Antioxidant Activity Of Methanolic Extracts Research Articles

TOTAL PHENOLIC CONTENTS AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF SOME FRESH THAI CURRY

The objectives of this work were to study the total phenolic contents (TPC) and antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts of six fresh Thai curry. The TPC of the fresh Thai curry were found in the range of 0.989-1.1132 mg GAE/mg of extract. Among the curry, red curry present the highest amount of TPC. Antioxidant activity of the extracts was measured by DPPH-radical-scavenging assay, lipid peroxidation inhibition and metal ion chelating assay. The Thai red curry extract exhibited the highest inhibition of lipid peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion (81.41±0.55%), radical-scavenging activity (IC50 = 0.0476 mg/mL). In addition, the fresh of Thai red curry had the highest of metal chelating activity (76.58±0.72%). However, all of fresh Thai curry showed metal chelating similar potential activity and not significant statistical differences. These results suggest that the fresh Thai curry had interesting antioxidant activities and should be propose as potential sources of safe natural antioxidants and preservatives for curry industry.

Proximate composition, mineral content, phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant activities of a wild edible fruit (Grewia sapida Roxb. ex DC.) found in Assam of North-East India

Aim: The aim of present study was to investigate the nutritional composition, phytochemical constituents and in vitro antioxidant activities of a wild edible fruit in order to document data for further basic research needs or to widen its use among common people. Methods: The fresh fruits of Grewia sapida Roxb. ex DC. were collected from the Chirang district of Bodoland Territorial Area Districts of Assam, identified and freeze dried. Proximate composition, minerals content and phytochemical constituents were analyzed following standard and reported methods. The antioxidant activities of methanol extract were evaluated by 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2, 2'-Azinobis (3-ethylbenothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) assays. Results: The results obtained were reported and discussed. The phytochemical screening of different solvent extracts revealed that fruits contained a number of medicinally active secondary metabolites. The study showed antioxidant properties having IC50 value of 257.666 ± 2.516 μg/mL (DPPH) and 134.33 ± 4.041 μg/mL (ABTS). The total phenolic and flavonoid contents in G. sapida fruit were found to be 294.353 ± 4.696 mg GAE/g dried extract and 116.95 ± 10.71 mg QE/g dried extract respectively. Conclusion: The study suggests that G. sapida fruit could be a good source of minerals and natural antioxidants, and studied further for its beneficial effect in human health.

EFFECT OF INDOLE -3- ACETIC ACID ON CALLUS INDUCTION FROM LEAF EXPLANT OF OCIMUM BASILICUM LINN.

Ocimum basilicum L. belongs to the family Lamiaceae; contains plenty of phytochemicals with significant nutritional as well as health benefits. Antioxidant activity of methanol extract of Ocimum basilicum callus was evaluated using various antioxidant assays. Proliferated callus was obtained on half-strength MS media supplemented with 1.40µM IAA. The callus extract showed considerable DPPH radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging and ferrous ion chelation activity with IC50 value of 16.05, 170.7 and 29.16µg/mL respectively.

Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of methanol extracts of Arnebia benthamii (Wall ex. G. Don) Johnston—a critically endangered medicinal plant of North western Himalaya

Arnebia benthamii is one of the promising folklore medicinal plants which is being traditionally used over the years for the treatment of various prevailing diseases in the area. The aim of this research work was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and antioxidant activity of methanolic plant extract. Antimicrobial activity of the plant extract (250–500 μg/ml concentration) was analyzed against Escherichia coli CD0006, Pseudomonas aeruginosa CD0023, Shigella flexneri CD0033, Klebsiella pneumonia CD0049, Salmonella typhimurium CD0003, Staphylococcus aureus CD0001, Aspergillus versicolor CDF0011, Candida albicans CDF0032, Candida kruesie CDF0016, Candida parapsilosis CDF0013, Aspergillus flavus CDF0024, and Acremonium spp. CDF0027. The free radical scavenging assay of the plant extracts was evaluated by various antioxidant methods. Comparative analysis reveals that the aerial part exhibited the highest antibacterial activities against almost all tested bacterial strains with the highest inhibition zone diameter (IZD) (30 ± 0.54) was recorded on P. aeruginosa CD0023 and E. coli CD0006. All the fungal strains except C. parapsilosis CDF0013 were more or less inhibited by both aerial and root part extracts of the plant. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values recorded revealed that the P. aeruginosa CD0023 was inhibited by the least concentration of 75 μg/ml of the aerial part methanol extract. The antioxidant activity of the aerial and root part extracts was almost of the same strength with the root part slightly showing a higher scavenging effect in a concentration-dependent manner in superoxide anion and hydroxyl radicals. The plant has got a broad spectrum antimicrobial and antioxidant activity and has a promising potential for treating diseases.

Antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts of Lamium album and Lamium maculatum species from wild populations in the Romanian Eastern Carpathians

Lamium genus includes species which, due to their medicinal properties, were studied for specific classes of biologically active compounds, mainly iridoids, terpenic compounds and polyphenols. Lamium plants are used in official and folk medicine as antiproliferative, antioxidant, antiinflammatory agents, for treatment of skin and respiratory disorders. The aim of this study was to assess the phenolic content of L. album L. and L. maculatum L. methanolic extracts, and their antioxidant capacity. The phytochemical analysis was performed by means of thin layer chromatography (TLC – qualitative analysis) and spectrophotometry (quantitative analysis). The antioxidant activity was determined by two complementary test systems: DPPH and ABTS assays. The plant material consisted of L. album and L. maculatum herba samples harvested from the Romanian Eastern Carpathians, in 2013 and 2014. For the antioxidant assays, there were selected several samples harvested in 2014 from the same site. The TLC fingerprint showed the presence of phenolic acids (chlorogenic, caffeic acids) and flavonoids (rutin). The spectrophotometric analysis highlighted a higher phenolic content in L. maculatum samples (105.86 mg gallic acid equiv./g dry extract), when compared with L. album samples (72.63 mg/g d.e.). L. maculatum extract showed a higher antioxidant activity than L. album extract in both antioxidant assays. For the DPPH assay the EC50 (µg/mL) values were 32.3 ± 0.1 for L. maculatum extract and 63.5 ± 0.7 for L. album extract, while in the ABTS assay EC50 (µg/mL) values were 13.2 ± 0.1 for L. maculatum extract and 19.9 ± 0.5 for L. album extract. The antioxidant activity of the tested extracts is due mainly to the phenolic content. Thus, the tested Lamium species show potential for the development of natural products with therapeutic use. Acknowledgement: The work was sustained from the Bilateral Collaboration Project RO-MD (694/2013) and the project PN 09 – 360401 (BIODIV) financed by ANCSI, Romania.

Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of <i>Toddalia asiatica</i> (Linn) Lam root extracts

Background: Toddalia asiatica (Linn) Lam is a woody vine that is used medicinally in China, India, and East Africa. The aim of the present study was to examine the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of the roots of Toddalia asiatica (Linn) Lam (TA). Materials and Methods: The antioxidant capacity of TA roots was determined using 1,1 iphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2´-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonicacid) (ABTS), and the ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) assay. The antimicrobial activity of TA against Staphylococcus aureus (SA), methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and extended spectrum β-lactamase positive S. aureus (ESBLs-SA) was screened. Results: Methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of TA exhibited strong antioxidant activity. The methanol extract had the highest antioxidant activity (DPPH, IC 50 =41.45 μg/mL; ABTS, IC 50 =8.34 μg/mL; FRAP=1304.8 ± 60.38 μmol Trolox equivalent (TE)/g), which was close to that of the positive control, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). The petroleum ether extract of TA showed the highest antimicrobial activity (SA, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) = 250 μg/disc; MRSA, MIC=125 μg/disc) when compared with that of ethyl acetate extract (SA, MIC=250 μg/disc) and methanol extract. Conclusions: Investigation of methanol, petroleum ether, and ethyl acetate extracts of TA root revealed robust antioxidant activity in methanol extracts and strong antimicrobial activity against SA and MRSA in petroleum ether extracts. Keywords: Toddalia asiatica (Linn) Lam; antioxidant; antibacterial

Comparison of Essential Oil Composition, Flavonoid Content and Antioxidant Activity in Eight Achillea Species

