Antioxidant Capacity Values Research Articles

Fishmeal can be replaced with a high proportion of terrestrial protein in the diet of the carnivorous marine teleost (Trachinotus ovatus)

In general, over 30% fishmeal (FM) is required in diets for marine teleosts, which limits the sustainable development of aquaculture. Here, seven isonitrogenous (46%) and isolipidic (12%) diets (namely D1-D7) were formulated with three compound proteins (CPro I, CPro II and CPro III), which consisted of terrestrial animal and plant proteins, as substitutes for FM. Diet D1 (control) contained 30% FM, while diets D2-D3, D4-D5 and D6-D7 were formed by replacing 40% and 60%, 40% and 60%, and 60% and 80% FM with CPro I, CPro II, and CPro III, respectively. Juveniles of the carnivorous marine teleost Trachinotus ovatus were fed the seven diets in floating sea cages for 8 weeks. Growth performance including weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR), serum biochemical indices alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and glutamic pyruvate transaminase (GPT) activities, serum and liver antioxidant indices catalase (CAT) activities and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), fish proximate composition, muscle cooking percentage (CP) and textural properties of fish fed diets D2-D7 showed no difference or improved values compared with those of fish fed diet D1, suggesting no negative effects produced with 40–80% replacement of dietary FM by the compound proteins. Significantly higher contents of essential amino acids (EAA), non-essential amino acids (NEAA) and flavour amino acids (FAA) in muscle, as well as higher liver antioxidant capacity were found in fish fed diets D6 (12% FM) or D7 (6% FM) compared with those fed diet D1. The results demonstrated that 40–80% replacement of dietary FM by terrestrial compound proteins is feasible in T. ovatus, moreover 60% or 80% replacement brought a positive influence on antioxidant capacity and nutritional value.

Spray-drying microencapsulation of β-carotene by polysaccharide from yeast cell walls

It is well known that β-carotene plays an important role in human health. However, it is susceptibly degraded by environmental conditions including temperature, light and oxygen, due to its natural structure of conjugated double bonds chain. Polysaccharide (PS) from the yeast cell walls has appeared to be an excellent choice of encapsulating agent that can be used to encapsulate biologically active substances. Objective of this study was to investigate the effects of PS concentration (20, 30, 40 and 50%) compared to MD, high pressure homogenization time (5, 10, 15, 20 min) and inlet air temperature of spray drying (130, 140, 150, 160oC) on microencapsulation yield (MEY), microencapsulation efficiency (MEE), moisture content (MC) and antioxidant capacity. The results showed that the highest values of MEY (354.4 µg/g) and MEE (90.2%), the low value of MC (7.0%) and antioxidant capacity (69.07%) were successfully obtained at PS concentration of 30% (w/v), homogenization of 15 min and inlet air temperature of 150oC. Under those conditions, the encapsulated β-carotene powder was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and it is confirmed that the micro-particles had various sizes which are a typical characteristics of spray dried powders, spherical shapes and were free of cracks and pores. As a result, it can be concluded that β-carotene was successfully encapsulated in the PS and MD matrix and could then be easily incorporated into various foods

Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant and Anti-Proliferative Activities of Methanolic Extracts from Asclepias linaria Cav. Leaves.

Asclepias linaria Cav. (Apocynaceae) is a shrubby plant endemic of Mexico which has been used in traditional medicine. However, the bioactive potential of this plant remains unexplored. In this study, the phenolic composition, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities of A. linaria leaves were determined. In order to estimate the phenolic composition of the leaves, the total phenolic, flavonoid, and condensed tannins contents were determined. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity was measured by the scavenging activity of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) and 2,2′-azino-bis[3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid] (ABTS•+) radicals and the total antioxidant capacity. The phenolic compounds identified in the A. linaria leaves by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) include phenolic acids, such as p-coumaric and ferulic acid, as well as flavonoids, such as rutin and quercetin. The leaves’ extracts of A. linaria showed a high scavenging activity of DPPH• and ABTS•+ radicals (IC50 0.12 ± 0.001 and 0.51 ± 0.003 µg/mL, respectively), high total antioxidant capacity values (99.77 ± 4.32 mg of ascorbic acid equivalents/g of dry tissue), and had a cytotoxic effect against K562 and HL60 hematologic neoplasia cells lines, but no toxicity towards the normal mononuclear cell line was observed. These results highlight the potential of A. linaria and could be considered as a possible alternative source of anticancer compounds.

