Antistatic Properties Research Articles

Development of Multifunctional Nano-Graphene-Grafted Polyester to Enhance Thermal Insulation and Performance of Modified Polyesters.

Nano-graphene materials have improved many thermal properties based on polymer systems. The additive polymers’ thermal insulation cannot be significantly increased for use as a reinforcement in multifunctional thermally insulating polymer foam. Herein, we present the development of far-infrared emissivity and antistatic properties using multifunctional nano-graphene polyester fibers. Nano-graphene far-infrared thermal insulation polyester was synthesized with 2% nano-graphene and dispersant polypropylene wax-maleic anhydride (PP wax-MA) using the Taguchi method combined with grey relational analysis (GRA) to improve the thermal properties and the performance of the polymer composite. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) shows that the pyrolysis temperature of spinning-grade polyester was increased when the nano-graphene powder was added to the polyester. The differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) analysis confirmed the modification of polyester by nano-graphene, showing the effect of the nucleating agent, which ultimately improved the performance of the polyester. The physical properties of the optimized polyester fibers were improved with a yarn count of 76.5 d, tensile strength of 3.3 g/d, and an elongation at break increased from 23.5% to 26.7% compared with unmodified polymer yarn. These far-infrared emission rates increased from 78% to 83%, whereas the far-infrared temperature increased from 4.0 °C to 22 °C, and the surface resistance increased to 108 Ω. The performance of the optimized modified polyester yarn is far better than single-polypropylene-grafted maleic anhydride yarn. The performance of optimized modified polyester yarn, further confirmed using grey correlation analysis (GRA), can improve the yarns’ mechanical properties and far-infrared functions. Our findings provide an alternative route for developing nano-graphene polyester fabrics suitable for the fabric industry.

Treatment of Kynol fiber materials – Part 2: antistatic and water-repellent functionalization

Kynol fibers are flame retardant high performance fibers. Without further treatment they do not exhibit significant antistatic or water-repellent properties. With this background, several conventional antistatic agents and one hydrophobic finishing agent are evaluated to introduce these properties to Kynol fiber materials. Also, the combination of both properties is investigated to realize bifunctional fiber materials. By application of antistatic finishing agents, the electric surface resistance of Kynol fiber materials can be decreased to values smaller 108 W, which is a good value related to antistatic properties. By application of the hydrophobic agent, water repellent properties can be introduced to Kynol fiber materials. However, simultaneously the antistatic properties are decreased. The combination of both types of agents in a kind of bifunctional finishing can lead to intermediate antistatic effects combined with an intermediate water repellency. Nevertheless, in bifunctional application no single excellent property is gained. The flame retardant properties are tested on selected samples after the finishing processes. No change in flame retardant properties is determined, if the finishing agents are applied. For this, the presented results can be the starting point for development of functionalized flame retardant Kynol fiber products.

Flame and shock wave evolution characteristics of methane explosion in a closed horizontal pipeline filled with a three-dimensional mesh porous material

In the energy security field, porous materials are regarded as superb explosive attenuators that quench flames and dissipate explosion energy waves. Traditional porous materials based on polymer have been extensively explored for their flame and explosion-proof capabilities, but their applications are limited due to the lack of indispensable physical properties such as flame-retardant and antistatic properties. The polymer composites may contaminate the oil medium, as does the deterioration of their properties. By designing the material's structure and formula, a new three-dimensional mesh porous flame and explosion-proof material (TFEP) is developed through melt blending—extrusion spinning technology and material's explosion-proof performance will also be enhanced. This porous material integrates flame-retardant, antistatic, and oil-resistant performances. The TFEP's suppression effect on 9.5 vol% CH4/air premixed gas explosion was investigated under various filling conditions, and the optimal filling condition of TFEP was explored. Under these conditions, TFEP completely quenches the explosion flame, and the maximum explosion overpressure decay ratio for the upstream and downstream of the pipeline are 87.5% and 82.5%, respectively. TFEP eliminates the electrostatic risk generated by long-term friction of traditional polymer materials. It has moderate oil resistance and may be a candidate for explosion-proof materials in the fuel oil field.