:In this research, essential oil yield and composition, total phenolic, flavonioid content and antioxidant activity of eight Achillea (A. vermicularis, A. nobilis, A. wilhelmsii, A. millefolium, A. filipendulina, A. tenuifolia, A. biebersteinii and A. eriophora) species were compared. The essential oil yield of the leaves ranged from 0.35 % in A. wilhelmsii to 1.5 % in A. biebersteinii. GC-MS analyses revealed 40 compounds in leaves of eight Achillea species. The main constituents were 1,8-cineole, germacrene-D, camphor, borneol and spathulenol. Total phenolic content (TPC) varied from 13.56 in A. biebersteinii to 188.66 mg/1g of dry weight in A. wilhelmsii while, total flavonoid content (TFC) ranged from 19.23 in A. eriophora to 79.16 (mg Quercetin/gdW) in A. biebersteinii. Antioxidant activity of methanolic extract was evaluated according to 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazy (DPPH), ferric thiocyanate (FTC) and β-carotene-linoleic acid assay. In DPPH assay, A. eriophora showed the highest Ic50 (1172 µg/ml), while A. biebersteinii possessed the lowest one (179 µg/ml). For reducing power, the highest and the lowest absorbance in 700 nm belonged to A. tenuifolia (2.311) and A. wilhelmsii (0.306), respectively. Cluster analysis of Achillea species based on their major secondary metabolites were also classified the species in to three groups. Finally, comparison of studied species introduced A. biebresteinii as a good source of essential oil, flavonoid content and high antioxidant activity.

Effects of methanol extracts from roots, leaves, and fruits of the Lebanese strawberry tree (Arbutus andrachne) on cardiac function together with their antioxidant activity

Context: Several plant-derived natural products have been used in clinical phase for applications in neurological, cardiovascular, and inflammatory diseases. Arbutus andrachne L. (Ericacea) is an evergreen shrub native to the Mediterranean region. Traditionally, the fruits and leaves of Arbutus tree are well known and used as antiseptics, diuretics, blood tonic, and laxatives. Objective: Data regarding the biological effects of compounds derived from the Lebanese Arbutus andrachne are not available. In the present work, we studied the antioxidant activity of methanol extracts of leaves, fruits, and roots of the plant against electrolysis; together with their effects on the cardiodynamics of isolated perfused rabbit hearts. Materials and methods: In vitro electrolysis of the different root, leaves, and fruits methanol extracts was evaluated by the amount of free radicals that has been reduced by increasing the concentration of root extracts ranging from 0.5 to 2 mg after 1, 2, 3, and 4 min. Left ventricular pressure (LVP), heart rate (HR), and coronary flow (CR) were investigated in isolated rabbit heart after administration of 0.5, 1, 2, and 2 mg of each methanol extracts plotted against time (0, 0.5, 1.5, 5, and 10 min), according to the Langendorff method. Lipid peroxidation study was performed by the colorimetric method on myocard tissue after incubation with 500 μl of the different methanol extracts. The amount of MDA was determined at 500 nm absorbance after 5 min incubation. Results: Among the different methanol extracts, the roots showed the highest in vitro antioxidant activity, particularly observed at concentration of 2 mg which completely inhibits free radical generation after 4 min. LVP decreases by 32% at the dose of 2 mg of root extracts after 5 min. No significant effect was observed by the three tested extracts on the heart rate. The three methanol extracts did not show any significant effect on the coronary flow. Moreover, the roots show an increase in the coronary flow at a concentration of 1 and 2 mg/ml during 1 min. Electrolysis on heart tissue treated with the roots extracts shows a decrease in the MDA level from 70.51 ± 6.71 to 48.58 ± 4.15 nmole/g of tissue. Discussion and conclusion: Methanol extracts of the roots possess antihypertensive effect that may result from its ability to decrease the LVP together with its protective role by inhibiting free radical generation and significantly decreasing the MDA level of heart tissue.

Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of fruit and leaf of Bene (Pistacia atlantica subsp. Kurdica) in Ilam province .

The objective of this study was to evaluate total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of leaf and different parts of fruit (hull, shell, and kernel) of Bene in Ilam province. Total phenolic content was determined with the Folin- Ciocalteu Reagent (FCR); antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts were examined by DPPH (2,2diphenyl- 1- picrylhydrazyl), FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) and nitric oxide radical scavenging methods. Among all the samples tested, leaf contained the highest total phenolic content followed by hull, kernel, and shell. There was a positive correlation between total phenol content and FRAP, Nitric oxide radical scavenging activity, and DPPH radical scavenging activity (r= 0.993, r= 0.972, and r= 0.969, respectively). The results indicated that antioxidant activity of leaf and hull extracts were significantly higher than kernel and shell extracts and this is attributed to their higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents. The FRAP, nitric oxide radical scavenging activity, and DPPH radical scavenging activity assay showed that leaf and hull extracts with potent activity can be introduced as a source of natural antioxidant. Compared with BHA, the extracts of leaf and hull revealed a remarkable DPPH free radical scavenging activity but shell and kernel extracts with higher EC50 had a weak activity.

