Antioxidant Activity Of Samples Research Articles

Foam and emulsion properties of crude saponin extract from saffron (Crocus sativus L.) corm

The emulsion and foam stability of the crude saponin extract from the saffron corm (SS) were compared with commercially available saponin (CS) and Tween 60 (T60). The purity of the SS sample was calculated relative to CS and showed a value of 84.43%. Most stable emulsions with the smallest oil droplet size were acquired with T60. Also, T60 showed the lowest surface tension, interfacial tension, and the lowest contact angle. However, a reduction of interfacial tension and surface tension up to 77% and 32% was recorded for SS, respectively. Commercially available saponin indicated the best foam stability regarding film drainage, coalescence, and bubble disproportionation due to its highest solution viscosity. The antioxidant activity of samples was evaluated regarding the FRAP assay and the DPPH free radical scavenging activity. The results showed FRAP values of 2.41 and 1.20 mmol L−1 Fe (II)/100 g sample, and DPPH IC50 values of 2103 and 2326 mg kg−1 for CS and SS, respectively. The investigation showed that SS can form stable emulsions and abundant and persistent foams. Our results provide valuable insights for using saffron corm saponin extract as a new potential natural surfactant for selected applications of the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Comparative Methods to Evaluate the Antioxidant Capacity of Propolis: An Attempt to Explain the Differences.

Propolis is a natural product produced by bees that contains a complex mixture of compounds, including phenolic compounds and flavonoids. These compounds contribute to its biological activities, such as antioxidant capacity. This study analysed the pollen profile, total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant properties, and phenolic compound profile of four propolis samples from Portugal. The total phenolic compounds in the samples were determined by six different techniques: four different Folin-Ciocalteu (F-C) methods, spectrophotometry (SPECT), and voltammetry (SWV). Of the six methods, SPECT allowed the highest quantification, while SWV achieved the lowest. The mean TPC values for these methods were 422 ± 98 and 47 ± 11 mg GAE/g sample, respectively. Antioxidant capacity was determined by four different methods: DPPH, FRAP, original ferrocyanide (OFec), and modified ferrocyanide (MFec). The MFec method gave the highest antioxidant capacity for all samples, followed by the DPPH method. The study also investigated the correlation between TPC and antioxidant capacity with the presence of hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA), hydroxycinnamic acid (HCA), and flavonoids (FLAV) in propolis samples. The results showed that the concentrations of specific compounds in propolis samples can significantly impact their antioxidant capacity and TPC quantification. Analysis of the profile of phenolic compounds by the UHPLC-DAD-ESI-MS technique identified chrysin, caffeic acid isoprenyl ester, pinocembrin, galangin, pinobanksin-3-O-acetate, and caffeic acid phenyl ester as the major compounds in the four propolis samples. In conclusion, this study shows the importance of the choice of method for determining TPC and antioxidant activity in samples and the contribution of HBA and HCA content to their quantification.

Functional profile of carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) beans and pod pulp originated from the Republic of Moldova

This study provides the first insight into the biologically active potential (total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins and antioxidant activity) of Moldavian сarob beans and pod pulp in comparison with carob grown in Algeria, Spain, and Italy. The results showed that the samples of Moldavian carob contain significant amounts (P ≤ 0.05) of biologically active compounds, the content of some of these compounds is far exceeding that of сarob from the above-mentioned regions. Thus, the total content of phenolic compounds in Moldavian carob samples is 1.4 times higher, of flavonoids 1.9 times higher compared to the imported ones. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) antioxidant activity of Moldavian carob samples proved to be about 10–12% higher than the antioxidant activity of samples from other regions. It has been proved that Moldavian carob pod pulp and beans have a high biologically active potential making them possible ingredients for functional food products.

