Anti-ship Cruise Missiles Research Articles

Vulnerability Assessment for Naval Ships against Air-Explosive Impulses: Modified Damage-Extent Method Incorporating Structural Capacity

Abstract This study introduces an enhanced damage-extent method that incorporates the structural load-bearing capacity of the hull to assess the vulnerability of naval ships to explosive loads. This vulnerability assessment predicts the area of damage to the hull structure and calculates the probability of onboard equipment experiencing functional losses due to the explosive load, thus allowing various design alternatives to be evaluated. The proposed methodology improves upon traditional damage-volume-based approaches, such as damage-radius and ellipsoid methods, by considering the hull's structural stiffness and intrinsic damage resistance. It integrates the hull's structural resistance to the load, enhancing the damage assessment process for both the hull and equipment. This approach facilitates damage prediction for different hull designs by comparing the allowable impulse with the explosive pressure. In assessing the functionality loss and vulnerability of the equipment within the damaged hull, the network of equipment functions is considered. An anti-ship cruise missile with a sea-skimming trajectory is investigated as the explosive charge, with procedures established to simulate its trajectory and impact location on the hull. Hundreds of potential internal and external explosion points are generated, predicting the explosive pressure at each location. The shock wave, including incident overpressure, reflection pressure, and quasi-static gas pressure, is converted into impulses, taking into account the configuration of hull compartments to accurately predict these pressures and equivalent impulse. The resulting impulse is compared with the intrinsic damage capacity of each compartment's structure to assess potential damage. System network and fault tree analysis evaluate the loss of function and vulnerability of equipment within the damaged hull. Finally, the proposed capacity-based damage extent method demonstrates more accurate damage assessment compared to traditional methods, overcoming the limitations of damage-radius and ellipsoid approaches by considering hull strength

Necessary Explanations on Merits of Solving Problem of Optimizing Construction of Air Defense System of Surface Ships Formation in Case of Attack Threat of Anti-Ship Cruise Missiles

A number of publications related to the improvement (optimization) of the air defense system (AD) orders of surface ships (SS) in the threat of attacks by anti-ship cruise missiles (ASCM)was developed by a group of authors (Galiy V.A., Ivanishchev S.N., Bukri V.N.) and submitted for the consideration of the specialists. The publications were evaluated by experts and this article presents a discussion on the merits of solving the problem of optimizing the construction of an air defense system of the surface ships formation in case of attack threat of anti-ship cruise missiles taking into account some questions and comments.

Mathematical Model for Solving Problem of Target Allocation of Antiaircraft Fire Weapons in AD Contour of Surface Ship (in AD System of Group of Ships) in Case of Attack Threat and Repelling Attacks of Anti-Ship Cruise Missiles

The improvement of the algorithms of processing information and controlling of weapons systems in combination with their automation, which can significantly reduce time from the moment of detection of air targets to their destruction, is a promising direction in organizing of building and effective combat use of such complex systems as the contour of antiaircraft defense (AD) of a single surface ship and the AD system of a group of the surface ships. The transition to the creation and use of the precision-guided long-range munition, e.g. anti-ship missiles (AShM), allows to destroy ships from remote lines without entering the zone of the fighter aircraft action and reach of the antiaircraft missile system. When repelling attacks of anti-ship cruise missiles, a poor-quality solution of the problem of the target allocation of the antiaircraft fire weapons of a ship (group of ships) does not allow to realize the combat capabilities of the AD contour (system) as a whole, which leads to a loss of combat capability of the ship (ships). The main difference between the proposed mathematical model for solving the target allocation problem and those implemented in the combat information and controlling systems of the surface ships is the fact that it provides the possibility of evaluating own antiaircraft fire weapons and enemy’s AShM when developing an optimal target allocation plan based on a detailed account of the AShM detection range, coordination of the destruction zones, sectors of fire, lines of the implementation of the AShM tasks, mutual security measures, electromagnetic compatibility of the electronic means, i.e. taking into account the existing zones of the destruction of the antiaircraft fire weapons, as well as solving the problem of the target allocation in time. The solution of the task is carried out both directly during the antiaircraft combat, and in the case of the attack threat of the AShM. In its turn, the last one makes it possible to optimize building of the antiaircraft fire covering system and the AD system of both a single surface ship and the group of the surface ships as a whole, and to optimize the solution of the target allocation problem, in particular. The presented mathematical model and the algorithm and program developed on its basis can be recommended after appropriate modification for inclusion in both automated combat control systems and respectively combat information and control systems of connections of surface ships and single ships, that allows to solve the problem of the target allocation on a time scale close to real.

