Abstract
Sample particle size is an important parameter in the solid–liquid extraction system of natural products for obtaining their bioactive compounds. This study evaluates the effect of sample particle size on the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of brown macroalgae Sargassum cristaefolium. The crude ethanol extract was extracted from dried powders of S.cristeafolium with various particle sizes (> 4000 µm, > 250 µm, > 125 µm, > 45 µm, and < 45 µm). The ethanolic extracts of S.cristaefolium were analysed for Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC), phenolic compound concentration and antioxidant activities. The extract yield and phytochemical composition were more abundant in smaller particle sizes. Furthermore, the TPC (14.19 ± 2.08 mg GAE/g extract to 43.27 ± 2.56 mg GAE/g extract) and TFC (9.6 ± 1.8 mg QE/g extract to 70.27 ± 3.59 mg QE/g extract) values also significantly increased as particle sizes decreased. In addition, phenolic compounds epicatechin (EC), epicatechin gallate (ECG), epigallocatechin (EGC), and Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) concentration were frequently increased in samples of smaller particle sizes based on two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparison analysis. These results correlate with the significantly stronger antioxidant activity in samples with smaller particle sizes. The smallest particle size (< 45 µm) demonstrated the strongest antioxidant activity based on DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl assay and FRAP. In addition, ramp function graph evaluates the desired particle size for maximum phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity is 44 µm. In conclusion, current results show the importance of particle size reduction of macroalgae samples to increase the effectivity of its biological activity.
Highlights
Sample particle size is an important parameter in the solid–liquid extraction system of natural products for obtaining their bioactive compounds
We suggest that smaller particle sizes in macroalgae dried sample is beneficial for the improvement of the Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) content which has significant effects on its antioxidant activity
The present study has shown that particle size is important in improving the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity of macroalgae S.cristaefolium
Summary
Sample particle size is an important parameter in the solid–liquid extraction system of natural products for obtaining their bioactive compounds. This study evaluates the effect of sample particle size on the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of brown macroalgae Sargassum cristaefolium. Active substances known as “bioactive compounds” have been well reported in various natural resources, including s eaweeds[2,3,4] Bioactive compounds such as carotenoids, polyphenols, tocotrienols, sulfated polysaccharides are of high interest[5]. Previous reports have demonstrated that reduction of sample particle size has a significant effect on the amount of bioactive constituents o btained[11] This is the first report to evaluate the effect of particle size on the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of macroalgae. This paper aims to evaluate the impact of particle size on the extraction yield, phenol content, and antioxidant activity of brown macroalgae S.cristaefolium
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