PRODUCTION OF COLORED FUNCTIONAL CHICKEN MEAT CUBES BY VACUUM IMPREGNATION

Bu çalışmada; vakumlu emdirim tekniği ile renklendirildikten sonra kurutulan tavuk eti küplerinin bazı kalite özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaca yönelik olarak; tavuk göğüs eti küpleri 25°C’de 2 saat süreyle farklı konsantrasyonlardaki (1, 2 ve 4°Bx) hibiskus ekstraktları emdirilerek renklendirilmiş ve 60°C’de konveksiyonel kurutucuda kurutulmuştur. Çalışmada kullanılan hibiskus ekstraktlarının pH değerleri 2.07-2.27 aralığında belirlenmiştir. Hibiskus ekstraktı kullanılarak elde edilen renkli küplerin nem içeriği %33.77-35.18 ve pH değeri 4.42-5.06 aralıklarında belirlenmiştir. Yüksek hibiskus konsantrasyonunda (4°Bx), et küplerinin daha koyu renkli ve toplam monomerik antosiyanin miktarının ise daha yüksek (50.75 mg/kg) olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, konsantrasyon arttıkça, örneklerin toplam fenolik madde miktarı ve antioksidan aktivitesinin de yükseldiği belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonuçları, tavuk etinin hem renklendirilmesi hem de fonksiyonel bileşikler ile zenginleştirilmesinde vakumlu emdirim tekniğinin başarıyla kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte arzu edilen son ürün özelliklerine göre uygulama şartlarının optimize edilmesi önem arz etmektedir.

Chemical composition and inhibitory potentials of key-enzymes linked to neurodegenerative diseases of wild garlic: Allium atrovioleceum Boiss.

Allium atroviolaceum is an edible plant and also known as wild garlic in Turkey, was collected from two different localities namely Kemalpaşa (AA-1) and Tire (AA-2). Phenolic constituents of the different parts of species were determined using LC-ESI-MS/MS, total phenolic (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC) and antioxidant activity of samples were performed by spectrophotometrically. Inhibitory potentials of samples against acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase and tyrosinase were determined by a 96-well microplate reader. 28 compounds were quantified and naringenin (948.7 μg/g extract) as a flavonoid in bulb extracts of AA-2 and gallic acid (835.2 μg/g extract) as a phenolic acid in bulb extracts of AA-1 had the highest values. The flowers of AA-1 (23.72 mg GAE/g extract) had higher levels of TPC and was the most active sample for antioxidant assays. Cholinesterases and tyrosinase inhibitory activities activities were observed in all samples and the most potent was the bulbs (IC50 2.14, 1.98 μg/mL,) of AA-2 and flowers of AA-1 (62.53 μg/mL), respectively. Lastly, the data were investigated by principal component analysis for statistical analysis. Conclusively, this study determines the correlation between phenolic compounds, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities of A. atroviolaceum as a functional food and contributes to detailed research of species belonging to the genus of Allium.

Investigation of the Physicochemical Properties of Vegetable Oils Blended with Sesame Oil and Their Oxidative Stability during Frying.

To investigate the antioxidant activity and physicochemical properties of oil, sunflower (SFO) and corn oil (CO) and their combinations with sesame oil (SO) were prepared. The analyses of fatty acid composition (GC-FID), oxidative stability index (Rancimat), smoke point, and antioxidant activity (DPPH) were done on oil samples. Then, the frying process in presence of potato chips was done for 3 days at 180°C. Oil samples were gathered after each frying cycle and chemical analysis (peroxide value, free fatty acid, p-anisidine value, TOTOX, total polar content, TBARS, and conjugated diene and triene) was measured. The major fatty acid composition of oil samples was linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid. The OSI of oil samples was reported as CSO > SSO > SO > CO > SFO. The smoke point of all samples was in the standard limit. The SFO with 266.50°C had the highest smoke point. The antioxidant activity of samples was reported as SO > CSO > CO > SSO > SFO. The IC50 of SO was 52.17 mg/g which was higher than other samples. The result of frying indicated that prolonged heating process would increase the thermal oxidation. It was shown that oils blended with SO had good stability during deep frying. Therefore, blending oil with SO is considered as an economic approach to improve the oil oxidation stability.