Control Optimization of Readiness Mode of Antiaircraft Fire Weapons in Antiaircraft Fire Covering System of Surface Ships Formation in Case of Attack Threat of Anti-Ship Cruise Missiles

Currently, the decisive factor in the development of the theory of military art in the sea is the fact of transition to the creation and use of precision-guided long-range munition by an enemy - anti-ship cruise missiles (ASCM), so that to destroy ships from remote lines without entering the zone of the fighter aircraft action and reach of the antiaircraft missile system. A promising direction in the organization of the building and effective combat use of such complex systems as the anti-aircraft defense contour of a single surface ship, and the anti-aircraft defense system of a group of surface ships in the threat of attack and repelling attacks of anti-ship cruise missiles, is the improvement of the algorithms for information processing and control of weapons systems in combination with their automation. Modern information technologies based on the use of computer technology and mathematical modeling allow improving the decision-making process in the tasks of building complex systems, processes of planning and organizing their activities. The methods of “artificial intelligence”, automation of the process of forces and means control in combat significantly increase the efficiency of decision-making. The fleeting nature and rapid change of the situation in anti-aircraft combat require solving the problem of repelling attacks by anti-ship cruise missiles in real time, that is impossible without full automation of the process of controlling the forces and means of anti-aircraft defense, in case of that human participation in anti-aircraft combat should be minimized, and completely excluded if possible. One of the complex systems that require full automation and real-time operation is the anti-aircraft fire covering system for surface ships formation. Determination of the optimal (expedient) combat readiness mode of the anti-aircraft fire weapons included in its composition is a prerequisite for the effective functioning of the anti-aircraft fire covering system in anti-aircraft combat. The article proposes a problem solution of the control optimization of the combat readiness mode of the anti-aircraft fire weapons in the anti-aircraft fire covering system of the surface ships formation in the case of the attacking threat of the anti-ship cruise missiles. The obtained results will substantiation of an optimal (expedient) mode of combat readiness and also creation of recommendations for setting the duty schedule of the anti-aircraft fire weapons in the interests of anti-aircraft defense. The presented mathematical model and the developed on its basis algorithm and program can be recommended for inclusion in both automated combat control systems and respectively combat information and control systems of connections of surface ships and single ships.

A Study of Endpoint-Constrained Nonlinear Tracking Filters

The development and performance of an endpoint-constrained (EPC) extended Kalman filter (EKF) were published by Haug and Ford, where the EPC EKF was shown to outperform similar non-EPC EKFs against highly maneuverable antiship cruise missile (ASCM) trajectories. The purpose of this article is to resolve two issues identified during the original study. The first issue is that EKFs may not offer superior performance when the target's motion is highly nonlinear. The second issue is that the EPC EKF performs poorly against the high diver trajectory, where the target does not satisfy the EPC until the dive begins. This article presents a new filter that uses a modified version of the EPC and a multiple-model algorithm to achieve superior performance against a larger set of ASCM trajectories than the EPC EKF.

Physical Optics Radar Cross Section predictions for an anti-ship cruise missile

The capability of the first strike is crucial in the modern battlefield. An important parameter is the radar signature or Radar Cross Section (RCS) of a weapon system, such as a fighter aircraft, a warship, or a missile, affecting the range at which this weapon system would be detected as a target by an enemy radar. If the attacker is detected too late, there will be minimal time for the defender to react, possibly not sufficient to counter the threat. The RCS of a weapon system is considered generally as classified information. However, it can be measured at a suitable measurement test range, if that weapon system is available. Otherwise, it can be predicted with the help of computational electromagnetics. Concerning the second approach, the following procedure was recently proposed: construction of a three-dimensional model of a target, based on available images and any relevant data, and then computation of the target RCS, with the Physical Optics approximative method. In the present approach, this procedure is applied to an anti-ship cruise missile in order to compute its RCS. Finally, the expected detection range for various naval radars is calculated.

