Antonymic Relations Research Articles

ANTONYMIC NESTS IN TOPONYMIC SYSTEM OF MODERN RUSSIAN

In the approach to solving the problem of antonymy, two aspects of its study have been outlined. Antonymy can only be considered within the framework of linguistic phenomena, and in this case, the origins of antonymy lie in the features of the functioning of linguistic units in the process of communication, that is, in speech activity. On the other hand, antonymy can be considered in the aspect of the logical-semantic correlation of concepts denoted by linguistic units. A special place in the Russian language is occupied by antonyms -words that are opposite in meaning. Antonymy reflects an essential aspect of systemic relations in Russian vocabulary. Modern linguistics considers synonymy and antonymy as extreme and borderline cases of content interchangeability and opposition of words. While synonymous relations are characterized by semantic similarity, antonymic relations are characterized by semantic difference. The existenceof antonyms in language lies in the nature of our perception of reality in all its contradictory complexity, in the unity and struggle of opposites. Therefore, contrasting words, as well as the concepts they denote, are not only opposites, but also closely related.

Antonymy in Russian sign language

The article discusses signs-antonyms in Russian Sign Language from the point of view of how visual modality in which this language exists affects their internal structure. The article shows that the correlation between the structure and semantics of antonymous gestures in Russian Sign Language is built primarily on iconicity and the use of three-dimensional space. This reveals the uniqueness of antonymic relations in sign languages in comparison with those in spoken languages.

ANTONYMY IN TERMINOLOGY (ACCORDING TO THE DICTIONARY OF ANTONYMS OF THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE)

The article examines the nature of the transmission of antonyms in dictionaries. Lexical-systematic connections, including the relationship of synonyms and antonyms within the semantic field, the influence of polysemy on the semantic relationships between words, the influence on the formation of an antonymic series, as well as the special importance of studying the expression word-formation of antonym connections in dictionaries. In lexicography, there are many types of antonym dictionaries. True, they differ from each other in the general concept of dictionaries, the structure of the dictionary, size and proximity to the industry. With the help of a dictionary of antonyms of the Kazakh language, the function of antonymy in terminology is differentiated and examples show that antonymic relations are considered a type of systematic relations in the linguistic vocabulary. Words that are in an antonymic relationship are used in the opposite sense and form a separate group. The goal and task of the antonym dictionary is to describe lexical units from the point of view of semantic opposition; it is indicated that antonyms can be formed from different roots and related words, and it is also shown that the meaning of antonyms is formed from related words. in a word, he is never aware of the opposite meaning. The appearance of words with opposite meanings is associated with the external environment. According to its logical and philosophical content, linguistic antonymy is considered as a manifestation of opposition in language.

Morphological binomials of various types in the Kharkiv Philological School founders’ works, the current state and prospects of the problem study

The article is devoted to the study of morphological binomials in the scientific heritage of representatives of the Kharkiv Philological School (KhPhSch), in particular I. Sreznevskyi and O. Potebnia. The state of the development of the issue has been considered. Traditional and modern approaches to the characterization of morphological binomials, ways and methods of their study have been described. The purpose of the research is to describe the history of the study of morphological binomials in the development of representatives of the KhPhSch, to highlight the current state and promising ways of studying the problem. Morphological binomials are presented in "Materials for the Dictionary of the Old Russian language" by Izmail Sreznevskyi. The history of the formation of the models is covered in the grammatical works by Oleksandr Potebnia. O. Potebnia believes that the morphological pairs "noun - noun" are paratactic attributive compounds, traces of the ancient system of speech. The scientist analyzes not only substantive, but also verbal and adverbial binomials and notes their ability to convey synonymous and antonymous relationships. In modern expressive use, morphological binomials acquire a new meaning and load: they perform the functions of metaphor, metonymy, and under certain conditions can actualize their internal form. Morphological binomials with antonymic relations between elements are able, in a number of cases, to describe binary oppositions, which are universal symbolic complexes. An integrated approach to the characteristic of morphological binomials is suggested. It involves the combination of semantic and morphosyntactic vectors of classification of the studied units and the use of cognitive and cognitive-discursive methods for their study. A hypothesis about the modern status of morphological binomials as the units that realize their diachronic potential in fascinating discourses, actualizing the grammatical internal form of the word is put forward. These units acquire expressive and evaluative capabilities due to markedness in comparison with non-hyphenated sequences of morphologically and syntactically homogeneous units. This makes it possible to increase the productivity of binomials.

