Antioxidant Activity Of Hydroalcoholic Extract Research Articles

GC-MS analysis and antioxidant activity of Gyrocarpus asiaticus Willd.

Aims: The plant Gyrocarpus asiaticus Willd mainly found in south India comes under the family Hernandiaceae. Present phytochemical analysis by GC-MS is to identify compounds and their structural determination and examine antioxidant properties of the plant. Methodology: GC-MS analysis of a hydroalcoholic extract of Gyrocarpus asiaticus Willd was done on Shimadzu QP 2010 Ultra, and carrier gas was used as Helium and Nitrogen. In-vitro antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic extract carried out by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, Ascorbic acid used as a standard drug and analyzed by UV-Visible spectrophotometer (Analytical 2008). Result: The GC-MS analysis of the hydroalcoholic extract shows there are several phytochemical constituents present. From the library of the GC-MS, there are a total of 105 compounds are identified like Alpha -toluenephosphoric acid, 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diethyl ester, n-Tetradecanoic acid, Eicosen-1-ol, N -Tridecoic acid, Phytyl eicosanoate, Pentadecane carboxylic acid, Heptadecanoic acid, 9-Octadecenoic acid, Octadecanoic acid, Doxepin, Rotenone, Vitamin D3, Vitamin D2, Beta carotene, Calcifediol, Vitamin E, Amoxapine, Cholesteone. The in-vitro antioxidant study of 20,40,60,80,100 μg/ml concentration of the hydroalcoholic extract of the plant shows % of free radical scavenging activity like 46.07, 56.27, 68.35, 73.89, and 73.55 and shows IC50 value 44.63. Conclusion: The hydroalcoholic extract of Gyrocarpus asiaticus WILLD shows various biologically active compounds and significant antioxidant activity.

Evaluation of the antioxidant and antibacterial activity in vitro of the trunk bark of Canarium schweinfurthii Engl (Burseraceae)

The high incidence of infectious diseases and the emergence of resistance to modern drugs are current public health concerns. This situation leads to the search for alternatives via medicinal plants. To investigate the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of hydroalcoholic extract of Canarium schweinfurthii trunk bark commonly used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various pathologies. The primary phytochemical study was performed on hydro alcoholic extract of the trunk bark dried in the shade. The antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated using ferric reducing power and the free radical scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and the antibacterial test and MIC was determined by using dilution methods against twenty-two strains of bacteria. The phytochemical screening has shown the presence of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids and steroids. The antioxidant activity demonstrated that the extract at the concentration of 500μg/mL scavenges DPPH and the ferric ion by 65.07%, and 90.36% of the radicals respectively. The antibacterial activity demonstated that the extract ihnibited the strains used independently of the gram with MICs varying between 1.95 and 31.25mg/mL. The extract also showed an absolute bactericidal potential on multiresistant strains. The antibacterial potential could be due to the presence of phenolic compounds. The activities of hydro-ethanolic extracts of C. schweinfurthii suggest that the latter would be a potential raw material for the production of improved traditional medicines

The marine diatom Thalassiosira rotula: chemical profile and antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic extracts

The cosmopolitan centric diatom Thalassiosira rotula produces compounds in its natural habitat that can inhibit copepod reproduction. Moreover, it has been reported to possess compounds with therapeutic effects beneficial for health care. In this experiment, the extraction yield, total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging ability, ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and chemical profile by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses of T. rotula were investigated. Extractions were performed with 50% and 70% ethanol. A higher extraction yield [0.21 ± 0.01 g extract/g dry weight (DW) diatom] was observed for 70% ethanol. In addition, higher TPC (5.80 ± 0.32 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g DW diatom) and antioxidant activity [DPPH inhibition of 17.53% ± 0.56%, FRAP of 766.67 ± 34.69 µM Trolox equivalents (TE), and ORAC of 58.87 ± 2.03 µM TE] were observed for this extract. Myristic acid, palmitelaidic acid, palmitic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, 24-methylenecholesterol, and docosapentaenoic acid were identified as dominant compounds in both extracts, while extraction in 70% ethanol yielded a higher content of fatty acids such as myristic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, and sterol 24-methylenecholesterol. Thus, it can be concluded that extraction of T. rotula with 70% ethanol improves antioxidant activity and provides a higher yield of compounds such as polyunsaturated fatty acids and sterols. Therefore, the species T. rotula could be considered a sustainable source of essential fatty acids and other bioactive compounds for further applications.