The role and place of artillery in combating “Anti-Access/Area Denial” A2/AD systems

The modern “Anti-Access/Area Denial” A2/AD systems are defined as a combination of all possible measures that can limit the ability of a potential opponent to enter and occupy a given area (operational theatre). Their action relies, among others, on radio-electronic disruption of digital guidance systems, communication, command and control systems, shooting down long-range maneuvering missiles, drones, and aircraft. The primary assumption of the anti-access concept is to deprive the enemy of the possibility of entering a given operational area (A2 – Anti-Access) through long-range destruction and depriving them of freedom of action in that theatre (AD – Area-Denial) by medium and short-range weapons. The Surface-to-Air Missiles (SAM), Anti-Ship Ballistic Missiles (ASBM), and Anti-Ship Manoeuvring Cruise Missile (ASCM) are used to carry out A2/AD tasks. Field artillery has also been used recently, particularly the Long-Range Precision Fires (LRPF). The purpose of the article is to determine the chance of using field artillery against the A2/AD systems. According to the authors, the NATO forces will lose control in the air in the first period of the conventional conflict with an equivalent opponent, and its rapid recovery will be a priority. Field artillery, as a weapon with ever greater possibilities of precise and deep destruction, can become a decisive factor, allowing dominance of A2/AD systems and enabling the implementation of tasks of its air-force and army aviation, as well as ground forces.

ОБҐРУНТУВАННЯ РЕКОМЕНДАЦІЇ ЩОДО УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ ТАКТИКИ БОЙОВОГО ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ РАКЕТНИХ КАТЕРІВ З УРАХУВАННЯМ ІСТОРИЧНОГО ДОСВІДУ

The article shows the urgency of using the missiles by corvettes of the Ukrainian Navy for naval purposes in modern conditions. The fighting and local military conflicts at sea of the last century are analyzed, where showed that ships with missile weapons are majorly important in order to achieve a victory over the enemy. Today, Ukraine and its Armed Forces are at the stage of undeclared war with the Russian Federation. Currently, the combat zone is Donbass, and the zones of increased tension are the Azov and Black Seas. Analysis of the peculiarities of a possible theater of operations, showing the relatively low defense capability of Ukraine to counter the threat from the sea and the important economic importance of the Black and Azov Seas for Ukraine, prove that in this direction, the aggressor can achieve the greatest strategic success. Analysis of recent events in the Black Sea, namely: the incident in the Kerch Bay, shelling of Ukrainian warships and aircrafts, constant provocative actions of the aggressor prove that the Black Sea is likely to become a new theater of operations. Combat actions on the high seas are virtually ruled out, as they have no tactical prospects. The main actions of our forces will be aimed at defending the territorial sea and the lines of our own coast. The Navy’s defense zone is likely to be a coastal strip up to 20 nautical miles wide, as well as the area around Zmiyny Island. In the north-western part of the Black Sea, coast of Ukraine is characterized by the presence of a large number of shallow estuaries, bays, etc., closed by queues, sandy shoals, areas unsuitable for navigation (Odesa, Dniester banks, Dnieper and Dniester estuaries, Tendriv, Kizhanka bays, the mouth of the Dunay and others). Such conditions favor the actions of small corvettes using «ambush» tactics. Therefore, the main tactical way of Ukrainian Navy corvettes action in the event of an armed conflict at sea may be the use of naval missile armament from «ambush», under aircrafts cover of Ukraine Air Forces with the usage of external sources of information on enemy location. Keywords: tactics, missile boat, naval target, missile weapon, sea battle, missile strike, combat application, combat effectiveness, missile weapon, anti-ship cruise missile.

Application of Improved ANT Algorithm to Planning of Anti-Ship Cruise Missile Route

Anti-ship cruise missile (ASCM) attack route meets the needs of the attack mission will determine the effect of the subsequent attacks. According to research planning of anti-ship cruise missile route based on improved ANT algorithm by elitist strategy. The first is sensitive factor analysis of route planning based on operational requirements. Second is established an objective function and constraints set of route planning, achieved anti-ship cruise missile route planning model. Finally, based on specific objectives, situation and the user's strategies, it can use improved ANT algorithm to plan anti-ship cruise route.