Особенности формирования лексики положительной морально-этической оценки в испанском языке XIII–XV вв. (на материале среднеиспанского прилагательного virtuoso)

The article focuses on the features of the formation of the lexis of positive moral-ethical evaluation in the Spanish language of the 13–15th centuries. The research is based on the material of the Mediaeval Spanish adjective virtuoso (virtuous), which in the studied period belonged to the core lexis of positive moral-ethical evaluation. This is explained by the role the Church played in the life of the mediaeval society, in the formation of ethical norms and a particular system of values. This is confirmed by the fact that the subject of sin and virtue occupied a significant place in the analysed texts. Mediaeval Spanish written monuments of the 13–15th centuries both religious and secular in nature serve as the source of the research material. The written monuments are contained in the Corpus del español electronic corpus. The use of corpus data made it possible to study those lexico-semantic and thematic relations that were inherent in the lexeme virtuoso in the period in question. A significant part of the analysed contexts, the main purpose of which was to name and characterize Christian virtues, along with the virtuoso lexeme, contains chains of lexemes of positive moral-ethical evaluation, which were the names of certain virtues: santo, poderoso, vergonzoso, honesto, etc. Positive moral-ethical evaluation was especially clearly manifested when the lexeme entered into antonymic relations with adjectives denoting various sins and vices: malo, vicioso, malicioso, bravo, etc. Subsequently, the lexical meaning of the adjective virtuoso, characteristic of the above-mentioned contexts, becomes widespread outside the religious sphere, and over time it becomes the main meaning at the systemic level.

Abbreviated Language Culture on the News Technical Terms Purification

Purpose: On the newsmagazine of the abbreviations showed from computer and AI chatbot web in which the government contained a minority discriminator of administration notions, medical names, business categories have puzzle game article under civil provision. It could be a significantly meaningful educational. This paper aims to consider the types of abbreviations in media, identify the characteristics of phonological abbreviations that can explain the principle of formation. The primary discussion revital lives was the process of forming and the relationship between the original word and the abbreviations. In addition, the grammar knowledge on the focus on teaching grammatical, phonological explanation mechanism. 
 Method: The process among the types of abbreviations and organize their artificial intelligence<AI>, present the materials to effectively teach phonological abbreviations to Korean multiple cultures for language learners. We have been made initial alphabet what news magazines of written papers websites on internet, comprehensive, inclusive directory and researching engine. The spoken language, colloquialism reduced to colloquial language, had categorization of synonym group antonym relation, another writing of words phrase in differences item. To evaluate the proposed method, we use dataset of two type. As experimental results, we prove that our method is effective for irregular abbreviations.
 Results: On writing reformation of neologism made reformed hanja mass media speaking education. We agreed with nation and nationality from that in detail, minutely for the non-English language speaking Americans. Many languages in easily accessed to reserved translated dictionary. Command on langue and parole, an abbreviated language culture had been developed. The shortened word, language fragmentation lead to technical term purification from which classical chinese vocabulary department have native tongue and Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. Each textbook and dictionary defines the abbreviations differently, giving rise to confusion to teachers and learners.
 Conclusion: Academic and scientific abbreviations in detail academic & Science, physics one's specialty, way to manage a talent. Purification of an idiom of Uiseong is necessary for readers. Mother Nature skill to account for meaning of somebody's true character handed out essentiality second nature(good nature), where race traced to social equity from nature, economic parallel is analogous of in collateralness. Abbreviations can be considered to be completely different from original words. However, educational institutions and scholars still would have different opinions on abbreviations without clear solution to the education methodology.