Validación del potencial antioxidante de Citrus aurantium en Tabasco, México

Citrus aurantium L. (Rutaceae), commonly known as bitter orange, has multiple therapeutic potentials. An experimental qualitative study was carried out with the objective of knowing the characteristics of the consumption of C. aurantium (CA) in the Tabasco population. To validate its use, an ethanolic extract (85 %) was prepared from the dry CA leaves and phytochemical screening was performed, with subsequent quantification of the content of total phenols and flavonoids. Subsequently, antioxidant activity was determined by the DPPH assay and acute toxicity with Artemia salina. The most used parts of the plant are the leaves to relieve muscle pain, cold symptoms. In the phytochemical study it was found that the extract contains alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins, quinones and tannins. In the thin layer chromatography of the hydroalcoholic extract, the presence of naringin was demonstrated. A total phenol content of 69.42 ± 3.47 EAG/g DM and total flavonoids of 14.78 ± 0.28 EQ/g DM were obtained. It contains antioxidant activity of 9240 ± nmol TEAC/gMS and the acute toxicity test showed moderate toxicity. The results show that the 85% ethanolic extract contains phenolic compounds and flavonoids, allowing to sustain the medicinal and pharmacological properties conferred to the plant in the state of Tabasco.Conclusions: this study showed the existence of phenols and flavonoids, the antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic extracts from C. aurantium leaves and their moderate toxicity against Artemia salina.

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of antidiabetic potential and drug-herb interactions of Euphorbia neriifolia in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats and it's in vitro antioxidant studies

In the present study, the extract from the stem of Euphorbia neriifolia was used to investigate its antioxidant and antidiabetic activity. The antidiabetic potential of Euphorbia neriifolia was investigated in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Standard phytochemical methods were used for qualitative and quantitative phytochemical studies. The scavenging activity of 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and hydrogen peroxide was used to study the antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Euphorbia neriifolia (HAE). Plasma glucose content, lipid profiles, insulin levels, GLUT-4 protein content in muscle homogenates, inhibition of amylase and pancreatic glucosidase, and pancreatic histology were measured in control and diabetic rats. HAE was revealed its antidiabetic effect via inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase. In the treated groups, glucose and insulin level was found significant as compared to diabetic control. Histology also disclosed normalization of pancreatic histoarchitecture. The number of β-cells in the islets increased, indicating that they were renewed, increasing insulin secretion and better utilization in muscle by increasing GLUT-4 transporter in the treated groups. Therefore, it was concluded that co-treatment (Glibenclamide 5 mg/kg + HAE 100 mg/kg) exert synergistic antidiabetic effect.

Antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic extract of leaves of Calotropis procera

Antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic extract of leaves of Calotropis procera

Antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic extract of leaves of Calotropis procera

Plants are reported to have anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. In the present study, hydroalcoholic extract of Calotropis gigantea was investigated for its antioxidant activity. Antioxidant activity was determined in vitro by reducing power, DPPH and nitric oxide method. Hydroalcoholic extract of Calotropis procera shown significant antioxidant activity. Calotropis procera (Asclepiadaceae) commonly known as akado and wild growing tropical plant, which possesses number of medicinal properties. It is reported to contain cardiac glycosides, β-sitosterol, madrine, saponins, alkaloids, tannins, trisecharoides and flavonols. The plant has been used for various disease conditions, including leprosy, ulcers, tumours and piles. Various pharmacological activities reported like antifertility, anti-inflammatory activity, hepatoprotective activity, antimyocardial infraction activity and antidiarrhoeal activity.

A Comparative UHPLC-Q-Trap-MS/MS-Based Metabolomics Analysis to Distinguish Foeniculum vulgare Cultivars' Antioxidant Extracts.

Among the environmental factors, seasonality is the one which most affects the metabolome of a plant. Depending on the harvest season, the plant may have a variable content of certain metabolites and thus may have different biological properties. Foeniculum vulgare is an annual plant whose cultivation creates large amounts of waste rich in bioactive compounds. The present investigation was performed with the aim of determining the amount of biologically active compounds in F. vulgare wastes obtained from varieties of different seasonality. Ten polyphenolic compounds were quantified in the little stems and leaves of Tiziano, Pegaso, and Preludio cultivars by ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) hyphenated to QTRAP mass spectrometry by using the MRM (multiple reaction monitoring) method. The antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic extracts was then evaluated using TEAC and DPPH spectrophotometric assays, followed by a multivariate statistical analysis to determine the correlation between metabolite expression and antioxidant activity. The Preludio variety, grown in summer, showed a higher content of bioactive compounds, which guarantees it a better antioxidant power; kaempferol 3-O-glucuronide, quercetin 3-O-glucuronide, and quercetin 3-O-glucoside are the polyphenolic compounds that could be mainly responsible for the antioxidant effect of fennel. The PLS chemometric model, which correlated quantitative data obtained by a sensitive and selective LC-ESI-QTrap-MS/MS analysis of antioxidant activity, resulted in a selective tool to detect the compounds responsible for the activity shown by the extracts in chemical tests.