Политика безопасности США: сдвиг в сторону Китая

The article focuses on the main aspects of the US rebalancing towards Asia Pacific which was declared by President Obama in November 2011. The examination of numerous US official and non-official documents shows that practically all US activities in this direction are connected with rapid economic and military growth of China. The United States are mostly concerned about Chinese attempts to transfer its economic strength into political influence and military strength which expand fare beyond the present frontiers. A number of examples of Chinese “unacceptable behavior” are given, such as: aggressive way of resolving its maritime disputes with neighbors; rejection of multilateral approach to such problems; China’s “cyber-activities” in the field of large scale cyber-espionage; military modernization aimed to limit the US free access to the region; the development of advanced short- and medium-range conventional ballistic missiles, land-attack and anti-ship cruise missiles, counter-space weapons and military cyberspace capabilities. The article also analyses the main implementation stages of this new American policy, and the role of the US Congress in formulating it. The positions of different US Agencies are also under consideration, including the position of the US Treasury, State Department and Defense Department. The author comes to a conclusion that a number of serious limitations and difficulties exist on the way of the US security interests promotion into the region. As for the position of Russian Federation, it is suggested that Russia can become one of important participants in resolution of security problems in the region. At the same time possible benefits may be gained if Russia managed to preserve the “equal distance” from the main players in the region – China and the US. But if the situation demands to make a clear choice, Russia will most probably take the Chinese side, regarding the present state of the US-Russian relations.

Numerical Simulation and Analysis of the Muzzle Flow During the Revolving Barrel Gun Firing

The revolving barrel gun is the principal component of the close-in weapons system (CIWS) that provides important terminal defense against anti-ship cruise missiles that have penetrated fleet defenses. The muzzle flow field of the revolving barrel firing is extraordinarily complex. The 3D computational model was formulated to illustrate the details of the flow field produced by the revolving barrel gun firing. The algorithm of a second order monotone upstream-centered schemes (MUSCL) approach with the advection upstream splitting method (AUSM) solver was used to simulate the high pressure muzzle flow field. The interior ballistic process was coupled with the simulation. The predicted muzzle velocity and maximum bore pressure were in good agreement with those measured in gun firing. Moreover, the muzzle flow field was obtained during the revolving barrel firing and was subsequently analyzed. The maximum lateral velocity of the first and second projectile fired was about 1.6 and 3.8 m/s.

Soaring Eagle, Crouching Dragon?

Over the last decade many analysts have forecast the relative decline of the US in the face of rapid economic growth and developmental success in China. There has also been concern that China's rise carries with it a risk of direct Sino-American military conflict over Taiwan, or even indirect war as the result of the US acting as a security guarantor for such east Asian allies as Japan and South Korea. Ou and gas resources under the disputed territorial waters of Japan, South Korea, Vietnam, the Philippines, Brunei, and Malaysia could become sources of conflict as Beijing tries to secure the energy it needs to keep its growth miracle on track while attempting to ease itself off a heavy dependence on dirty coal. Is China destined to replace the US as the world's leading hegemonic state? Is it likely to challenge the US as the most capable military power within the next 20 years? The answer to both questions is no.China has too many fundamental liabilities on its geostrategic balance sheet and its domestic political economy is too fraught with problems and major environmental strains for its elite to spend much time and expense in a bid for complete functional parity with the world's sole military superpower. The global military eagle will continue to soar, and the Chinese military dragon will mostly stay in a crouched posture, confined to its territorial base and the coastal regions of the western Pacific - except for troops in support of UN peacekeeping, a field in which Beijing has made modest strides.1 The Chinese military-industrial-scientific complex is still too smaU and too young to be able to challenge the American military developmental behemoth. The Chinese defence budget is too smaU, and successive Chinese governments have spent too long depending on a nuclear minimum deterrent that is highly vulnerable to preventive strikes with conventional weapons by American naval and air forces.2 Chinese leaders have not impressed their neighbours with their appeal for a harmonious region operating on China's terms. It has territorial disputes with Japan, South Korea, southeast Asian states, and India. Its economic rise has been impressive and Asian states' trade with China has grown impressively, but most fear China's rise even as they profit from it. And few want the Americans to go home. The great American empire still holds the most important political and diplomatic cards in any bilateral game of poker with Beijing, and will continue to do so for the foreseeable future.Over the past decade China became the greatest carbon emitter on the planet, surpassing the US, as well as the largest auto market in the world - again surpassing the US. In 2010 China's GDP overtook that of Japan to take the number two position in global economic production.3 In 2011 economists think Chinese overall research and development will surpass Japan's for the first time, again locking up the global number two spot after the US.4Not surprisingly, China's defence industries have grown apace as well. From fighter jets to ballistic missiles and from assault weapons to land mines and anti-ship cruise missiles, Chinese aerospace and defence industries have pushed the country up the rankings of international arms exporters. Chinese technologies are part of the reason for the success of Pakistan's nuclear weapons and ballistic missile capability, and they may be part of Iran's success in building its nuclear infrastructure too. In 2010 China leapfrogged up the international arms exporters list, just ahead of the UK and France, and just behind the US, Russia, and Germany, in that order.5 Chinese weapons exports were a little less than one quarter of Russia's and about one sixth of the Americans', but the rapid Chinese growth in this indicator became cause for further concern among threat analysts in Washington. Such concern is arguably misplaced but will not dissipate because Washington's security bureaucracy needs a Chinese threat to sustain the world's most voracious mnitary-industrial-scientific complex. …