Effect of particle size on phytochemical composition and antioxidant properties of Sargassum cristaefolium ethanol extract

Sample particle size is an important parameter in the solid–liquid extraction system of natural products for obtaining their bioactive compounds. This study evaluates the effect of sample particle size on the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of brown macroalgae Sargassum cristaefolium. The crude ethanol extract was extracted from dried powders of S.cristeafolium with various particle sizes (> 4000 µm, > 250 µm, > 125 µm, > 45 µm, and < 45 µm). The ethanolic extracts of S.cristaefolium were analysed for Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC), phenolic compound concentration and antioxidant activities. The extract yield and phytochemical composition were more abundant in smaller particle sizes. Furthermore, the TPC (14.19 ± 2.08 mg GAE/g extract to 43.27 ± 2.56 mg GAE/g extract) and TFC (9.6 ± 1.8 mg QE/g extract to 70.27 ± 3.59 mg QE/g extract) values also significantly increased as particle sizes decreased. In addition, phenolic compounds epicatechin (EC), epicatechin gallate (ECG), epigallocatechin (EGC), and Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) concentration were frequently increased in samples of smaller particle sizes based on two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparison analysis. These results correlate with the significantly stronger antioxidant activity in samples with smaller particle sizes. The smallest particle size (< 45 µm) demonstrated the strongest antioxidant activity based on DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl assay and FRAP. In addition, ramp function graph evaluates the desired particle size for maximum phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity is 44 µm. In conclusion, current results show the importance of particle size reduction of macroalgae samples to increase the effectivity of its biological activity.

Enzymatic and Antimicrobial Activity of Biologically Active Samples from Aloe arborescens and Aloe barbadensis.

Recently, the use of Aloe species has become very widespread. These are extensively used as a nutraceutical in a variety of health care products and food supplements. In addition, the occurrence of the quickly adaptable microorganisms, particularly bacteria, which can develop resistance to antibiotics, is a major problem for public health, and therefore, it is necessary to search for new antimicrobials. In our study, the content of total phenols, proanthocyanidins, and proteins in fresh and lyophilized samples of A. arborescens and A. barbadensis and their ethanol extracts was investigated. Furthermore, enzymatic and antioxidant activity of samples were studied. Since antimicrobial activity of fresh samples was determined in our latest research, a more detailed study of antimicrobial effectiveness of A. arborescens and A. barbadensis (lyophilized, extracts) was performed. Ethanol extracts in particular contain higher concentrations of bioactive substances and show the topmost antioxidant activity. The novelty of the study refers to the observation of industrially important enzyme activities such as α-amylase, cellulase, lipase, peroxidase, protease, and transglutaminase in the samples as well as the microbial growth inhibition rates determination (MGIR) at different concentrations of added aloe samples. All samples inhibited the growth of all tested microbial cells. MIC90 for A. arborescens and A. barbadensis were also determined in case of B. cereus, P. aeruginosa, P. fluorescens, and S. aureus. The results of our study tend to give credence to the popular use of both aloes in medicine and in the cosmetic, food, and pharmaceutical industries.

Oat bran fortified raspberry probiotic dairy drinks: Physicochemical, textural, microbiologic properties, in vitro bioaccessibility of antioxidants and polyphenols

In this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of oat bran, which is a good source of dietary fiber, on L. acidophilus, L. casei and B. lactis viability, physicochemical, textural, sensorial properties, total phenolic compound and antioxidant activity with DPPH, CUPRAC and ABTS method of probiotic dairy drinks. In addition, the effects of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion on bioaccessibility of phenolic and antioxidant compounds were investigated. Oat bran only significantly increased B. lactis viability. There were no significant differences on viscosity, water holding capacity and antioxidant activity of samples during the 21 day of storage period. Oat bran did not significantly affect the total phenolic compound and antioxidant activities of samples. After in vitro gastrointestinal digestion, the total phenolic compounds of all samples increased (p<0.05). While the total phenolic compound recovery value after in vitro digestion was quite high (109–192%), bioaccessibility of antioxidant compounds varied according to the antioxidant activity method. In conclusion, although oat bran did not show the expected effects on probiotic dairy drinks, the use of oat bran together with raspberry did not have a negative effect on probiotic drinks and they can be consumed as a functional food with good antioxidant properties in diet.