Vitis vinifera Turkish grape cultivar Karaerik. Part I: anthocyanin composition, and identification of a newly found anthocyanin†.

Grape berries exhibit various beneficial health effects due to the potent antioxidant roles of their phenolic compounds. A new Vitis vinifera grape cultivar (Karaerik) grown in Turkey has attracted growing interest due to its antioxidant phenolic compounds, which have still not been investigated. The phenolic/anthocyanin profile needs to be investigated to ascertain its potential health benefits and market value in the region. The present study therefore involves a detailed characterization of the anthocyanin composition of 'Karaerik' grape berries in conjunction with a determination of the antioxidant capacity value of the phenolics present in the skin and the whole berry. Total phenolic compounds (average 8.56 and 2.88g gallic acid equivalent kg-1 fresh weight) and anthocyanin (7.48 and 1.66 g mv-3-glc equivalent kg-1 fresh weight) contents varied significantly in the skin and whole berry. Malvidin-based anthocyanins made the highest contribution to the pigment content of the berry. Accordingly, the major anthocyanin in the skin (average 42.08 mol%) and whole berry (39.98 mol%) was malvidin-3-glucoside (mv-3-glc). In addition, we found strong evidence of the occurrence of sometimes reported malvidin-3-pentoside and particularly of the not previously reported feruloyl derivative of malvidin-3-(6″-feruloyl)-glucoside (mv-3-ferglc) for V. vinifera grapes. The current study is the first report to profile the anthocyanins of the grape with a detailed description of the rare and novel anthocyanin in V. vinifera grapes. The berry is also a potential source of phenolics/anthocyanins with a high antioxidant capacity value and is worthy of comparison with other V. vinifera grapes. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Tannin content and antioxidant capacity of five Greek red grape varieties.

Tannins are located in skins and seeds and are responsible for important sensory and quality attributes of red grapes and wines, such as astringency, bitterness and colour stability. However, little is known regarding Greek Vitis vinifera varieties. The aim of this study is to evaluate the grape phenolic content and to present data that may contribute to the development of suitable winemaking techniques for these varieties. In this study berry attributes, skin and seed content of tannins and antioxidant capacity from five Greek Vitis vinifera varieties, namely 'Mavrotragano', 'Mandilaria', 'Kotsifali', 'Agiorgitiko' and 'Xinomavro' were analyzed. Significant differences were observed in berry weight and the distribution of berry component mass in mature berries, among the different varieties. 'Mandilaria' and 'Kotsifali' had the heavier berries while the higher contribution of skins and seeds in berry was observed in 'Agiorgitiko' and 'Mavrotragano' grapes respectively. According to the results, the higher content of seed tannins in berries was determined in 'Mandilaria' and the lower in 'Kotsifali'. Finally, varieties with high concentrations of tannins, 'Mandilaria' and 'Mavrotragano', also demonstrated significant high values of antioxidant capacity.

Antioxidant Capacity of Several Romanian Forest Fruits (Rosa canina L., Prunus spinosa L., Vaccium vitis-idaea L. and Cornus mas L.)

The comparison of the antioxidant activity of the studied forest fruits emphasized a hierarchy of the antioxidant capacity in rosehip, blackthorn, lingonberry and cornelian cherry. The purpose of the study was to investigate the antioxidant capacity and nutritional value of rosehip, blackthorn, lingonberry and cornelian cherry. In the current study, the FT-IR spectroscopy technique was applied to detect molecular components in forest fruits samples. Antioxidant capacity was evaluated with photochemical assay as well as humidity, protein, fibre, lipid and carbohydrate content. The FT-IR results revealed the presence of different bio-active compounds in berries such as flavonoids, tannins, sugars, acids, proanthocyanidins, carotenoids, citric metabolites and others. The highest antioxidant capacity was observed in rosehip 105.67±1.38 and blackthorn 49.89±1.92 (μg/mg equivalent ascorbic acid). Regarding nutritional parameters, rosehip showed the most increased content of protein displaying average values of 1.60, carbohydrates 38.20 and fibre 24.10 (g/100 g/sample). These results can provide useful information providing a research interest for the identification of new molecular compounds from Romanian flora samples.
 