English

Consumption of mushroom has increased remarkably because of their desirable aroma, taste and high nutritional content. Wild edible mushrooms (WEM) are well known for their nutritious and antioxidant properties. This study was conducted to measure and compare the antioxidant activity, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of six WEM from selected indigenous Tanzanian forests and one domesticated grown form in methanolic extracts. Results show that among the seven mushroom species extracts, the methanolic extract from Auricularia judae showed the most potent radical scavenging activity of 93.33% while Panus conchatus revealed lowest antioxidant activities of 46.53%. The strongest EC50 was observed in Auricularia judae 0.08 mg/ml while weakest was in P. conchatus >0.3 mg/ml. Nevertheless total phenolics in the methanolic extracts were the highest in P. tenuiculus (431.03±3.63 mg GAE/100 g) and lowest in Macrolepiota procera (136.21±0.98 mgGAE/100 g). Lentinus squarrosulus possessed highest content of β-carotene and flavonoids were 48.15±1.04 mg/100 g and 25.62±1.78 mg/100 g, respectively meanwhile the lowest concentration was found in wild L. sajor-caju 5.35±0.68 mg/100 g and 2.49±1.28 mg/100 g, respectively. Comparatively, domesticated mushroom showed higher scavenging ability of 76.61% than its wild counterparts 62.94%. In conclusion, high antioxidant activity in methanolic extract of WEM due to presence of phenolic content can potentially be used as a source of natural antioxidants.   Key words: Wild edible mushrooms, antioxidant activity, polyphenols flavonoids.

Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity of Extracts from Selected Probiotic Bacteria

<p>Probiotic extracts can potentially be used as bio-preservatives and in reduction of oxidative stress. The study investigated the antibacterial and antioxidant activity of methanol extracts from freeze-dried cells of probiotic <em>Lactobacillus</em> strains identified using molecular techniques. The quantitative microplate method, which employed <em>p</em>-iodonitrotetrazolium (INT) and the method by Brand-Williams et al. (1995) were employed to investigate quantitatively the antibacterial and the antioxidant activity, respectively, of probiotic extracts. The MIC values extracts from most probiotic strains, tested against indicator bacterial pathogens, were in the range of 1.25 – 5 mg/mL while that of <em>Lb. casei</em> strain B and <em>Lc. lactis</em> subsp <em>lactis</em> strain X was at least 20 mg/mL after 24 h of incubation at 37°C. At the highest extract concentration of 20 mg/mL used in the study, <em>Lb. acidophilus</em>, <em>Lb. rhamnosus</em> and <em>Lb. casei</em> strains had 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activities of 77.9 - 86.1%, 45.7 - 86.4% and 36.9 – 45.8% respectively. Quantitative antibacterial and antioxidant activities of methanol extracts from freeze-dried cells of probiotic <em>Lactobacillus</em> strains was determined for the first time.</p>

Plant regeneration through direct somatic embryogenesis, antioxidant properties, and metabolite profiles of Swertia corymbosa (Griseb.) Wight ex C.B. Clarke

A protocol for induction of direct somatic embryogenesis and subsequent plant regeneration for the medicinally important and endangered plant of Swertia corymbosa has been developed for the first time. In the present study, in vitro derived leaf explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) individually and in combination with cytokinins for its effectiveness to induce the differentiation of somatic embryos. The antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts from non-embryonic callus (NEC), pre-embryoid masses (PEM), somatic embryos at globular stage (SEG), somatic embryos at heart-shaped stage (SEHS), and cotyledonary embryos (SEC) of S. corymbosa were evaluated using three in vitro assays: scavenging of free radicals (DPPH and ABTS) and ferric reducing antioxidant test. In all cases, the methanolic extract from SEG demonstrated better antioxidant activity than those taken from other tested samples. Higher amounts of swertianin (1), methylswertianin (2), and 1,2- dihydroxy-6-methoxyxanthone-8-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl (3) were found in SEG stage followed by SEHS and PEM when compared to NEC and SEC.

AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN EKSTRAK METANOL DAUN KELENGKENG (Euphoria longan (L) Steud.) DENGAN METODE PENANGKAPAN RADIKAL 2,2’-DIFENIL-1-PIKRILHIDRAZIL

The degenerative diseases is caused by endogenous antioxidant cannot neutraliced from increased concentration of free radicals, therefore it is necessary to consume antioxidant from the outside ofbody for neutralizing and destroying free radicals. The aim of this research is to evaluate the antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of longan leaves. The experiment of antioxidant activity from extract longan leaves uses the scavenging assay using 2,2’-diphenyl-1-pycrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and quersetin as positive control. The analytical result is processed using linear regression methode in order to get ES 50 value. The results of research showed that theincreasing concentration of methanolic extract, and quercetin causes the higher percentage of DPPH radical scavenging. The ES 50 values of methanolic extract and quercetin obtained are 40.32 µg/ml and 2.48 µg/ml respectively.

Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of callus culture and leaf extracts of wild <i>Crotalaria retusa</i> (rattlepod)

The present study describes the in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of methanol extracts of callus culture and leaves of wild plants of Crotalaria retusa Linn. Callus cultures from leaves were initiated on MS media supplemented with various combinations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 6 Benzyloaminopurine (BAP). Optimum callus regeneration was obtained on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L BAP and 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D with 50% cultures response at 20 days. The wild plant extracts (WPE) showed the highest antibacterial activity with zone of inhibition (ZI) of 13.83±0.33 mm on Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram negative), as the most affected organism. The callus culture extract (CCE) gave the lowest MIC value of 0.78 mg/ mL for most of the bacteria and fungi and the lowest MBC values of 0.78 mg/ mL and 1.56 mg/ mL against bacteria and fungi, respectively. The WPE showed a higher antioxidant activity (91%) than the CCE (58%). Comparable total phenol content was observed in the WPE and CCE, whereas the WPE showed a higher flavonoids content (6.56±1.52 mg equivalent of quercetin/g of extract) than the CCE (3.22±1.01 mg equivalent of quercetin/g of extract). The in vitro propagation protocol employed in this study supported the rapid development of calluses from Crotalaria retusa seed explants which may offer an alternative to the exploitation of this valuable medicinal plant for its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties via optimization of the tissue culture technique.Keywords: Crotalaria retusa; In vitro propagation; Callus culture; Antimicrobial activity; Antioxidant activity

Studies on Total Polyphenols Content and Antioxidant Activity of Methanolic Extracts from Selected Salvia Species

Salvia is one of the largest genera in the family of Labiatae , comprising about 900 species distributed widely throughout the world. Many species of Salvia are commonly used as herbal tea and for food flavoring, as well as in cosmetics, perfumery and in the pharmaceutical industry. The present study compares the antioxidant properties of four methanolic extracts, obtained by two extraction methods, from Salvia elegans , Salvia officinalis Purpurascens , Salvia officinalis Tricolor and Salvia lavandulifolia . The amount of total phenolics was quantified using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, while the antioxidant activity of selected herbs was determined with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) reagent. The total amount of phenolics was between 1122.50 and 3672.16 mg GAE/100g dry plant for the first methanolic extract, while for the second extract was between 767.66 and 2725.04mg GAE/100g dry plant. A positive linear correlation was observed between total phenolics content and antioxidant activity of the extracts. The results suggested that the extracts of Salvia species, notably Salvia officinalis Tricolor with the highest antioxidant activity, can be used as natural antioxidants in the food industry.

An Assay of Antioxidant Power of Methanolic Extract Various Type of Soybean

This study aimed to examine the antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of various type of soybean (Glycine max L.Merill) i.e Argomulyo, Burangrang, Ijen, and Kaba by using DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl) method. The soybean was crushed, defatted using n-hexan, and extracted using methanol 90%. The processes of defatting and extracting were conducted by kinesthetic maceration. Identification of flavonoid content using KLT and an assay of the antioxidant power of soybean were carried out qualitatively and quantitavely. Qualitative analysis, the color of DPPH solution was fading from violet into yellowish. Quantitative analysis showed that the maximum wave-length of DPPH in methanol was 516,00 nm within 15-minute reaction time. The effective concentration 50% (EC50) of each extract was alsa determined. Results of this study revealed that the methanolic extract of soybean taken from varieties of Argomulyo, Burangrang, Ijen, and Kaba contained flavonoid, with EC50 value of each variety subsequently ranging from 3620.22 bpj; 5290.71 bpj; 4145.99 bpj; and 4253.50 bpj. Argomulyo variety showed the highest antioxidant power.