Comparative antioxidant potential of kefir and yogurt of bovine and non-bovine origins.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-021-05139-9.

Inactive dry yeast to improve the oxidative stability of Spanish dry-fermented sausage “salchichón”

The use of inactive dry yeasts (IDY) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a natural alternative to sodium ascorbate to inhibit the oxidation reactions of Spanish dry-fermented sausage “salchichón” was studied. Control sausages and those treated with different IDY concentrations were monitored and analyzed at 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 d throughout the ripening process. The application of IDY (1.5 and 3 g/100 g) did not affect the physicochemical parameters and microbial counts over time. However, IDY addition achieved a more stable phenolic content, antioxidant activity of samples was increased, and a lower lipid and protein oxidation were observed compared to the use of sodium ascorbate. Likewise, sausages with 3 g/100 g IDY showed similar or lower quantities of volatile compounds related to lipid oxidation at the end of ripening than those elaborated with sodium ascorbate. From a sensory point of view, IDY addition provided bread/yeast and sweet notes to sausages. However, consumers did not find differences among samples in a hedonic ranking test. Therefore, IDY could be employed in “salchichón” as natural preservatives providing pleasant sensory attributes to the product.

In vivo and in vitro hepatoprotective effect of three endemic plants against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in rats

Abstract The aim of the study was to investigate in vitro potential antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of methanolic extracts from the aerial parts of Matricaria pubescens, Centaurea incana, and Santolina africana, against carbon tetrachloride induced liver damage in rats. The different aerial parts of three methanolic extracts, exhibited antioxidant activity in the DPPH free radical (IC50, 0.032, 0.087 and 0.044 mg/ml) respectively. The reducing ability of the extracts showed a dose-dependent trend increasing with increase in the concentrations of the extracts.The antioxidant activity of samples at the concentration of 2 mg/ml was reflected in their ability to inhibit the bleaching of β-carotene. Treated groups with extracts of studied three plants showed decrease in plasma levels of AST, ALT, ALP, and an increase in plasma catalase levels activities, while hepatic MDA decreased and catalase increased as compared to carbon tetrachloride treated groups. In consistency with in vivo and in vitro results, extracts of all three plants ameliorated the carbon tetrachloride extensive damage to liver tissue of treated animals, but, Santolina africana extract was the most efficient.

Optimization of technological parameters of the ultrasonic extraction process when producing functional purpose drinks

In this experimental work, the method of ultrasonic extraction was used to intensify the preparation of the extract. The maximum extraction of nutrients during the preparation of extracts with the maximum preserved initial bio-corrective effect on the body is possible with the help of ultrasonic extraction. The article presents experimental data on the determination of the content of macronutrients in the obtained drinks, such as potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, which, in comparison with other nutrients, are the most stable during the production and storage of drinks. As a result of experimental studies, it was found that, in comparison with control samples, the content of macronutrients in drinks prepared using the ultrasonic extraction method increases by 45 %, which makes up the body’s daily need for these nutrients from 3 % to 25 %. In drinks prepared using ultrasonic extraction, the vitamin C content increases by 50 %, and meets the daily requirement by 100 %. The values of antioxidant activity in samples prepared using the method of ultrasonic extraction exceed the control samples by 45-50 %. The studies carried out prove the high biological value of beverages.

THE EFFECT OF HUMIDITY AND TEMPERATURE ON TOTAL POLYPHENOL CONTENT AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF BLACK GARLIC PRODUCED FROM PEELED CLOVES OF GARLICS