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 In press - Online First. Article has been peer reviewed, accepted for publication and published online without pagination. It will receive pagination when the issue will be ready for publishing as a complete number (Volume 47, Issue 4, 2019). The article is searchable and citable by Digital Object Identifier (DOI). DOI link will become active after the article will be included in the complete issue.
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CosIng database analysis and experimental studies to promote Latin American plant biodiversity for cosmetic use

Although Latin America is one of the regions with the greatest plant diversity on the planet and, its commercial exploitation has not impacted the economic growth of Latin American countries, with the exception of Brazil. The great plant biodiversity of Latin American countries is an opportunity for the development of sustainable and innovative cosmetic ingredients and products. Some studies have focused on identifying the potential cosmetic use of Latin American plants. However, their commercial use is not possible due to their limited availability as raw materials, their safety has not been proven, and their lack of inclusion in international lists. This study analyzed plant species in the CosIng database for UV-filtering, UV-absorbing, bleaching, skin-protecting, and antioxidant functions and assayed the properties of potential plants by in vitro assays to promote the cosmetic use of biodiverse Latin American plants. The results showed that the majority of cosmetic ingredients listed in CosIng are from Asiatic plants, while 9 % are from Latin American plants. Approximately half of the registered plants in CosIng are commercialized as cosmetic ingredients. In addition, 28 % of the plants registered in CosIng occur in Colombia, but of these, only 30 % are native. The experimental analysis showed that the Bixa orellana, Theobroma cacao, and Eugenia stipitata extracts had the highest skin protective activity due to their capacity to inhibit collagenase, elastase, and hyaluronidase enzymes. B. orellana and Euterpe oleracea extracts showed the highest antioxidant capacity, phenol contents, and spectrophotometric sun protection factor (SPFspectrophotometric) values. B. orellana, E. oleracea, and E. stipitata extracts showed photoprotective properties in human dermal fibroblasts due to the reduction of cell death, matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) production, and reactive oxygen spices (ROS) production and an increase in pro-collagen production after ultraviolet (UV) exposure. Finally, a list of Latin American plants with possible cosmetic applications is presented proving the great potential of Latin American plant biodiversity and its low commercial exploitation in the cosmetic industry. This study evidences the antioxidant and skin protecting actions of Latin American plants and it is presented as a tool for the identification of vegetable species of Latin American biodiversity with potential cosmetic use to sustainable and short-term commercial exploitation.

Isometric Exercise with Large Muscle Mass Improves Redox Balance and Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Adults.

The aim of this study was to investigate the hemodynamic, oxidative stress (OS), and nitric oxide (NO) responses to a submaximal isometric exercise session (IES) involving large muscle mass. Fourteen hypertensive (HTG: age = 35.9 ± 8.1 yr, height = 1.73 ± 0.10 m, total body mass = 78.0 ± 15.8 kg) and 10 normotensive (NTG: age = 41.1 ± 9.4 yr, height = 1.71 ± 0.12 m, total body mass = 82.3 ± 22.4 kg) participants performed two experimental sessions in the leg press and bench press: (i) control session and (ii) 8 sets × 1 min contraction at 30% maximal voluntary isometric contraction with 2-min rest interval. Blood pressure (BP) was measured at rest and during 60 min postexercise. Blood samples were collected at rest, immediately after the session, and 60 min postexercise. NO was obtained through the Griess reaction method. OS parameters were analyzed using commercial kits. A repeated-measures ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc test was used to analyze all dependent variables. A significant decrease in systolic BP was observed only for HTG at 45 and 60 min postexercise (baseline vs 45 min: P = 0.03, Δ% = 4.44%; vs 60 min: P = 0.018, Δ% = 5.58%). NO increased immediately postexercise only for HTG (P = 0.008, Δ% = 16.44%). Regarding OS parameters, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances presented a significant reduction 60 min after the IES for NTG and HTG; catalase increased in both groups. The data showed that only 8 min of IES with a large muscle mass elicits an elevated pro-oxidant activity leading to a greater NO bioavailability, increases antioxidant reaction, and consequently reduces BP in hypertensive patients.