The study of the lexical synonymy at the Institute according to specializations

. This article examines the questions of teaching modern Armenian synonyms by lexical synonymy and antonymy commonalities and differences, as well as by discovering of the relationship of polysemy and synonymy in the non-professional faculties of the university system (according to the specializations and their appropriate vocabulary). The synonymous and antonymous relations are typical of the words. Polysemy, the general phenomenon of the words and stable compounds, is the combination of more than one meanings in one language unit. In general synonymy and polysemy, antonymy and polysemy of the words have obvious generalities: the same word gets a synonymic or antonymic correlation with other words not entirely, but by its separate meanings. According to their semantic and usual-stylistic aspects, the synonyms are distinguished by adequate and inadequate ones. The lexical synonyms realize their synonymous relations in the speech environment. The synonymic lines may be different from the side of quantity. Synonymic lines of the words is a synchronic language reality, which consists of two or more words. Reccuring to the antonymic lines of the words it is necessary to observe them in parallel with synonymic lines: antonymic words are included into synonymic correlation with other words making certain synonymic - antonymic lines. Recommended to apply students' acquired theoretical knowledge in practice according to the comparative table with three columns, prisma and concepts map methodological approaches, text work and Web-Quest methods, dictionary and creative works, computer Microsoft Power Point (or Google) presentation, question, as well as according to performing of exercises and tasks.

The Syntaxeme 'pri tsare' (‘in tsarist time’) in the Meaning of ‘in Russia until 1917’ (according to the Russian National Corpus)

The article is devoted to the linguistic means, trought which native speakers of the Russian language structure their history, divide it into periods. Such means include, in particular, indications of significant events (before / after the Revolution) and the nature of state power: pri tsare (‘in tsarist time’), under the Soviet regime. The aim of the article is to describe the semantics, the pragmatics, the synonymic and antonymic relations of the syntaxeme pri tsare (‘in tsarist time’) in the temporal absolutive use (without the extension of the definition). This use of the syntaxeme emerges after 1917, before which the syntaxeme is used in the temporal sense only with specifying definitions such as pri tsare Petre (‘in the time of Peter 1’). The research material was found in the contexts borrowed from the main subcorpus of the Russian National corpus, the entire collection of samples consists of 964 contexts, 368 contexts are related to the temporal absolute use of the syntaxeme in questions. The analysis of contexts with the absolute temporal use of the syntaxeme allows us to identify the meaning 'in Russia before 1917' and several subtypes (shades of meaning): ‘under the tsarist regime’ (denotes a wide time range with a blurred lower border), ‘in the pre-revolutionary period’ (several decades, the reign of Nicholas II), ‘a very long time ago'. The article uses quantitative, functional-semantic, descriptive methods, uses the method of component analysis, and considers the dynamic aspect (analyzes the change in the meaning of syntaxeme during the last century). The relevance of the study is due to the fact that lexicographic sources cannot explain the peculiarities of the use of the nominations under consideration, therefore, a description of their semantics and pragmatics with а linguocultural commentary is required.

