow-up. The results were inconclusive with regard to the effectiveness of the programme. However, there is some indication of possible effects on the reduction of anxiety and aggression in the boys’ sub-sample. This was also the sub-sample that showed higher levels of anxiety and aggression at baseline, suggesting possible difference in the effectiveness of the programme. Proposals are made to replicate the study in a larger format.

SCHOOL ANXIETY IN ADOLESCENTS-PERFECTIONISTS: CORRECTION EXPERIENCE

The article is devoted to the study of school anxiety in adolescents-perfectionists and exploring ways of its correction. It was found that high levels of perfectionism in adolescents can increase the probability of impaired emotional well-being and, in particular, excessive levels of anxiety. To determine the level of perfectionism and components of school anxiety in pupils, two psychodiagnostic methods were used: the “Child-Adolescent Perfectionism Scale” by P. Hewitt and G. Flett and the “Multidimensional Anxiety Scale” by K. Malkova. The study of school anxiety was conducted in two stages: before and after correction. The correction involved setting realistic goals and adequate requirements for oneself; formation the ability for justified risk; shifting focus on achievement, not failure. The results of a comparative analysis of anxiety before and after correction in the participants of the experimental group indicated a statistically significant decrease anxiety related to the assessment of others; anxiety in relationships with teachers; anxiety related to school success; anxiety in knowledge testing situations. The results of a comparative analysis of experimental and control groups adolescents-perfectionists confirmed the effectiveness of corrective action aimed at reducing school anxiety due to the presence of destructive perfectionist attitudes.

M32. THE NATURE OF THE RELATIONSHIP OF SUICIDALITY WITH SCHIZOTYPY AND PSYCHOSIS EXPERIENCE

BackgroundMeehl portrayed pervasive, chronic suicidality as a key sign of schizotypy. Consistent with this view, positive schizotypy predicts concurrent and future suicidality, is particularly predictive of greater lethality, and is a more potent predictor of suicidality than other psychopathology. Whereas the most prominent explanation for this relationship is that it is spurious, several possible causal connections have not been tested. Also, most existing evidence relates to positive schizotypy and psychosis experience. We describe three studies of the schizotypy – suicidality link.MethodsIn the first, we tested whether, as Meehl argued, schizotypy is associated with suicide dread. A general population sample (n = 350) of young adults (18 to 24 years) reported on schizotypy and suicidality, including efforts to avert suicide attempts. In univariate analyses, positive, negative, and disorganized components of schizotypy each significantly predicted persistent or frequent suicidal ideation in the past month (ORs from 2.10 to 3.71), history of attempts with intent to die (1.59 to 2.15), fear or dread of the possibility of making an attempt (1.58 to 1.63), and worry about acting on an unwanted impulse to attempt suicide (2.48 to 2.62). In fully-adjusted analyses (controlling for depression, anxiety, stress, and all schizotypy components), positive schizotypy predicted reporting of greater worry about impulsive suicidal behaviour (OR = 1.71, p = .009, 95% CI 1.15 to 2.56).In the second, we tested whether the schizotypy – suicidality link can be understood using contemporary suicide theory. In a random sample of high school pupils (n = 177), schizotypy components predicted classification as an active suicidal ideator (R2 = 0.76, 95% CI 0.56 to 0.95). These effects were accounted by the influences of magical thinking, unusual perceptual experiences, and suspiciousness being mediated in part by perceived burdensomeness, as per the interpersonal theory of suicide. However, direct effects were also observed from social anxiety and magical ideation components of schizotypy.In the third, we modelled latent growth mixtures of suicidality using data from five waves of the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study. We test how growth in suicidality (from 18 to 38 years) is related to psychosis experience (age 11 years) and schizotypy (age 13 and 15 years). Schizotypy predicted membership of a growth class characterised by chronically death- and suicidal-ideation that, in turn, predicted attempt behaviour.ResultsSee above.DiscussionThe complexity of the observed links of schizotypy and psychosis experience with suicidality do not lend themselves to being discounted as spurious or due to common underlying causal factors. Research addressing possible causal connections is warranted, as are efforts to identify whether reduction of suicidality may result from interventions targeting features of subclinical psychosis.

Patient-reported financial toxicity, quality of life, and health behaviors in insured US cancer survivors.