Antioxidant activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized by hydroalcoholic extract of Triphala

The aim of the present study was to investigate the in vitro antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Triphala and its ecologically friendly synthesized silver nanoparticles. In the present study, we conducted an estimation of the extract using Hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging assay and superoxide radical scavenging assay to assess the antioxidant potential. The results were compared with the effect of standard ascorbic acid. Primary phytochemical screening of the plant extract showed the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, phenolics etc. The hydroalcoholic extract and its SNPs showed a concentration-dependent activity in both methods. In the study, it was concluded that the hydroalcoholic extract of Triphala comprises pharmacologically important phytoconstituents like phenolic compounds and flavonoids which impart the potential of the extract as well as its SNPs in the modulation of oxidative stress owing to its strong antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities.

Pharmacognostical, phytochemical and antioxidant potential of hydroalcoholic extract of lam leaves

Medicinal plants have bioactive compounds which are used for curing of various human diseases and also play an important role in healing. Secondary constituents contain alkaloids, flavonoids, phenol, saponin, steroids and tannins. Medicinal plants have anticancer, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antidiuretic and anti- inflammation activities ect. The increasing interest in powerful biological activity of secondary metabolites outlined the necessity of determining their contents in medicinal plants. Lam () is a fast-growing and drought-resistant tree of the family. The tree is known with some common names: miracle, ben oil, drumstick, horseradish or simply moringa. Phytochemical studies of plant organs showed the plant as a rich source of primary and secondary metabolites belonging to different classes of organic compounds. Pharmacological studies confirmed the use of the plant to cure several diseases and to possess nutraceutical properties. The objective of this study was to investigate pharmacognostical, phytochemical features and antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic extracts of leaves by using DPPH assay method. The different pharmacognostical parameters were evaluated as per standard protocols with some modifications. Qualitative analysis of various phytochemical constituents and quantitative analysis of total phenol and flavonoids were determined by the well-known test protocol available in the literature. Quantitative analysis of phenolic and flavonoids was carried out by Folins Ciocalteau reagent method and aluminium chloride method respectively. The antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves was assessed against DPPH method using standard protocols.Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, amino acid and carbohydrate. The total phenolic and flavonoids content of leaves of hydroalcoholic extract was 0.864and 1.014 mg/100mg respectively. The activities of hydroalcoholic leaves extract against DPPH assay method were concentration dependent with IC values of ascorbic acid and extracts 17.68 and 79.10µg/ml respectively. The present study concluded that the crude extract of is a rich source of secondary phytoconstituents which impart significant antioxidant potential. The findings of the present study will be helpful to phytochemists, pharmacologists and pharmaceutical industries.

PHARMACOGNOSTICAL, PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF HYDROALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF HORDEUM VULGARE LINN SEED

Plants have served human beings as a natural source for treatments and therapies from ancient times, amongst them medicinal herbs have gain attention because of its wide use and less side effects. In the recent years plant research has increased throughout the world and a huge amount of evidences have been collected to show immense potential of medicinal plants used in various traditional systems. Hordeum vulgare Linn seeds (H. vulgare, Commonly known as barley, Family: Poaceae), is an erect annual herb, 50 to 100 cm high, cultivated in the plains as well as in the hilly region of Himalaya, up to an altitude of 4000 m, in Indo- Gangetic area and Madhya Pradesh. It is locally called Jav and its seed used by traditional medical practitioners in the treatment of many diseases including liver diseases. Seeds are useful in vitiated conditions of kapha and pitta, asthma, fever, bronchiotitis, urocystitis, urethritis, gastric disorders, ulcers and anemia etc. The objective of this study was to investigate pharmacognostical, phytochemical features and antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic extracts of H. vulgare seed by using DPPH assay method. The different pharmacognostical parameters were evaluated as per standard protocols with some modifications. Qualitative analysis of various phytochemical constituents and quantitative analysis of total phenol and flavonoids were determined by the well-known test protocol available in the literature. Quantitative analysis of phenolic and flavonoids was carried out by Folins Ciocalteau reagent method and aluminium chloride method respectively. The in vitro antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic extract of the seed was assessed against DPPH method using standard protocols. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, steroids, saponins and carbohydrate. The total phenolic and flavonoids content of H. vulgare seed of hydroalcoholic extract was 0.693 and 0.497mg/100mg respectively. The activities of hydroalcoholic leaves extract against DPPH assay method were concentration dependent with IC 50 values of ascorbic acid and extracts 27.82 and 76.92μg/ml respectively. These studies provided information for correct identification of this plant material. The diverse array of phytochemicals present in the plant thus suggests its therapeutic potentials which may be explored in drug manufacturing industry as well as in traditional medicine.