LEXICAL AND SEMANTIC RELATIONS IN THE TERMINOLOGY SYSTEM OF IVAN FRANKO’S ECONOMIC WORKS

The article deals with systemic lexical and semantic relations in economic terminology. The role of synonyms in economic terminology is determined. The semantics and stylistic nature of lexical synonyms in the language of Ivan Franko’s economic works are traced. It has been determined that Ivan Franko’s scientific language is characterised by a high concentration of synonymous lexical means. Logical and stylistic synonyms are relevant for the texts under study. The most significant synonymic units are duplicate terms. From the point of view of stylistic differentiation, the presence of synonymic series with common, bookish, and colloquial components in the texts of Ivan Franko’s economic works is recorded and described. The stratification of lexical and semantic relations fixes the component fullness of synonymous pairs and series, and also states the activity of the phenomenon of duplication. The components of synonymous pairs and rows are: a) duplicate terms, b) terms and commonly used book lexemes, c) terms, commonly used book lexemes and colloquial lexemes. The article traces antonymic relations between the components of Ivan Franko’s individual scientific language. In the system of language, antonyms reflect the verbalised cognition of opposites in nature and in social life, and thus, economic phenomena. Antonymy is most clearly manifested in the lexicon. This feature is also evidenced in the scientific language: the register of terms as the basis of its vocabulary includes antonyms. The existence of antonymic relations in terminology is due to the nature of cognition of reality and linguistic means of expression. It has been found that the adjacent use of antonyms within the same sentence or microcontext clearly shows their nature as verbalisers of opposite meaning and often creates a stylistic intra-textual contrast. The attention is focused on the fact that antonyms are less functionally loaded in the language of Ivan Franko’s economic works than synonyms. The analysis of the antonymic relations between the components of the dictionary of Ivan Franko’s economic works shows that the phenomenon of antonymy is less significant for the language of the studied works compared to the phenomenon of synonymy.

Psychological interpretation of the «special military operation» concept

The article is devoted to the psycholinguistic interpretation of the «special military operation» concept, which is rapidly spreading in the Russian informational space. Research methods: theoretical (psycholinguistic scheme of sign structure); empirical (psycholinguistic analysis of the relationship of the «special military operation» concept with other signs. The original psycholinguistic concept of sign structure is presented. The structure of the sign is binary (two-element), which causes its semantic contradiction. This structural and substantive anatomy of the sign provides the inexhaustibility of its definition, the ability to transform, complement. The «special military operation» concept allows us to trace the peculiarities of the formation of a new sign in the mass consciousness. Analysis of the official and media narrative allowed to assume that the structure of the sign under study in the minds of ordinary Russians is as follows: «special military operation»/«revenge». The first is the dominant and articulated element, and the other is the subdominant and is not realized in semantic relation to the dominant element. The connection of the sign elements is provided by the antonymous relations with the elements «peace» and «liberation», which, in turn, belong to other signs. Of interest is the prohibition of articulation of the antonym of the dominant element and the obsessive articulation of the antonym of the subdominant element. This clearly reflects the structural specifics of the sign, the peculiarities of its formation and functioning. It has been established that the concept of «special military operation» in the minds of ordinary Russians is due to the unsuccessfully suppressed desire for revenge on Ukrainians. The category of «liberation» hides this desire and protects the cognitive contradiction of the sign from splitting (disabsurdization) and the formation of new signs.

TYPES OF ANTONYM-TERMS IN FRENCH AND UKRAINIAN PHILOSOPHICAL TERMINOLOGY

The paper deals with the study of the antonym relations in French and Ukrainian philosophical terminology. The opposition that underlies antonymy is a multifaceted phenomenon and is studied by various sciences: psychology, logic, philosophy, sociology, ethics, aesthetics and religion. From a semantic point of view, there are three types of antonymy based on logical relations: the contrary antonymy, the contradictory (or complementary) antonymy and the reciprocal (or converse) antonymy. Considering antonymy on both lexical-semantic and stylistic levels, there are two types of oppositions: usual (linguistic) and occasional (characterizing the philosopher specific linguistic manner). Occasional oppositions are represented by contextual and individual-authorial oppositions, which are more expressive oppositions of usual antonyms; their impact on the reader is unexpected and unusual. From a structural point of view, we distinguish grammatical antonymy and lexical antonymy. In grammatical antonymy one of the items of the pair is morphologically marked by a negative prefix or prefixoide and in lexical antonymy the opposition is expressed by another lexeme. The paper gives the definition of antonymy in terminology and analyzes the main types of antonymy. As a result of the study, we defined the basic antonymous types of prefixes in French and Ukrainian philosophical terminology. The most productive antonymous prefixes in French philosophical terminology are in-, im-, ir-, a-, dé-, dés-, dis-, non-, mé-. The prefixoids (contre-, plus-, moins-, poly-, mono-) are the initial elements of complex terms. The most productive Ukrainian negative prefixes are не-, без-, ін-. The absolute majority of philosophical antonymic terms in French and Ukrainian languages are nouns.