Recently, using peeled cloves of garlics for produce black garlic has been investigated, but the effect of humidity and temperature on antioxidant activity and polyphenol content of black garlic produced from peeled cloves of garlic have not been studied yet. In this study, peeled cloves of garlics were fermented in a variety of temperatures (70oC, 75oC, 80oC, and 85oC), humidity (70%, 80%, and 90%), and aging time (6 days, 15 days, and 20 days), then total polyphenol contents and antioxidant activities of samples were analyzed. The data showed that humidity did not affect polyphenol contents and antioxidant capacities of final products but affected antioxidants formation rate instead. Furthermore, temperature has noticeable impact on polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity. At lower temperatures (70oC and 75oC), polyphenol contents and antioxidant activities were gradually increased during the fermentation. On the contrary, polyphenol contents and antioxidant activities of black garlics incubated at 80oC and 85oC rapidly increased at early stage, then they were stable or decrease during later stage. The optimal conditions (75oC, 90% relative humidity, and 15 days) to produce black garlic with high polyphenol concentration and antioxidant capacity is determined (8.07 ± 0.21 g GAE∙kg-1 DW and 82.21 ± 0.88%, respectively).

Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Ficus sycomorus fruit and leaf extracts

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Ficus sycomorus fruit and leaf extracts obtained from the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Materials and Methods: Fruits and leaves of F. sycomorus were collected from the Kyrenia region of Northern Cyprus in July 2018. The leaf and fruit samples were extracted with the distilled water, methanol, ethanol, acetone and chloroform solvents (1:10 [w/v]). After evaporation, samples were suspended in methanol at the final concentration of 100 mg/mL. The antimicrobial activity of the leaf and fruit extracts was evaluated using the Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion Method. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of the extracts were determined using the methods reported by Stankovic in 2011 and Sharm and Vig in 2013. Antioxidant activity of samples was tested using free radical scavenger method. Results: The leaf extracts of F. sycomorus was active. The inhibition zone diameters ranged from 1.8mm to 13.00 mm. Fruit extracts and methanol controls showed no inhibitory effect on strains. However, bacteriostatic activity against Enterococcus faecalis was observed in fruit-water extract. The highest antimicrobial activity was shown against Staphylococcus aureus (13 mm) for ethanolic extracts at 100 mg/mL concentration. Minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) for ethanolic extract was observed starting at 25 mg/mL concentration against S. aureus. Although, no antimicrobial activiy was observed in fruit extracts, the highest 2,2-diphenyl 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) activiy and phytochemical content were recorded in fruit extracts. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that leaf extracts of F. sycomorus can be used as a curative agent for the treatment of S. aureus and fungal infections and may be effective against pathogenic microorganisms that are resistant to antibiotics. Antioxidant content of fruit and leaf extracts can be effective against the negative effects of free radicals.

Determination of Several Bitlis Honeys based on their Botanic and Biochemical Profiles

Objective: In this paper, we aimed to evaluate the pollen composition and antioxidant activity of 4 randomly selected honey samples from the Bitlis region in 2017. Material and Method: The melisopalynological analysis was used standard protocol without acetolysis. The antioxidant activity of samples were evaluated using several in vitro methods, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity (HPSA), Ferrous ions chelating activities (FICA), 2,2’-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid radical cation scavenging assays (ABTS) and the ferric reducing antioxidant power assays (FRAP). Result and Discussion: All the samples were determined as multifloral honey. Outcomes obtained declared that the antioxidant activity changed remarkably from honey to honey. ABTS and FICA of samples differ slightly each other’s. DPPH, HPSA, and FRAP were ranged from between 54.45 – 387.60 µg/mL, 212.11 – 246.64 µg/mL and 47.20 – 78.23 %, respectively. In addition, total phenol and total flavonoid contents were determined. Comparatively, Sample 3 showed highest levels of phenolic and flavonoid content (626.48 mg GAE/100 g and 4.4 mg CAE/100 g, respectively) in ethanol extract. Almost all the samples are well source for antioxidants.