Aqueous solution blending route for preparing flexible and antistatic polyimide/carbon nanotube composite films with core‐shell structured polyimide/graphene microspheres

AbstractTo explore the process of preparing polyimide (PI) microspheres with specific particle size, the effects such as the ratio of surfactant to PI, concentration of PI, stirring speed, and temperature on the particle size and distribution of PI microspheres were investigated in detail. The core‐shell structured PI@reduced graphene oxide (rGO) microspheres were prepared by reduction of PI microspheres with an average particle size of 1.11 μm coated with GO. The PI/carbon nanotube (CNT) composites films were fabricated with poly(amic acid) ammonium salts (PAAS) aqueous solution blending route. A three‐dimensional (3D) conductive network was constructed due to the CNTs were connected by microspheres and arranged in a random orientation. Thus, The PI/CNT composite films exhibited well antistatic properties and volume resistivity dropped by five orders of magnitude to 6.56 × 105 Ω·cm after adding 15 phr PI@rGO microspheres. Moreover, the composite films still have good mechanical properties and excellent thermal properties.

Effect of environment‐friendly intercalated Coal and coal gangue on flame‐retardant, antistatic, and mechanical properties of poly(vinyl chloride)/acrylonitrile–styrene–acrylate composites

AbstractCoal‐based environment‐friendly PVC/ASA flame‐retardant and antistatic composites were made by melt blending poly(vinyl chloride)/acrylonitrile–styrene‐acrylate (PVC/ASA) with self‐made alkaline calcium‐based coal gangue thermal stabilizer (Y‐CG) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) intercalation modified Coal (A‐Coal). The flame‐retardant mechanism of PVC/ASA/A‐Coal/Y‐CG composites was due to incombustible gas, maze effect, carbon residue layer and blowing‐out effect through limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical combustion (UL‐94) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) test. The results indicated that PVC/ASA/12A‐Coal/10Y‐CG composites had the best flame‐retardant properties with LOI value of 31.8% and can pass the V‐0 rating in the UL‐94 test. After combustion, PVC/ASA/12A‐Coal/10Y‐CG composites formed a dense carbon layer that inhibits gas released and heat transferred. The surface resistivity () and volume resistivity () of PVC/ASA/A‐Coal/Y‐CG composites first decreased and then increased with the increase of A‐Coal content. The and values of PVC/ASA/12A‐Coal/10Y‐CG composites decreased to the minimum values of 5.14 × 106 Ω and 9.05 × 105 Ω·cm. The tensile strength and impact strength of PVC/ASA/A‐Coal/Y‐CG composites first increased and then decreased with A‐Coal content. The tensile strength and impact strength of PVC/ASA/12A‐Coal/10Y‐CG composites reached the maximum of 65.03 MPa and 17.52 kJ/m2, respectively. To sum up, the incorporation of A‐Coal and Y‐CG can reinforce and toughen PVC/ASA composites, but it can also enhance their flame‐retardant, antistatic properties.

Enhancing the electrical and thermal conductivity of polypropylene composites through the addition of Sb–SnO2/coal gasification fine slag porous microbead powder

Conductive powders comprised of coal gasification fine slag porous microbeads/antimony-doped tin oxide nanoparticles (Sb–SnO2/CM, ATCM) have been prepared via acid leaching and coating. The lowest powder volume resistivity of 2.6 × 103 Ω cm was obtained upon leaching in 20% HCl and coating with a 30 wt% solution of Sb–SnO2 (pH = 1, Sn/Sb = 6:1). Subsequently, we prepared a 20 wt% ATCM/polypropylene (PP) composite with a volume resistivity of 4.93 × 109 Ω cm, tensile strength of 29.03 MPa, and thermal conductivity of 0.137 W/(m·K), which reached 0.187 W/(m·K) at a 70 wt% loading. When compared with several commercial conductive fillers, such as carbon black, graphene, Sb–SnO2, and Sb–SnO2@TiO2, 20 wt% ATCM/PP has been proven superior or comparable to most of its counterparts in terms of the improved antistatic properties, enhanced thermal conductivity (only lower than Sb–SnO2@TiO2), and mechanical strength (equal to Sb–SnO2). These good performances were found to be derived from the unique ATCM structure with Sb–SnO2 nanoparticles deposited onto the mesopores and surface of CM. This structure prevents the agglomeration of Sb–SnO2 and provides abundant conductive networks. ATCM also shows a decorative light brown color and low cost (15 USD/kg), which are favorable for industrial production. Our results lay a theoretical foundation for the future applications of ATCM.