СИНТАГМАТИЧНІ КРИТЕРІЇ АНТОНІМІЧНОСТІ

The article analyzes the antonymous units, taking into account their peculiar syntagmatic features. It has been found that antonymous relations within the paradigm exist as prospective, based on semantics of opposed units. The actualization of antonymous relations is manifested through their opposition in speech. The analysis of their grammatical, lexical and syntactic compatibility made possible the identification the facts of word antonymy at the syntagmatic level, which proved the commonality of the above-mentioned characteristics in both elements of the antonymous pair. The variability of syntagmatic features in opposed antonymous units can be caused by various reasons, such as the connections and relationships established between objects and phenomena of reality, the possibility of using connected words in direct or figurative meaning, the ambiguity of antonyms, etc. The author focuses on the fact that words can be considered antonyms provided the regular combined reproduction in constant formulas of typical antonymous contexts, which realize one of the following meanings: direct opposition, alternativeness, integrity, contrast, uncertainty, contradiction. It is pointed out that a type variety of antonymous contexts is due to the presence of pragmatic differences in the functioning of antonyms in speech, as speech activity involves the use of antonymous means to verbalize concepts and thoughts depending on the communicative situation. The factors considered above together serve as an auxiliary means of statement the facts of lexical units antonymy as representatives of paradigmatic groups, which inherent characteristic is the presence in the semantics two words of a common seme opposites and an extreme negation component. In general, the definition of paradigmatic and syntagmatic criteria for the antonymy of words makes it possible to understand the linguistic nature of antonymy and serves as proof of its systemic nature.

Лексикален израз на антонимни отношения в българските диалекти

The article is devoted to the enormous topic of dialect variety on lexical level. The object of the analysis is the lexical expression of antonymous relations in the word pairs sick – healthy. The presentation of semantic and wordforming models in the two words shows different motivational signs which are the basis for their formation in the Bulgarian speech. Different realizations of the two adjectives in the Bulgarian dialects are reviewed on the basis of rich illustrative material. The vocabulary article is enclosed in the end of the study. It certifies the realization of the meanings in the different Bulgarian dialects.

Антонімія у парадигматичних відношеннях англомовної термінології сфери біотехнології