Effect of variety, drying methods and drying temperature on physical and chemical properties of hawthorn leather

In this study, leather production was carried out using two different varieties of hawthorn (Crataegus orientalis var orientalis). Drying was carried out by two different methods (convective drying and vacuum drying) at three different temperatures (50, 60 and 70 °C). Color properties, moisture content, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, and ascorbic acid content of the leathers were determined. The results showed that convective drying or drying at high temperature caused higher browning in the leather. Total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of leather produced from the orange variety were found to be higher than that of the yellow variety. Opposite results were observed in the ascorbic acid content. Vacuum drying only provided advantages in antioxidant activity of samples as compared to convective drying. Moreover, drying of the hawthorn leather at high temperature increased total phenolic content but less antioxidant activity and higher browning reaction. According to the data obtained in the study, it is recommended to use the orange variety, vacuum drying and 50 °C drying temperature in the production of leather.

Characterisation of the total phenolic, vitamins C and E content and antioxidant properties of the beebread and honey from the same batch

The aim of this study was to compare total phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant and reducing activity, as well as vitamin C and E content in beebread and honey. The antioxidant activity of samples was determined by photochemiluminescence (PCL) assay, while reducing potential was measured using FRAP and ORAC assays. Vitamin C was analysed by HPLC–MS-TripleTOF method and vitamin E by HPLC-DAD. Beebread was characterised by the higher level of the total phenolic (~90%), flavonoid (~97%), vitamin C (~99%) and E (~98%) as compared to the honey. The data showed that beebread had also higher values of antioxidant activity and reducing potential by ~99% and ~41–98%, respectively, than honey. Our findings indicate that beebread is valuable source of bioactive substances, with the high beneficial properties.

A novel biofilm based on lignocellulosic compounds and chitosan modified with silver nanoparticles with multifunctional properties: Synthesis and characterization

Lignocellulosic biomass has been acknowledged for potential use to produce chemicals and biomaterials. Lignin is the second most abundant natural polymer, making up to 10–25 % of lignocellulosic biomass. It would be favorable to find agents that could have antioxidant and antibacterial activities combined in one material. The discovery of natural compounds that can show a dual-target activity considerably increased in the last years, reflecting the growing confidence that this new approach could lead to better applications. This research aims to fabricate a novel biofilm of extracted natural lignin from bagasse and chitosan displaying significant properties such as antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Here, lignin was derived from bagasse wastes for the potential use in preparing a chitosan/lignin biofilm with different lignin and chitosan contents and then the prepared biofilm was modified with silver nanoparticles for enhancing multifunctional properties. Furthermore, SEM, TEM, FT-IR, and TGA analyses, investigation of antibacterial and antioxidant properties, solubility, swelling, and tensile strength tests of the samples were performed. The results showed with higher levels of lignin in the biofilm, hydrogel flexibility and swelling property increases but the tensile strength reduces. The results showed that chitosan/lignin has a high antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Also, the antioxidant activity of samples containing lignin was higher than samples without lignin. Besides, silver nanoparticle improves the solubility and antibacterial characteristics of the biofilm.

Screening of non-alkaloid acetylcholinesterase and carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes inhibitors of Leiotulus dasyanthus (K. Koch) Pimenov & Ostr. (Apiaceae)

ABSTRACTThe oxidant, cholinesterase, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitions of essential oils and their major compounds of Leiotulus dasyanthus and molecular docking studies of α-pinene and δ-3-carene were evaluated in this study. Phenolic constituents and antioxidant activity of samples were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu’s, DPPH, and TBA processes. Cholinesterase inhibition effect was evaluated through Ellman’s method. GC-FID and GC/MS were used for analysing of essential oils. The root oil got the highest total phenolic content (898.87 mg/g). The utmost activity was shown flower oil (29.31 μg/mL) in the DPPH test. The root oil indicated considerable inhibition towards acetylcholinesterase (21.92%) and butyrylcholinesterase (91.33%) enzymes, respectively. α-pinene and δ-3-carene indicated high acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity (66.44 and 48.71%, respectively). Cytosolic hCA I and II isoenzymes were influentially inhibited by flower and aerial part oils with 1.694 and 1.677 µM IC50 values, respectively. 1-Dodecanol (7.8%); β-pinene (63.3%), α-pinene (20.5%); octyl acetate (14.7%); hexyl octanoate (55.1%) were characterized as principle compounds of aerial parts, roots, flowers, and fruits respectively.