Emulsion Confinement Self-Assembly Induced Localization of Ag NPs in Janus Polymeric Superparticles

Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) showing excellent optical, antistatic and antibiotic properties have been widely applied in antibacterial materials and wearable device, the improvement of oxidative stability of Ag NPs as well as their interfacial interaction with surrounding matrix are the pre-requests for these applications. Emulsion confinement self-assembly of block copolymer and Ag NPs has been considered as one of the most effective strategy to prepare hybrid functional superparticles. Herein, different structured polyarylene ether nitrile (PEN) was employeed as surface capping agent to synthesis Ag NPs and then encapsulated in amphiphilic block copolymer of PEN (amPEN) via emulsion self-assembly. Homo-SHQ shows strongest interaction with Ag+ and the average size of synthesized Ag NPs is about 25 nm. Interestingly, we found that the obtained Ag NPs modified amPEN super-particles showed Janus structure, which is attributed to the controlled localization of Ag NPs in amPEN microparticles enabled by the preferred interfacial interaction. Given the diverse characteristics of Ag NPs, the present work will open the way for self-assembly of Ag NPs to obtain functional devices.

Ultra-Violet Protection and Anti-Static Characteristics with Heat Release/Shielding of Al2O3/ATO/TiO2-Imbedded Multi-Functional Fabrics.

This study examined the ultra-violet (UV) protection and anti-static characteristics with heat release by far-infrared (FIR) emissivity of Al2O3/Antimony Tin Oxide (ATO)/TiO2-imbedded PET fabrics according to the weight (wt.) percentage of the Al2O3/ATO particles imbedded in the yarns. The fabric with lower Al2O3/ATO wt. percentage had more effective heat release than that of the fabric with higher percentage due to the heat shielding property of the ATO particles. The fabric with lower Al2O3/ATO wt. percentage (higher TiO2) exhibited higher UV protection factor (UPF) than that of the fabric with higher percentage, which suggested that the UV protection characteristic of TiO2 particles imbedded in the yarn was superior to that of the Al2O3/ATO particles. The anti-static property of the higher wt.% of ATO-imbedded fabric was superior to that of the lower wt.% of ATO-imbedded fabric, which means that ATO inorganic particles provide superior anti-static property to the Al2O3 and TiO2 particles. On the other hand, Al2O3/ATO particles imbedded in the yarns imparted an uncomfortable tactile hand feel and wear fitness to the fabrics.

Waterborne polyurethane‐acrylate‐polyaniline: Interfacial hydrogen bonding for enhancing the antistatic, damping, and mechanical properties