Physicochemical quality, antioxidant capacity and nutritional value of edible flowers of some wild dahlia species

Abstract Mexico is the centre of origin and domestication of the dahlia, which has the widest distribution worldwide as an ornamental plant; however, due to changes in eating habits in some sectors of the population (vegetarians and vegans), it has also been incorporated as an ingredient in the gastronomic field. The aim of this research was to determine the attributes of physicochemical quality, antioxidant capacity and nutritional value of ligulate flowers of some wild dahlia species. A completely randomized experimental design with five repetitions was used. Fresh weight, total titratable acidity (TTA), total soluble solids (TSS), ascorbic acid (AA), colour, total phenols (TP), total flavonoids (TFl), total anthocyanins (TAn), antioxidant capacity (AC) and proximate composition were evaluated. The highest fresh weight was observed in D. × hortorum, with similar values among its different flower colours. Likewise, D. merckii and D. coccinea stood out for their high TTA value; however, D. coccinea also had the highest AA content (0.77-0.9 mg g−1 FW), TP (12.87-19.92 mg GAE g−1 FW), TFl (6.78-11.32 mg QE g−1 DW) and AC (47.28-60.43 mg AAEVC g−1 FW). On the other hand, D. campanulata was notable for its high levels of moisture, fat and raw fibre; similarly, D. coccinea stood out for its high amounts of dry matter and total carbohydrates. The ligulate flowers of wild dahlias have a high concentration of bioactive compounds and a nutritional composition with beneficial contributions to health care, so they could be used for consumption as fresh products.

굴거리 열매 추출물의 폴리페놀 함량과 항산화 활성

As an effort to develop functional ingredients and to discover their antioxidant activity, the total polyphenol content, total flavonoid content, 2,2-diphenyl-1-pcrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of Daphniphyllum macropodum were measured using a methanol extract and various solvent fractions. Based on the result, the total polyphenol content was highest in an ethyl acetate fraction of 212.33±1.05 mg GAE/g where the total flavonoid content was 77.96±0.21 mg QE/g. The DPPH radical scavenging activity was highest in an ethyl acetate fraction (IC50 : 47.10±1.32 μg/mL). The ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest TEAC (1052.23±13.94 mM TE/g), ORAC (9308.71±480.69 mM TE/g), and FRAP (2064.76±42.31 mM FE/g) in antioxidant capacity value. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents significantly correlated with the antioxidant activity of D. macropodum extracts and fractions. In addition, the survival rate of HaCaT and HepG2 cells at 200 μg/mL was higher than 70%. With these results, it was confirmed that the ethyl acetate fraction of D. macropodum has great antioxidant potential. Thus, it can be expected to be developed into a specific functional ingredient.

The hepatoprotective and antioxidative effect of saffron stigma alcoholic extract against vincristine sulfate induced toxicity in rats.

Vincristine (VCR) is an important anti-cancer drug, which is highly toxic for the liver. This study aimed at evaluating the protective effect of alcoholic extract of saffron stigma against vincristine hepatotoxicity in the rat. A total number of 50 rats were randomly divided into 10 groups, including controls, rats receiving 0.25 mg/kg (A group), 0.5 mg/kg (B group), 0.75 mg/kg (C group) VCR, 0.25 mg/kg VCR + 0.5 mg/kg saffron (D group), 0.5 mg/kg VCR + 0.5 mg/kg saffron (E group), 0.75 mg/kg VCR + 0.5 mg/kg saffron (F group), 0.25 mg/kg VCR + 1mg/kg saffron (G group), 0.5 mg/kg VCR + 1 mg/kg saffron (H group), and 0.75 mg/kg VCR + 1 mg/kg saffron (I group) groups. Serum level of liver enzymes, including aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and bilirubin were measured using specific kits at the end of the experimental period. Serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) values were measured using ferric reducing antioxidant of power (FRAP) and thiobarbituric acid reaction (TBAR) methods, respectively. Administration of VCR, especially at the concentration of 0.75mg/kg, caused severe hepatic injury with significant increase in the levels of AST (582.0±39.45 UI), ALT (124.0±5.92 UI), ALP (939.8±89.8 UI) enzymes and bilirubin (0.17±0.008). VCR administration also significantly increased the serum MDA level (0.49±0.021 nmol/ml), while TAC value was declined significantly (241.27±18.27 μmol/l). These effects were dose-dependent. Treatment with saffron extract decreased the activity of liver enzymes and MDA values in hepatotoxic rats with a significant enhancement in serum TAC content. These effects were notable for rats that received 1mg/kg plant extract. Administration of saffron, especially at higher concentration, can reduce VCR-induced hepatotoxicity, antioxidant depletion and lipid peroxidation, presumably due to its antioxidative properties.

Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of Nepeta fissa - first report from Iran

In recent years, scientific interest in natural products has burgeoned. The genus Nepeta is one of the most important medicinal plants belongs to family Lamiaceae. In this study, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant potential and distribution of individual phenolic compounds by HPLC-MS/MS were determined in native Nepeta fissa Benth species. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacity (by DPPH and FRAP assays) values were measured in N. fissa as 43.07 mg GAE/g dw, 3.77 mg q/g dw, 197.85 µg/mL (IC50 value) and 1.15 μmol Fe++/g dw, respectively. The most abundant flavonoid, phenolic acid, and anthraquinone in the analyzed N. fissa extracts were rutin, ferulic acid, and chrysophanol, respectively. As a conclusion, results of present study showed that N. fissa was rich in some phenolic compounds and exhibited antioxidant activity. The obtained results can provide new safe resources to the development of new products for the pharmaceutical industries.

Phytochemical-Rich Antioxidant Extracts of Vaccinium Vitis-idaea L. Leaves Inhibit the Formation of Toxic Maillard Reaction Products in Food Models.

Thermal treatment of proteinaceous foods generates heat-induced Maillard reaction substances including toxic advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and heterocyclic amines (HAs). It is known that plant phenolic compounds may influence Maillard reaction. This study investigated the impact of lingonberry leaf extracts on the formation of Nε -(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) and Nε -(2-furoylmethyl)-L-lysine (furosine) in milk model system and HAs in meat-protein and meat model systems. In addition, lingonberry leaf extracts obtained by different solvents were characterized by radical scavenging, Folin-Ciocalteu assays and ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography quadruple-time-of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-qTOF-MS). Water extract (WE) stronger suppressed CML than furosine formation in milk model system: CML levels were reduced by nearly 40%. Moreover, quinic acid and catechin, which were abundant in WE, were effective in inhibiting CML and furosine formation. WE and acetone extract (AE) at 10 mg/mL significantly inhibited HAs formation in both model systems. However, higher suppressing effect on HAs formation showed AE, which had lower antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content values than WE. WE contained higher amounts of hydroxycinnamic acids, proanthocyanidins and flavonols, while AE was richer in flavan-3-ols and arbutin derivatives. It indicates that the composition of phenolics might be a major factor for explaining different effect of extracts from the same plant on HAs formation. In general, the results suggest that lingonberry leaves is a promising source of phytochemicals for inhibiting toxic Maillard reaction products and enriching foods with plant bioactive compounds. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The increased consumption in processed foods has been linked with the increased risks of various diseases, while thermal food processing is required to develop flavor, insure safety, and extend shelf life. Therefore, developing effective technological means for inhibiting the formation of heat-induced toxic substances is an important task. This study showed a potential of lingonberry leaf extracts containing health beneficial phytochemicals to suppress the formation of toxic Maillard reaction products during heating of milk and meat.

Clarifying effect of different fining agents on mulberry wine

AbstractFining experiments have been conducted on mulberry wine, in which five fining agents (bentonite, gelatin, casein, egg albumin and PVPP) were investigated. The effect of these agents on polyphenol content, colour intensity, antioxidant activity and aromatic profile has been determined. In general, all treatments improved the limpidity of the mulberry wines to some extent. The wine was mostly negatively affected by gelatin and led to the greatest reduction of phenol content (16.61%), colour intensity (32.26%) and antioxidant activity. Concerning aroma, the addition of PVPP, casein and bentonite both significantly altered the aroma profile. It is noteworthy that egg albumin led to the lowest diminution total phenol value (5.74%) and improvement of antioxidant capacity and colour among the tested fining agents. Furthermore, the aroma profile remained mostly unaffected by egg albumin. As consequence, the optimal fining agent for mulberry wine was egg albumin.