Introduction. The terminology of biotechnology is a relatively new area of linguistic research that requires comprehensive scientific study. The study, classification, description of terms that emerge in new fields of knowledge, which undoubtedly includes biotechnology, is one of the relevant areas of modern linguistic research, which led to the emergence of numerous works by linguists. It should be emphasized that the study of English terminology in the field of biotechnology is no longer at an early stage. Numerous works testify to the relevance of the study of the language of biotechnology, which have recently paid some attention to this problem. However, despite the large number of scientific papers devoted to the study of English terminology of biotechnology, the phenomenon of antonymy, characteristic of its terms, has not yet been the subject of a separate study. The lack of comprehensive coverage of antonymous connections in the biotechnological vocabulary determines the relevance of the study. The purpose of the article is to investigate the phenomenon of antonymy in the context of paradigmatic relations in the terminology of the biotechnological sphere. Objectives of the study: 1) to identify antonymous pairs in the terminology of biotechnology; 2) classify antonyms according to paradigmatic components; 3) to find out the semantic structure of antonyms; 4) analyze the ways of creating antonyms. Materials and methods of research. The source base of the work were texts from scientific literature in English (publications of scientific journals, materials of the Internet) and biotechnological dictionaries. During the analysis we relied on the methods of continuous sampling of language material, classification, definition and comparative analysis. Results of the research. The author focuses on the generalization of theoretical views on the essence of the phenomena of antonymy in terminology in general. The example of terminological units in the field of biotechnology shows the peculiarities of the use of antonymous units in English. Antonymous pairs and series are selected for analysis. Antonyms of the studied terminology are classified according to several criteria; 1) by conceptual and semantic connections; 2) according to the plan of expression. The structure, composition and semantic types of antonyms are analyzed. According to the semantic criterion, i.e. conceptual-semantic connections (depending on the type of opposite), antonyms were divided according to the classification of antonyms developed by V. Tatarinov, who distinguishes the following types of antonyms: contrarian, contradictory, complementary and conversion. This classification gives grounds to assert that in the studied terminology the antonymous relations of the contradictory and much less often of the complementary, counter and convertible types are most widely represented. According to the structure, or according to the plan of expression of the antonyms of the English biotechnology terminology is divided into multi-rooted and common-rooted antonymous pairs. Conclusions. It is concluded that antonymy in the terminology of biotechnology performs the function of systematization, which provides a comprehensive description of concepts, phenomena, processes of the biotechnology field. Analysis of biotechnological terms-antonyms of the English language at the semantic level indicates the presence of contradictory, contraral, complementary and convertible antonymous relations. Terms-antonyms of the contradictory type, formed with the help of negative prefixes, are presented in the studied terminology much more widely than other types. It is established that in the terminology of the field of biotechnology cognate antonyms predominate, and the most regular are two-component phrases.

The Effects of Synonym and Antonym Relations on Visual Recognition of Chinese Compound Words: Based on Behavioral and ERP Experiments

Subcritical and supercritical fluids have had a lasting impact on process engineering. The critical fluids have been a great boon to a multitude of industries, and are also an active research interest. These fluids offer a few unique features that allow them flexibility, such as temperature-pressure-dependent differential solvating capacity, in addition to being benign in terms of processes taking place under near-ambient conditions in most cases. They have been employed in extraction, encapsulation, fractionation, chromatography, and related process engineering applications that transcend the boundaries of conventional fluids. Their ability to selectively isolate the compound of interest greatly aids in minimizing downstream processing; and being a green technology, they aid in the cause of sustaining the environment as well. This chapter provides insight into the multiple domains that have benefited from critical fluids and attempts to highlight the major achievements and the way forward.

Peculiarities of the English environmental protection terminology

The article is devoted to the analysis of the English terms in the sphere of environmental protection. With the development of ecology as a science and the need for environmental protection, the study of the structure, semantics, and pragmatics of environmental terminology require constant study. The aim of the study is to identify the peculiarities of the English terminology of environmental protection. The study was carried out in 2 stages. During the first stage, the reasons for the formation of terminology of environmental protection, stages of its development, and the main features of the term were presented. It was found that the large-scale study of the environmental problems resulted in the need for deeper analysis of the English-language terminology in the sphere of environmental protection. During the second stage, 349 English-language terms from the environmental protection sphere were analyzed and classified according to their main types, 11 thematic groups that cover lexical-thematic groups, and antonymous relations of the environmental protection terminology were presented. It was found that English-language terminological units of environmental protection have negative prefixes: un-, dis-, il-, -non-, -de, -in. More often the terms are formed from the prefixes -non- and un-. The least terms are formed with the help of prefixes im- and anti-. According to the structure English terminology of environmental protection includes simple, derivative, complex, and multi-component terms. The research material was the English dictionary of environmental protection Collin P. H.and the Ukrainian-Russian-English Dictionary of Ecology and Nature Protection by E. Voronova. Keywords: English terminology of environmental protection; antonymous relations; the environment; environmental protection; ecology.

ATTRIBUTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF CELESTIAL BODIES IN THE MIDDLE POLISIAN BELIEFS

The article analyzes the attributive characteristics of celestial bodies: the sun, the moon and the stars in the Middle Polisian beliefs on the basis of dialect texts, which are valuable authentic material for the reconstruction of traditional spiritual culture. The research material was the texts of field research on inanimate objects collected in the territory of the Middle Polissia of Ukraine in 55 settlements of Zhytomyr and Rivne regions during 2010–2019 years.
 The purpose of our research is to describe tokens that are means of reflecting the attributive characteristics of the nomination of celestial bodies in the Middle Polisian dialects as one of the components of the linguistic picture of the world of a separate dialect space. The subject of analysis is the lexical and syntactic expression of the attributes of the sun, the moon and the stars in the beliefs of Polishchuks (local population of Polisian region. In the research the method of expeditionary collection of material, audio recordings with subsequent decoding and transcription of field material, the method of systematic description of the studied phenomenon for systematizing the collected material were used.
 The classification of attributes is given and the analysis of meteorological, color, sacred, temporal meanings, on external signs (on the size, on the form) is carried out. The results of the study indicate that the most filled and diverse groups of attributes that make up the Middle Polisian linguistic portrait of the characteristics of celestial bodies are meteorological and color definitions. Meteorological, temporal, external attributes enter into antonymous relations, as they contain in their semantic structure the corresponding positive / negative evaluative element (weather / bad weather). The color attributes, associated with the sun and the moon, are represented only by light and bright colors, there are no dark colors. While describing celestial bodies, we note a group of sacred meanings and adjectives with a gentle color, the suffix of diminution, which indicate a special perception of celestial bodies by Polishchuks.
 The collected material only partially reflects the characteristics of celestial bodies in the Middle Polisian dialects as one of the components of the linguistic picture of the world, so other means of reflecting the nomination of the sun, moon and stars require detailed study.

До питання антонімічних відносин у англійській, французькій та німецькій терміносистемах урбоекології

The purpose of this article is a comparative structural and semantic analysis of the antonymous relations of the terms of urban ecology in English, French and German. The analysis is based on one of the urban ecology sections of “physical factors of urban pollution”. Identifying similarities and differences in the terminological systems allows us to bring the basis for a comparative-typological study of terms, both in the field of lexical semantics and in the field of lexical morphology. In modern linguistics, the question of the existence of antonymous relations in terminological systems is debatable. As you know, science has repeatedly stated that antonymous relations are not inherent in the terms, and it is indicated that it is more of simple division, delimitation of concepts, rather than their opposition. These ideas are typical for such scientists as L. O. Novikov or L. A. Bulakhovsky, who denied the existence of monosyllabic antonyms. But according to today's leading scholars, lexical antonymy is inherent to the scientific language even more than to the literature language. The antonymy is even more specific to terminological units than synonymy or polysemy. The phenomenon of terminological antonymy is quite widespread in terminological vocabulary, the only question is which of these varieties are inherent to the scientific field. According to V. P. Danylenko, “two structural types of antonyms in the language of science are used – lexical and word-forming”. The lexical type of antonymy is quite widely represented in the studied term system. Central to determining the lexical antonymy of the terminology of urban ecology is the concept of opposition. The logical basis of antonymy is formed by incompatible opposite species concepts (contrasting and complementary). The contrary difference is expressed by highly symmetric members of an ordered set (contrasting species concepts), between which there is a middle intermediate term. As you can see, in the compared versions of the studied urban ecology terminology, the picture is almost the same. The word-forming type of antonymy is expressed through the regular use of prefixes. Most often there is an alternation of prefixes with its absence. The only difference is that in English and French such prefixes have not completely lost their own meaning. The vector difference is also manifested. The only difference is that such prefixes have not completely lost their own meaning and in some cases are written with words not together, but through a hyphen. The study presented allows us to conclude that antonymic relations are inherent in the term system of urban ecology and play a significant role in structuring the concepts of given scientific field. So, if the synonymy inherent in this terminology to some extent deprives it of its accuracy, introduces variability into it, the antonymous relations, on the contrary, are the manifestation of its consistency and integrity.