Closing Time: Assessing the Iranian Threat to the Strait of Hormuz

How might Iran retaliate in the aftermath of a limited Israeli or U.S. strike? The most economically devastating of Iran's potential responses would be closure of the Strait of Hormuz. According to open-source order of battle data, as well as relevant analogies from military history and GIS maps, Iran does possess significant littoral warfare capabilities, including mines, antiship cruise missiles, and land-based air defense. If Iran were able to properly link these capabilities, it could halt or impede traffic in the Strait of Hormuz for a month or more. U.S. attempts to reopen the waterway likely would escalate rapidly into sustained, large-scale air and naval operations during which Iran could impose significant economic and military costs on the United States—even if Iranian operations were not successful in truly closing the strait. The aftermath of limited strikes on Iran would be complicated and costly, suggesting needed changes in U.S. force posture and energy policy.

Water Barrier Ship Self Defense Lethality

ABSTRACTThe Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division has investigated technology for the Office of Naval Research (ONR) that has the potential to be very effective in defending Navy platforms against high‐speed, sea‐skimming anti‐ship cruise missiles (ASCMs). This technology uses a new kill mechanism, a wall of water, to provide a low cost, universal terminal defense system for Navy ships. The Water Barrier or wall of water is generated from the shallow detonation of multiple underwater explosive charges to protect the ship from attacking sea skimmers. This terminal defense concept can be employed to slow or stop debris and warhead fragments from missiles killed at short range to preclude significant damage to own ship. Furthermore, the Water Barrier would defeat the fuzing and structure of ASCMs that have penetrated the inner self‐defense layer.This paper describes the Water Barrier Concept that provides terminal defense for Navy ships, the formation of the wall of water that defeats sea skimming ASCMs, and the field tests that demonstrate the viability of the concept. Finally, this paper documents the 1997 field test results that demonstrate the lethality of the Water Barrier against tactical battlefield missile warheads and structures.

Navy High Energy Laser Weapon System

ABSTRACTThis paper will historically review and describe the Navy High Energy Laser Weapon System (HELWS).Advances in anti‐ship cruise missiles (ASMs), which present the greatest challenge in surface ship self defense, are necessitating the development of significantly more sophisticated and expensive surface‐to‐air missiles in order to counter the threat. The next generation of ASMs, as represented by the French ANS, will be capable of skimming only meters above the sea surface at multi‐mach speeds, while performing evasive maneuvers during terminal run‐in. This type of threat has essentially eliminated naval gun systems from the role of ship self‐defense, and has significantly reduced the effectiveness of current missile systems.Under development for the past twenty years, the High Energy Chemical Laser appears to be a feasible solution to the ship self‐defense problem. Capable of operating effectively in all weather conditions except dense fog, a HELWS requires no conventional fire control solution, since it operates at the speed of light. Any target that can be tracked can be engaged. Furthermore, once the beam director is locked onto a target, the system is insensitive to target maneuvers. By tailoring the lase period to the threat, the effective Pk of an HELWS is essentially 1. Using chemical energy as a primary power source removes the requirement for additional costly and heavy power generation equipment aboard ship. In the context of the foregoing arguments, cost per kill becomes a fraction of the cost of a two‐round missile salvo.The technology required to field a shipboard HELWS has been demonstrated by the Navy Mid‐InfraRed Advanced Chemical Laser (MIRACL) and the Sea Lite Beam Director (SLBD). Its success in bringing down a Mach 2.2 Vandal missile in 1989 was dramatic proof of the effectiveness of such a system. Recent studies have shown that the MIRACL/SLBD can be repackaged as a HELWS to fit into the equivalent volume occupied by a 5“/54 Mk 45 gun mount and its associated magazine. Replacing the gun system with this HELWS package would result in a 15 percent reduction in weight and translate to a 5 percent improvement in ship stability because of the weight redistribution.The one remaining issue is an operational demonstration of the High Energy Laser Weapon System in a shipboard environment. The Navy is currently studying the possibility of conducting an advanced technology demonstration of a shipboard HELWS to begin in FY 95. Such a demonstration will be designed to resolve the remaining issues associated with using high energy lasers for self‐defense at sea.