Fighting cancer is a costly battle, and understanding the relationship between patient-reported financial toxicity (FT) and health outcomes can help inform interventions for post-treatment cancer survivors. Stages I-III solid tumor, insured US cancer survivors (N = 103) completed a survey addressing FT (as measured by the standardized COST measure) and clinically relevant health outcomes (including health-related quality of life [HRQOL] and adherence to recommended survivorship health behaviors). Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to assess demographic and disease-specific correlates of FT, and to assess the predictive value of FT on HRQOL and adherence to survivorship health behaviors. Approximately 18% of respondents noted FT levels associated with significant financial burden. In univariate analyses, after correcting for multiple comparisons, greater FT was associated with unpartnered status, non-retirement, and lower level of educational attainment. Greater FT was also significantly associated with HRQOL components of anxiety, fatigue, pain, physical functioning, and social functioning. FT was not significantly associated with any measured survivorship health behaviors. In multivariate analyses, FT was found to be a meaningful predictor of patient-reported anxiety, fatigue, physical functioning, and social functioning above and beyond theoretically and statistically relevant demographic characteristics. Although overall levels of FT were lower among cancer survivors in this sample, as compared with active treatment patients assessed in previous studies, financial burden continued to be a concern for a significant minority of cancer survivors and was associated with components of reduced HRQOL. Further research is needed to understand FT among underinsured survivors and those treated in community oncology settings. Incorporation of FT assessment into survivorship care planning could enhance clinical assessment of survivors' FT vulnerability, help address the dynamic and persistent challenges of survivorship, and help identify those most in need of intervention across the cancer care continuum.

Is religiosity a good predictor of psychological health in patients undergoing major lower limb amputations: A pilot study

Introduction: Major lower limb amputation has a huge psychological impact on the patient and has been a concern to treating surgeons. Like with all other medical conditions, prevention is better than cure. Thereby it is of uttermost importance to identify susceptible individuals and early referral to the relevant department to minimize the suffering of these individuals. The aim of this study is to determine if religiosity is associated with psychological health in individuals undergoing major lower limb amputation. Materials and Methods: This is a single centre cross sectional observational study involving fifty patients seen in the outpatient department who has undergone a major lower limb amputation (above knee or below knee amputation) in the past two years. They were assessed based on Depression Anxiety Stress Scale- 21 (DASS- 21), Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale and The Duke University Religion Index (DUREL). Results: Final results shows that there is a significant difference between the intrinsic religiosity (IR) component of DUREL with the depression (P- value 0.001) and anxiety (P- value 0.011) component of DASS. A collective data from this study shows that these individuals suffers more from anxiety rather than depression, stress or low self- esteem. This information is an important aspect to look into, as relevant parties can do the necessary to reduce the anxiety faced by these individuals. Conclusion : The conclusion from this study suggest that individuals with low intrinsic religiosity are more likely to suffer from depression and anxiety following a major lower limb amputation.

Comparison of Mental Health of the Elderly Living in the Household (with Children) with the Elderly Living in Nursing Homes in the Cities of Tabriz and Urmia (Iran) in 2018

During the contemporary period, man has undergone transformations in terms of lifestyle, social relations, and economic affairs throughout all human history. These changes, in some cases, have had a reversible effect on human health, due to the lack of coordination with the evolutionary processes that man has acquired over the course of tens of thousands of years of social evolution. One of these dimensions is the mental health of the community; among other things, the mental health of the elderly is of particular importance due to human capital and future generations. In this research, the main goal is to achieve the current state of mental health of the elderly living in the home (in the neighbourhood) and living in the nursing home and compare these two. The concept of mental health in this research is based on various approaches, from the point of view of global health ontologists and role theorists (Conrad Lorenz), self-actualisation and realization (Yong and Allport), humanists (Maslow), the network of sustainable social networks Adler), theories of psychoanalysis (Freud, Ericsson, Kurt Levine, Carl Rogers) and theories with other approaches have been suggested. The concepts and variables used in this research are mental health and ageing and 28-GHQ measurement tools, which are components of depression, anxiety, social functioning and physical condition of the elderly living in the home and the nursing home. The research method is Ali-Comparative and 100 non-Alzheimer's sample of 50 men and women from Tabriz and 50 men and women from Urmia, including 100 people, 50 people living at home and 50 people living in nursing homes. In analysing data, descriptive and inferential statistics and t-test were used. The results of this study revealed that the mental health of men living in nursing homes has a better mental health status than the women living in nursing homes; and, conversely, women living in the home have a higher mental health status than men living at home.

Does Test-Anxiety Experience Impair Student Teachers’ Later Tendency to Perspective-Taking?

Abstract Introduction: We aimed to examine whether student teachers’ tendency to test anxiety relates to their later perspective-taking tendency and self-efficacy. The purpose of the presented study was to obtain first insights into the relationship between test anxiety, perspective-taking, and self-efficacy tendencies in student teachers. These tendencies may determine student orientation across different situations. We tested the hypothesis that the test anxiety components emotionality and worry relate to later low perspective-taking and self-efficacy. Methods: We conducted a longitudinal study with 275 student-teachers and analyzed the obtained data using structural equation modeling. Results: The data analysis revealed that only emotionality is related to lower perspective-taking and self-efficacy in later life. Discussion: We conclude that lowering student teachers’ test anxiety emotionality (e.g. through interventions) would result to later increased perspective-taking tendency. Limitations: Participants attended the study voluntarily, so it was a self-selected sample. We employed a correlational design over two measurement times instead of experimental methods. Conclusions: The obtained results give an explanation of why student teachers focused rather on themselves than on school students in classes. The perspective-taking tendency is important for teachers’ student orientation. The role of perspective-taking in different teaching situations might be investigated in further research.