Anticonvulsant and antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Valeriana wallichii rhizomes in acute and chronic models of epilepsy in albino rats

Oxidative stress plays an important role in the aetiology of seizure-induced neuronal death. The present study was aimed to evaluate the anticonvulsant and antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Valeriana wallichii (HAEVW) rhizomes in albino rats. Flavonoids possess a potent anticonvulsant effect through modulation of GABA/BDZ receptor and neuroprotective effect by regulating oxidative stress in PTZ-induced convulsion. Total phenolics and flavonoids content of HAEVW rhizomes were measured and the anticonvulsant activity was evaluated using PTZ and MES induced convulsion models. The in-vivo antioxidant activity was evaluated using the PTZ-kindled model by estimating brain malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), and nitric oxide (NO). It was observed that the flavonoids content of the extract was 80% of the total phenolics content and HAEVW (200 and 400 mg/kg) showed a significant (P <0.01) delay in onset, decrease in duration of tonic convulsion and hind limb tonic extension (HLTE) in PTZ and MES induced convulsion respectively. In the PTZ-kindling model, HAEVW rhizomes (400 mg/kg) restored the MDA and all antioxidant parameters to normal except NO. It was concluded that flavonoids of rhizomes of V. wallichii may be responsible for the anticonvulsant and antioxidant activity of the extract.

Controlling non small cell lung cancer progression by blocking focal adhesion kinase-c-Src active site with Rosmarinus officinalis L. phytocomponents: An in silico and in vitro study.

Non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a global, fatal oncological malady to which conventional and targeted therapies proved less effective with consequent side effects; hence, phytocomponents from herbal sources may provide potent alternative and should be tested for cancer intervention. Activation and overexpression of proto-oncogene tyrosine kinase Src (c-Src) and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) lead to cell proliferation and invasion. Hence, in the present investigation, in silico analysis was carried out to identify molecular intervention of phytocomponents in blocking the active site and thus inhibiting c-Src and FAK activation, which in turn could control progression of NSCLC. In silico analysis was carried out using Molegro Virtual Docker, Molegro Molecular Viewer, and ClusPro server for ligand-protein and protein-protein interaction study. Phytochemical analysis and assay for antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Rosmarinus officinalis L. were carried out using standard phytochemical tests, high-performance thin-layer chromatography, and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay. Effectiveness of extract in arresting cell proliferation was confirmed using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay on A549 cell line. In silico analysis indicated effective binding of rosmarinic acid to the active site of target proteins FAK and c-Src, blocking their activity. MTT assay revealed potent antiproliferative activity of hydroalcoholic extract which acted in dose-dependent manner. Phytochemical analysis confirmed that the extract was rich in phytocomponents and had antioxidant activity of 94.9%, which could therefore effectively eliminate free radicals and inhibit cell progression. In silico and in vitro studies confirmed that phytocomponents present in hydroalcoholic extract of R. officinalis L. could effectively block the active site of target proteins and thus controlled cell proliferation on NSCLC cells, suggesting herb as an effective alternative medicine for the treatment of NSCLC.

Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of some thymus species from Romania

Objectives. Thymus species, T. vulgaris, T. serpyllum, T. comosus and T. glabrescens, are medicinal plants from the spontaneous Romanian flora used for their antibacterial, antispasmodic, expectorant, anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic properties, especially the plant products obtained from T. vulgaris. The aim of this study was to comparatively investigate the polyphenolic composition, as well as the in vitro antioxidant activity of some ethanolic extracts obtained from the aerial parts of thymus sp. Materials and methods. The polyphenols, flavonoids, phenolic acids and tannins contents in the four samples thymus sp. ethanolic extracts were spectrophotometrically determined. The identification of the most important polyphenolic compounds was performed by the method of thin layer chromatography method (TLC). The antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic extracts was evaluated in vitro by the DPPH method. Outcomes. Following the analyzes performed, it can be revealed that there are both qualitative and quantitative differences in the polyphenolic composition of the four species of thyme studied, the richest in active principles being T. vulgaris and T. serpyllum. Conclusions. In this paper it has been shown that thyme species are medicinal plants rich in antioxidant polyphenolic active principles, and their use for the treatment of certain diseases can be justified. In addition to the officinal species: T. vulgaris, T. serpyllum, other thyme species from the spontaneous flora of our country can be used in phytotherapy, such as: T. comosus, T. glabrescens.

Phytochemical Screening and Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Justicia procumbans leaf

Objective: To perform Phytochemical Screening and Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of hydroalcoholic extract Justicia procumbans leaf. Methods: Proximate analysis in terms of ash value, extractive value was performed as per the standard method. Presence of secondary metabolites in the extract of Justicia procumbans was performed through various chemical tests. Folin-Ciocalteu assay method was used to determine total phenolic content and the in-vitro antioxidant activity was investigated in a dose-dependent manner with the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide free radical scavenging method. Results: Present studies revealed that the hydro-alcoholic extract of leaf contains secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, proteins, and tannins. Total phenolic content was found to be 79.32±0.02 mg/gm by using the Linear Equation. IC50 value by DPPH and H2O2 methods was found to be 68.83µg/ml and 56.02 µg/ml respectively. Conclusion: It has been observed that the plant has high phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. Therefore his plant can be the potent source of natural antioxidants as compared to synthetic compounds.

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Stachys pilifera. Benth on acetaminophen-induced liver toxicity in male rats

BackgroundAcetaminophen (APAP) at high doses causes adverse side effects such as hepatotoxicity. The aim of the current study was to investigate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Stachys pilifera. Benth (SP) on hepatotoxicity induced by APAP in male rats. MethodsAdult male Wistar rats were allocated into four groups: control (C), APAP (2 g/kg), APAP + SP (500 mg/kg), and APAP + Silymarin (SM, 100 mg/kg) as positive control group. On the seventh day, the rats were sacrificed after taking blood samples. Then levels of biochemical parameters, oxidative stress markers and activity of antioxidant enzymes were measured. ResultsIn the APAP group, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzymes activity was significantly increased and the level of protein carbonyl (PCO) was insignificantly increased as compared to control group. In addition, the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and total thiol in the APAP group was significantly decreased compared to the normal rats. Stachys pilifera. Benth extract administration significantly reduced the activity of AST and ALT enzymes and the level of PCO compared to the APAP group, while significantly elevated the activity of GPX enzyme. ConclusionHydroalcoholic extract of SP diminishes hepatotoxicity induced by APAP by reducing the amount of liver function indicators (AST and ALT). Furthermore, the hydroalcoholic extract of SP is capable of reducing oxidative stress through inhibiting protein oxidation as well as boosting the activity of GPX enzyme. In this respect, the hepatoprotective impact induced by the SP extract may possibly be attributable to its reactive oxygen species scavenging and antioxidant properties.

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of watercress extract on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in rats

IntroductionAcetaminophen (APAP) as an analgesic and antipyretic drug can result to liver damages while using more than 4 g/day. Therefore, APAP toxicity causes the liver to dysfunction. This study aims to investigate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic extract of watercress (WC) in APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Materials and methodsRandomly, twenty-four Wistar rats were divided into four groups of six each. Groups named as control, APAP, APAP + WC and APAP + S for group 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Group 1 received distilled water 1 ml/kg for 7 days. In group 2, 3, and 4, rats pretreated by receiving distilled water (1 ml/kg), WC extract (500 mg/kg), silymarin extract (mg/kg) for 7 days, respectively. Of note, to induce acute hepatotoxicity in groups 2, 3, and 4, rats posttreated by orally intoxicated with single dose of APAP (2 g/kg) on the sixth day. The animals were sacrificed on the seventh day. Alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), protein carbonyl (PCO), total thiol (T-SH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were measured in plasma. It should be noted that the chemical composition of WC extract was identified by GC-MS analysis. ResultsThe results have shown that there was a significant increase in AST, ALT, FRAP and PCO content in APAP group in comparison to control. Also, there was a significant reduction in T-SH levels and GPx activity in APAP group compared to control. However, administration of WC extract and silymarin not only causes a significant decrease in AST activity, but they markedly increased T-SH content and GPx activity compared to APAP group. GC-MS analysis showed the major compositions were found to be benzenepropanenitrile (48.30 %), Phytol (10.10 %), α-cadinene (9.50%) and linolenic acid (8.0). ConclusionsIt is concluded that the WC extract reduces APAP-induced toxicity through its hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity in rats.