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of coumarins isolated from Foeniculum vulgare in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-stimulated mice

Context: Foeniculum vulgare (F. vulgare) is traditionally used to treat inflammatory diseases. Recently, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of methanol extract of the fruits of F. vulgare were reported. To identify biologically active compounds responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity, we isolated four coumarins, scopoletin, 8-methoxypsoralen, bergapten and imperatorin from the fruits of F. vulgare.Objective: This study assessed the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of coumarins isolated from F. vulgare in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-stimulated mice.Materials and methods: RAW 264.7 cells were treated with the coumarins (30 µM) and then stimulated with LPS (100 ng/ml). Ears of ICR mice were treated with TPA (1 µg/ear) once a day. Ten microliters each of the four coumarins (200 μg/ml) were topically applied to the ears for 3 days. Antioxidant activities were examined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) scavenging assays.Results: All the tested coumarins showed excellent antioxidant activities in DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays. Among the coumarins, imperatorin had the greatest anti-inflammatory activities as measured by inhibition of the pro-inflammatory cytokines production including interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells through blockade of the IκB kinase (IKK)/inhibitor of kappa B (IκB)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway. In vivo experiments showed that imperatorin reduced TPA-induced ear thickness/weight, cutaneous cytokines expression and improved histopathological features.Conclusion: Although four coumarins isolated from the fruits of F. vulgare provide effective anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, imperatorin is most potent.

Antioxidant Activities of Methanol Extract and Solvent Fractions of Marine Macroalga, <i>Avrainvillea erecta</i> (Berkeley) A. Gepp and E.S. Gepp (Dichotomosiphonaceae)

Purpose: To determine the antioxidant activity of methanol extract (ME) and solvent fractions of Avrainvillea erecta as well as their total phenolic and flavonoid contents.Methods: The antioxidant activities of ME as well as its chloroform, butanol, and aqueous fractions (CF, BF and WF, respectively) of A. erecta were evaluated via 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging assays as well as ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined spectrophotometrically.Results: CF and BF possessed equally high DPPH scavenging activity with half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 535 and 532 mg/ml, respectively. CF had stronger NO scavenging activity (EC50 743 μg/mL) than ME and BF, although weaker compared with quercetin (EC50 279 μg/ml). CF also produced the highest FRAP value (451 μmol Fe2+/g) among all samples examined. Notably, H2O2 scavenging activity was only found in CF (EC50 387 μg/ml), which was as strong (p > 0.05) as that of gallic acid (EC50 456 μg/mL). BF had the highest total phenolic content while CF had the highest total flavonoid content.Conclusion: CF of A. erecta, which has the highest flavonoid content of all the extracts evaluated, is a potential source of natural antioxidants, especially hydrogen peroxide scavengers.Keywords: Antioxidant, Avrainvillea erecta, Flavonoid, Macroalga, Phenolic

Total phenolic contents, antioxidant activities, and lipid fractions from berry pomaces obtained by solid-state fermentation of two Sambucus species with Aspergillus niger.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of solid-state fermentation (SSF) by Aspergillus niger on phenolic contents and antioxidant activity in Sambucus nigra L. and Sambucus ebulus L. berry pomaces. The effect of fermentation time on the total fats and major lipid classes (neutral and polar) was also investigated. During the SSF, the extractable phenolics increased with 18.82% for S. ebulus L. and 11.11% for S. nigra L. The levels of antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts were also significantly enhanced. The HPLC-MS analysis indicated that the cyanidin 3-sambubioside-5-glucoside is the major phenolic compound in both fermented Sambucus fruit residues. In the early stages of fungal growth, the extracted oils (with TAGs as major lipid fraction) increased with 12% for S. nigra L. and 10.50% for S. ebulus L. The GC-MS analysis showed that the SSF resulted in a slight increase of the linoleic and oleic acids level.

Gastroprotective and Antioxidant Potential of Methanol Root Extract of Taverniera cuneifolia (Roth) Arn. in Albino Wister Rat

:To investigate the gastro protective and antioxidant activities of methanolic extract of Taverniera cuneifolia (Roth) Arn. Gastric ulcers were produced by administration of ethanol and pylorus ligation in albino Wister rats. Free radical scavenging activity was evaluated by using DPPH, Nitric oxide, DNA Damage Scavenging methods. Taverniera cuneifolia extract treated group decreased the dose dependently gastric content, acidity, ulcer index and TBARS of gastric content. In this study the DPPH and Nitric oxide radical is significantly reduced by solvent extract and standard with increasing concentration. The maximum prevention of DNA damage was found at 4 µg/ml concentration. The gastro protective property of methanolic extract of Taverniera cuneifolia in pylorus ligation model has been demonstrated to reduce the number of ulcer and ulcer index. The present study suggests that methanolic extract of Taverniera cuneifolia roots are beneficial in the treatment of gastric ulcer.