AbstractDamping coatings can convert kinetic energy into other forms of energy for consumption and have been widely used for vibration and noise reduction in rail trains, aerospace, automobile industry, and other fields. However, many aspects of damping coating such as, damping, water resistance, heat resistance, mechanical properties and antistatic properties require further improvement. In this study, a low‐cost conductive polyaniline (PANI) with a simple preparation method was dispersed in N‐methyl pyrrolidone and added to waterborne polyurethane‐acrylate (WPUA) hybrid latexes. The interfacial hydrogen bonding increases the interaction force between molecular chains, effectively improve the water resistance, heat resistance, damping, and mechanical properties of WPUA, and endowed WPUA with antistatic properties. Among them, PANI was used as an antistatic medium to be synthesized by chemical oxidation and doped with dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid, and the matrix polymer WPUA was the used of hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) to combine polyacrylate with waterborne polyurethane (WPU) by chemical bonds. The waterborne polyurethane‐acrylate‐polyaniline (WPUA‐PANI) films were investigated using dynamic light scattering , contact angle measurements , dynamic mechanical analysis, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), digital highresistance meter and other characterization methods. It was concluded that the base latex has good stability, and when the PANI dispersion content was 35%, the comprehensive performance of the WPUA‐PANI films were the best, in which the maximum water contact angle was 106.8°, the tensile strength was increased from 0.7 MPa to 2.3 MPa, the effective damping temperature range (Tanδ ≥ 0.3) was increased from 50 °C to 87 °C, and the resistivity was reduced from 6.41E + 7 Ω·cm to 1.38E + 4 Ω·cm, which had better antistatic properties. This study will promote the development and application of damping coatings.

Оценка антистатических свойств составов, используемых для консервации техники

The most widespread types of conservation compositions (corrosion inhibitor, wax, polish for chromium, and universal plastic lubricant) used to ensure seasonal equipment storage have been analyzed and their antistatic properties have been determined. It was found out that the use only conservation compositions with the best antistatic properties allowed one to achieve the maximum possible service life after deconservation with minimal work and material costs.

Influence of Ionomer and Cyanuric Acid on Antistatic, Mechanical, Thermal, and Rheological Properties of Extruded Carbon Nanotube (CNT)/Polyoxymethylene (POM) Nanocomposites.

The electrical properties of carbon-based filler-embedded polymer nanocomposites are essential for various applications such as antistatic and electromagnetic interference (EMI) applications. In this study, the impact of additives (i.e., ethylene-co-acid-co-sodium acid copolymer-based ionomer and cyanuric acid) on the antistatic, mechanical, thermal, and rheological properties of extruded multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/polyoxymethylene (POM) nanocomposites were systematically investigated. The effects of each additive and the combination of additives were examined. Despite a slight reduction in mechanical properties, the incorporation of ionomer (coating on CNTs) and/or cyanuric acid (π-π interaction between CNTs and cyanuric acid) into the POM/CNT nanocomposites improved the CNT dispersity in the POM matrix, thereby enhancing electrical properties such as the electrical conductivity (and surface resistance) and electrical conductivity monodispersity. The optimum composition for the highest electrical properties was determined to be POM/1.5 wt% CNT/3.0 wt% ionomer/0.5 wt% cyanuric acid. The nanocomposites with tunable electrical properties are sought after, especially for antistatic and EMI applications such as electronic device-fixing jigs.

A Novel Ternary Composite of Polyurethane/Polyaniline/Nanosilica with Antistatic Property and Excellent Mechanical Strength: Preparation and Mechanism

A Novel Ternary Composite of Polyurethane/Polyaniline/Nanosilica with Antistatic Property and Excellent Mechanical Strength: Preparation and Mechanism

High‐strength and antistatic PET/CNTs bead foams prepared by scCO2 foaming and microwave sintering

AbstractThis paper reported the high strength and antistatic polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bead foam with a typical segregated structure prepared by supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) foaming and microwave selective sintering. Firstly, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were coated on the surface of PET pellets, and then the composite foam with segregated structure was prepared via scCO2 foaming in a confined mold. The interfaces among PET foamed beads were further sintered by utilizing the selective heating behaviors of microwave, which greatly enhanced the interfacial strength and thus the overall mechanical strength of bead foam. The final composite foam showed an electrical conductivity of 0.004 S/m with an extremely low CNTs loading of 0.138 vol%, and its mechanical strength reached as high as 10.44 MPa, far superior to the composite without microwave treatment. Thus, the problem in the welding of PET bead foams and antistatic properties could be solved. The effect of the foaming conditions on the structure and properties of PET foam were systematically investigated, providing a novel method for the preparation of high strength and antistatic engineering plastics composite foam.