Microwave‐assisted enzymatic extraction of plant protein with antioxidant compounds from the food waste sesame bran: Comparative optimization study and identification of metabolomics using LC/Q‐TOF/MS

This study aimed to investigate the effects of microwave-assisted and combined microwave-assisted enzymatic extraction techniques for the recovery of plant-based protein and antioxidant compounds from the food waste sesame bran. The effects of independent variables, that is, process temperature (25–55 °C), time (10–120 min), and enzyme concentrations (0.12–2.40 AU/100 g) were examined using a central composite design by the response surface methodology and were all found to have significant effects on protein yield, total phenolic content, and antioxidant capacity values. Optimal process conditions for microwave-assisted extraction were 51 °C process temperature and 29 min time; and for combined microwave-assisted enzymatic extraction were 1.94 AU/100 g enzyme concentration, 49 °C, 98 min. Protein fractions of extracts by SDS-PAGE, cellular structures of sesame brans by the scanning electron microscope, and identification of protein subunits and phenolic compounds by LC/Q-TOF/MS analyses were also inspected and compared with a standard alkaline method. Practical applications Cereal and oilseed by-products like brans have gained great importance in food technology due to their valuable protein contents. Recently, several attempts were performed to recover plant-based protein from various food wastes. Sesame bran is an unevaluated agro-industrial by-product and is a potential source of plant protein with phenolic compounds possessing functional properties. Latest studies showed that sesame processing plants reveal a huge amount of bran which have valuable compounds such as sulphur-containing amino acids. This study shows that highest recovery rates of plant-based protein with bioactive compounds from sesame bran could be achieved by the microwave-assisted enzymatic extraction technique. Obtained protein isolates could be evaluated in functional food developments. Results of this study could be an insight into researchers and food technologists who like to carry out studies on similar subjects.

The screening of bioactive compound of the green algae Halimeda macroloba (Decaisne, 1841) as an antioxidant agent from Banyak Island Aceh Singkil

Banyak Island is one of the outest island in western Indonesia which high biodiversity particularly macroalgae. One of the macroalgae which have potential food and herbal drug was Halimeda macroloba. The aim of this study was to screen the bioactive compound of the H. macroloba as antioxidant source. The sampling of H. macroloba were located at the coast of Banyak Island, Aceh Singkil. The reseach stages including the chemical composition, extraction, phytochemical screening, the antioxidant assays (DPPH, CUPRAC and FRAP). The result showed the highest rendement content was obtained from ethanol extract as much as 2.32%. Subsequently, the extract of the H. macroloba detected phenol compound. The antioxidant activity with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method were obtained IC50 121. 445 ± 1.03 mg/L, the n-hexane extract have IC50 181.945 ± 1.95 mg/L and ethyl acetate extract of IC50 228.67 mg/L. The antioxidant with ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method showed that the ethanol extract possesses the value of antioxidant capacity was 516.50±0.70 μmol trolox/g extract, ethyl acetate extract value was 482.00±1.41 μmol trolox/g extract and n-hexane extract was 323.50±0.70 μmol trolox/g extract. While, the CUPRAC (cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity) with ethanol extract was 159.85 ±0.70 μmol trolox/g extract, ethyl acetate extract was 66.38±0.03 μmol trolox/g extract and n-hexane extract was 49.15 ±0.035 μmol trolox/g extract. The results from three methods of antioxidant showed the ethanol extract possesses high antioxidant capacity. Therefore, this research give fruitfull information regarding the potential green alga H. macroloba as new antioxidant sources for human health.

All aspects of the toxic effects of lipopolysaccharide on rat liver and the protective effect of vitamin E and sodium selenite

This work was planned to research the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and/or vitamin E (VE) and sodium selenite (SS), which have antioxidant properties, administered to the liver tissue of male rats. For this purpose, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, antioxidant capacity, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) dUTP nick-end labeling assay, liver function, and DNA structure tests were performed. The lipid profile was also evaluated in this study. Rats that were administered LPS were treated with VE and/or SS. The liver function tests and lipid profile parameters showed statistically significant changes and histological alterations in the LPS treated groups. The number of cells entering apoptosis was increased by LPS administration when compared to the control group. LPS treatment increased the DNA damage and decreased the ferric reducing antioxidant power and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity values when compared to the control group. VE and/or SS provided protective effects against the examined parameters. These results indicated that we can assume that the treatment of VE and SS together may be more efficient than using them individually against LPS.