ПАРАДИГМАТИЧНІ ЗВ’ЯЗКИ КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНОЇ ОДИНИЦІ ПЕРЕТВОРЕННЯ

In the article the paradigmatic relations of the name of the TRANSFORMATION concept are defined and characterized on the basis of lexicographic works and text realizations. Synonymous with the conceptual unit of TRANSFORMATION lexemes objectify the phenomenon of transformation in the Ukrainian language, differentiating its expression by a set of conceptual features, such as: specificity / abstractness, spontaneity / purposefulness, procedurality and effectiveness, including various dimensions of transformations (in particular, ontological, social, individual). Antonymous relations that verbalize the phenomenon of transformation form groups of antonyms in the Ukrainian language, corresponding to three types of opposition: express the gradual qualitative opposite and the opposite of coordinated concepts, the opposite direction of action or feature, complementary opposite, i.e. the opposite of concepts that complement each other. Since the TRANSFORMATION concept has a certain number of conceptual features, the hierarchy can be as complete as possible on many features. According to the logical-conceptual criterion, the following types of ordering the conceptual features of the TRANSFORMATION concept are distinguished: 1) superordination (from a hierarchically higher notion) and subordination (from a hierarchically lower notion): transformation ↔ metamorphosis ↔ metempsychosis; 2) coordination (between notions that are simultaneously and directly attributed to the general superordinative notion) and diagonal relations (between opposite subordinate notions): transformation ↔ evolution / revolution; modification ↔ permutation / replacement / truncation / addition. The paradigmatic relations of the concept name, as well as the syntagmatic relations, form the perinuclear zone of the TRANSFORMATION concept field. Placement in this part of the field occurs in the direction of movement from the core to the periphery, which hierarchizes synonyms (ideographic, stylistic, contextual) to the word-name of the concept and antonyms.

ЗВ’ЯЗОК АНТОНІМІЇ З ІНШИМИ ЛЕКСИКО-СЕМАНТИЧНИМИ КАТЕГОРІЯМИ

The article argues that antonymous words are not isolated in the language but are part of the general scheme of thematic classification of the vocabulary, entering into close ties with representatives of synonymous and polysemantic groups. Proof of this position is the availability of antonymous-synonymous blocks and paradigms of meanings of antonymous words-polysemants in the language. This fact serves to understand the antonymy of lexical as a relationship between members of opposing dichotomous series, as well as expands the boundaries of closed binary structures, which are traditionally used to make antonymous connections. Antonymous relations are established to connect two opposites in pairs, as well as to combine several units into one polynomial structure. Words are found to have more antonyms than the corresponding number of meanings. This proves that some semes of one word are opposed by two or more synonymous antonyms. From the above-mentioned, it follows that the antonyms of polysemous words can be stated only within one family. Such a framework can be defined by limiting the range of antonymous units to a third common concept, under which two antonyms are summed up; establishing the antonyms of polysemous words through the contextual indicative minimum; distinguishing between the direct and figurative meaning of the word. The antonymous connections within the framework of the synonymous-antonymous paradigm are established to demonstrate a qualitatively heterogeneous character, differ in the strength of the manifestation of the relations of opposites and the frequency of practical implementation. The analysis of the manifestations of antonyms between the members of the dichotomous synonymous series allows distinguishing the following types: radial, linear, and cross radial. It is proved that the quantitative indicator of the formation of certain antonymous pairs from among the members of synonymous series depends on the volume of the synonymous series being compared, from the nature of semantic differences of the words of each series, from the emotional, evaluative, and stylistic characteristics of the members of the series, and the distribution of the words with relatively opposite meanings.