Treatment of Kynol fiber materials – Part 1: dyeing processes

Kynol fibers are excellent flame-retardant materials used for manifold applications. These fibers exhibit originally an orange coloration. Up to now, dyeing processes for Kynol fibers are less reported, and the functionalization of these fibers by finishing processes is less investigated. With this background, the main aim of this paper is the evaluation of different dyeing processes for Kynol fiber materials – a woven fabric and a non-woven material. The following types of dyestuff are evaluated – direct dyes, vat dyes, disperse dyes and color pigments. The reached color quality is determined by CIE L*a*b* indices. Dry and wet rubbing fastness is measured. Finally, best results are gained by application of disperse dyes. The gained results could be used in future also to develop other functional treatments of Kynol fibers in different fields for, e.g., light protection, UV-stability, water repellency or antistatic properties.

Polysaccharides and Metal Nanoparticles for Functional Textiles: A Review.

Nanotechnology is a powerful tool for engineering functional materials that has the potential to transform textiles into high-performance, value-added products. In recent years, there has been considerable interest in the development of functional textiles using metal nanoparticles (MNPs). The incorporation of MNPs in textiles allows for the obtention of multifunctional properties, such as ultraviolet (UV) protection, self-cleaning, and electrical conductivity, as well as antimicrobial, antistatic, antiwrinkle, and flame retardant properties, without compromising the inherent characteristics of the textile. Environmental sustainability is also one of the main motivations in development and innovation in the textile industry. Thus, the synthesis of MNPs using ecofriendly sources, such as polysaccharides, is of high importance. The main functions of polysaccharides in these processes are the reduction and stabilization of MNPs, as well as the adhesion of MNPs onto fabrics. This review covers the major research attempts to obtain textiles with different functional properties using polysaccharides and MNPs. The main polysaccharides reported include chitosan, alginate, starch, cyclodextrins, and cellulose, with silver, zinc, copper, and titanium being the most explored MNPs. The potential applications of these functionalized textiles are also reported, and they include healthcare (wound dressing, drug release), protection (antimicrobial activity, UV protection, flame retardant), and environmental remediation (catalysts).

Modification of PP Fabric with Polyols by the Plasma Composite Technique

Abstract In order to endow polypropylene (PP) fabric with hydrophilic and antistatic properties, PP was grafted with polyols (sorbitol, maltitol and polyethylene glycol (PEG)) by the oxygen plasma treatment and subsequent bridging process, where ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EGDE) and trimethylolpropanetris (2-methyl-1-aziridinepropionate) (TTMA) were used as crosslinkers. The highest grafting rate was 7.48%. The chemical structure changes were analysed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to observe the changes in polypropylene fiber surface morphology. The hydrophilicity was characterized by testing loose fiber suspension and moisture retention. The modified PP was more easily immersed in water and the desorption behaviour continued for 2h without equilibrium. The half-life of the grafted PP was reduced to 7s. The results showed that the modified PP with polyols possessed hydrophilicity and antistatic properties.

Self‐assembly and antistatic property of ionic liquid crystalline polymers

AbstractSeries of ionic liquid crystalline polymers (ILCPs) containing bipyridinium groups were synthesized by ionic self‐assembly technology, and the chemical structure, self‐assembly behavior, liquid crystalline property, and antistatic property were investigated by various techniques. All the polymers exhibit good thermotropic liquid crystal on heating cycle. The precursor bromo‐polyesters displayed nematic phase, but the ILCPs (IPPy‐Br, IPP‐BF4and IPP‐PF6series) containing bipyridine groups and different counter‐anions showed smectic C phase. The effects of different counter‐ions on liquid crystalline behavior were discussed in this study. The antistatic properties of these ILCPs were investigated by a four‐probe measuring instrument. The surface resistivity was slight sensitivity to the surface water absorption due to the special structure of conductive channels of these ILCPs. It was found that all these ILCPs exhibited superior antistatic performance and ionic conductivity properties. In these ILCPs containing Br−, BF4−and PF6−counter‐ions, the IPPy‐BF4series of polymers with BF4−showed the maximum conductivity due to the influence of the BF4−anion in the ordered structure.