Changes in Total Polyphenol Content and Antioxidant Capacity of Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica L.) from Spring to Autumn

Total polyphenol content and antioxidant/reducing capacity of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.) leaves and roots collected from wild-grown plants were investigated during the vegetation period. From both fresh and dried samples of leaves and roots, water extracts were prepared by brewing at 60, 80 and 100 °C for 3 hours, and ethanolic extracts of 20 % (v/v) and 70 % (v/v) by extracting at room temperature for 72 hours. The total polyphenol content was determined spectrophotometrically with Folin-Cioceltau reagent and the antioxidant capacity was measured by ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assay. Our results showed that the optimal harvest time is in the spring (April). Water extracts had the highest total polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity in this period. The amount of valuable compounds released increased by higher extraction temperature in both plant parts. In water extracts of nettle leaves, two times higher polyphenol content was obtained than in that of roots. Both kind of ethanolic extractions resulted in a higher polyphenol content in the leaves harvested in the spring period. For the roots, it was higher for samples collected in the autumn, which is also reflected in the values of antioxidant capacity. Water extracts of fresh leaves harvested in April had more than twice higher total polyphenol content than in October. For dried samples, raising the temperature did not cause a significant change in the total polyphenol content, however, it has resulted in increased antioxidant capacity both for the dried leaf and root samples.

Coffee Pulp Waste as a Functional Ingredient: Effect on Salty Cookies Quality

Dry coffee pulp obtained from the residue of the wet processing of Coffea arabica was used as a source of antioxidant dietary fibre to develop “high in fibre” salty cookies. Total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity (ABTS and ORAC) were quantified in cookies and physiological extracts from an in vitro digestion. Enriched cookies’ phenolic content (94.42 ± 1.00 mg GAE/30g) and ABTS antioxidant capacity (1168.58 ± 23.50 µmol TE/30g) were found to be significantly higher than those of control cookies, ORAC antioxidant capacity remained similar. Physiological extracts after in vitro digestion showed higher values of total phenolic content (191.53 ± 9.29 mg GAE/30g) and antioxidant capacity (5617.49 ± 211.87 µmol TE/portion in ABTS and 3362.60 ±262.58 µmol TE/portion in ORAC), which were also superior to the antioxidant characteristics of the physiological extracts of control cookies. Cookies were evaluated by consumers who rated the degree of liking on tasting the samples under blind and informed conditions. Results indicated that label had effect on consumers’ hedonic perception. Formulation of cookies with dry coffee pulp was successful; an acceptable product with functional properties was obtained.

Application of Pontentilla anserine, Polygonum aviculare and Rumex crispus Mixture Extracts in a Rabbit Model with Experimentally Induced E. coli Infection.

Simple SummaryThe beneficial effect of herbs on production parameters, quality of products of animal origin, and animal health was demonstrated in numerous studies. This study aimed to determine an effect of herbal mixture on blood parameters and the anti-colibacteriosis efficacy. The rabbit model used during the experimental infection with E. coli indicates a clear effect of Rumex crispus L., Pontentilla anserine, Polygonum aviculare, whose activity involves the reduction of colonization of basically all sections of the intestines. The use of herbs in rabbits can control the activity of intestinal microbial community. Administration of a mixture of herbs to feed reduced the number of E. coli in cecum more than supplementation into water after experimental infection. The plant extracts may be a good alternative to antibiotic treatment.The study evaluated the anti-colibacteriosis efficacy of herbs in experimental infection by rabbit pathogenic strain of E. coli O103 eae+. It also studied the effects of herbal mixture added to feed or water on blood parameters. This animal model was used since some E. coli strains pathogenic for rabbits are similar to the strains that are pathogenic to humans. The components of herbal extracts were Rumex crispus, Pontentilla anserine, and Polygonum aviculare. Supplementation was carried out in water (ExpW group) or feed (ExpF group), and four weeks later the animals were infected with the E. coli O103 eae+ strain. The administration of herbs increased the mean concentration of total protein and serum albumin (p < 0.01) without causing disturbances of electrolyte and acid-base balance. The highest total antioxidant capacity (TAS) value (p < 0.01) was observed in the ExpF group. The administration of a mixture of herbs and feed caused more reduction in the number of E. coli in cecum than supplementation into water after an experimental infection. The herbs applied in rabbits did not harm the secretory functions of liver, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood. The application of the tested herbal mixtures can control the activity of the intestinal microbial community.