Improving antistatic and mechanical properties of glass fiber reinforced polypropylene composites through polar adsorption and anchoring effect of organic salt

Matrix toughness and viscosity, fiber length, interface bonding, and crystalline structure play significant roles in tuning the antistatic and mechanical properties of polypropylene (PP) composites. However, there is no report available concerning the development of antistatic PP composites by considering all these factors. In this study, we fabricate antistatic long glass fiber reinforced polypropylene random copolymer composites filled with Li-TFSI (LGF/PPR/Li-TFSI) and explore how crystallization behavior due to Li-TFSI affects the interfacial strength and conductive mechanism. It is found that the polar effect promotes the adsorption of Li-TFSI on the surface of LGF to form a conductive track, and consequently, the three-dimensional conductive network formed by intertwined LGF effectively reduces the percolation threshold (i.e., 0.15 wt/wt%). Besides, the heterogeneous nucleation induced by Li-TFSI promotes the nucleation and crystal growth of PPR molecular chains on the surface of Li-TFS. Thus, Li-TFSI wrapped by spherulites improves the anchoring effect of the LGF on the PPR matrix. However, the anchorage degree is related to the close proximity of conductive particles, specifically, 0.05 wt/wt% Li-TFSI results in the highest level of stress transfer. Meanwhile, although the addition of 0.15 wt/wt% Li-TFSI causes a slight decrease in the interface strength, it leads to competitive nucleation between Li-TFSI and LGF, thereby generating thicker lamellae, which makes LGF/PPR/Li-TFSI the largest modulus. This study provides some new insights into the tailoring of material properties using Li-TFSI for antistatic PP composites.

Cotton Fabric Dyed with Self-Dispersive and Reactive Nanocarbon Black for Enhanced Static Resistance and UV Protection

Amino functionalized nanocarbon black (CB/KH550) was prepared in reaction between KH550 and nanocarbon black (CB). 2-(4-(4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazin-2-ylamino)phenylsulfonyl)ethyl) sodium sulfate (SDTES) was synthesized and characterized. Self-dispersive and reactive nanocarbon black (CB/KH550/SDTES) was prepared by nucleophile substitution reaction and characterized by FTIR, TEM, zeta potential, and TG analysis. Cotton fabric was dyed with CB/KH550/SDTES by dip-dyeing method and was observed by SEM. Moreover, color depth, static resistance, UV protection, tensile property, and rub fastness of cotton fabric were measured and analyzed. Results showed that CB/KH550/SDTES demonstrated excellent dispersion stability. The dyed cotton fabric possessed adorable antiultraviolet and antistatic properties. The preparation mechanism of the cotton fabric dyed with CB/KH550/SDTES was proposed.

Low-infrared-emissivity Al@SiO2/EPDM composite coating compatible with low dielectric loss and antistatic property

Low infrared emissivity coatings have been widely used in many fields. At present, there are few researches on coatings that are compatible with low infrared emissivity and high radar wave transmittance. In this paper, floating aluminum (Al) powdercoated with SiO2 was prepared using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as raw material by sol-gel method. The composite coating was prepared using modified Al powder and antistatic carbonaceous fiber (CF) as filler, EPDM as binder. The surface morphology, infrared absorption properties of the modified Al powder and the infrared emissivity, surface resistivity, electromagnetic properties and mechanical properties of the composite coating were analyzed. The results show that with the increase of TEOS addition amount, more SiO2 was covered to the surface of floating Al powder. By adjusting the thickness of the surface modification layer of floating Al powder,the dielectric constant (ε) and dielectric loss tangent values (tanδ) of the composite coating were significantly reduced. When the addition amount of TEOS is 1 g for Al@SiO2, the ε and tanδ can be significantly reduced, and the infrared emissivity was less than 0.6, the tensile strength (σb) and elongation rate at break (e) decreased slightly. This suggests that the composite coating has low infrared emissivity compatible with high radar wave transmittance was obtained, which is expected to be applied to the surface of aircraft radome.