The hepatoprotective effect of Arnebia euchroma hydro-alcoholic extract against liver toxicity induced by CCl4 in mice

Arnebia euchroma is from Boraginaceae family. Various therapeutic effects have been reported for different species of this plant. The aim of this study was to investigate antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic extract of the root of A. euchroma and its protective effect on hepatotoxicity induced by CCl4 in mice. In this experimental study, A. euchroma was extracted with ethanol solvent by maceration method. Antioxidant activity of the plant has been evaluated by the DPPH free radical scavenging method. Then, the hepatoprotective effect of A. euchroma was evaluated through determination the content of glutathione in liver tissue, ALP, AST, ALT serum levels and histopathology of liver in different groups. The total phenolic content determined as 0.56% per 100 g of plant was equivalent to gallic acid. The total flavonoid content was 0.079% per 100 g of plant that was equivalent to quercetin. The IC50 of the extract for free radical scavenging was obtained 139.2 μg/ml. The extract increased liver glutathione and serums ALP, AST, ALT that were decreased by CCl4 administration in animal. All protective effects were dose-dependent and the results of liver histopathology showed a significant improvement of inflammation and necrosis that were caused by CCl4 in mice. The results of this study revealed that the hydroalcoholic extract of A. euchroma root has an antioxidant effect and excellent hepatoprotection in mice.

Phytochemical and Biological Studies of Scrophularia striata from Ilam

Background: Medicinal plants have been considered a suitable source for finding new pharmaceutical chemicals, and identification of chemical composition is the first step towards uncovering the nature of bioactive compounds. Objectives: Scrophularia striata is used to treat various infections in traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to evaluate phytochemical and biological analysis of S. striata collected from Ilam. Methods: In the present study, the hydro distilled volatile oils of aerial parts of S. striata were investigated by GC-MS and GC-FID. The total phenolic and total flavonoid content of hydro-alcoholic extract of S. striata were measured by the Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminium chloride colorimetric method, respectively. The antioxidant activity of hydro-alcoholic extract was studied by using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay. Results: In total, 26 compounds were identified and the main identified compounds of the essential oil were n-hexane (16.3), caryophyllene oxide (15.36), spathulenol (13.1), α-cadinol (12.35), and docosane (6.33). The hydro-alcoholic extract showed moderate antioxidant activity with IC50 =85μgmL-1. The total phenolic content of extractwas15.9mggallic acid equivalents/g dry weight, and the total flavonoid content of extract was 1.8 mg quercetin/g dry weight. Conclusions: The data of this study suggests that the essential oil and hydro-alcoholic extract of S. striata could be considered a natural antioxidant agent to preserve food and treat infections in food and pharmaceutical industry. In addition, the data of this study can be used for further studies on the taxonomy of Scrophularia genus. © 2018, Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products.

In Vitro Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity and Antibacterial Effects and Measurement of Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents of Quercus brantii L. Fruit Extract

ABSTRACTPlant-based extracts, as alternatives to chemical compounds, are commonly use in pharmaceutical and food industries. Antibacterial properties of extracts are mainly considered in medicine. Because of the high incidence of infectious diseases, it is helpful to identify more agents that are able to treat diseases. Antioxidant effects have been reported for different plant extracts. We aimed to investigate antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and antibacterial effect of Quercus brantii L. fruit extract. In this study, Q. brantii L. fruit was extracted by maceration using ethanol 70%. Total phenolic content was determined by Folin-Ciocalceu reagent and gallic acid equivalence, and antioxidant activity was measured using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) compared to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Antibacterial effects were investigated by broth microdilution and measurement of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Then the effects of different concentrations of extract on Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis growth were investigated in comparison with vancomycin and nitrofurantoin. Our findings demonstrate that antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Q. brantii L. fruit was more than that of BHT. Total phenolic content was derived (3.010 mg GAE/g DW). Flavonol and flavonoid contents were 1.813 and 0.654 mg/g, respectively. The extract was found to exert significant inhibitory effects on both studied bacteria. S. aureus was more susceptible than E. faecalis to Q. brantii L. fruit extract. Q. brantii L. fruit extract can exert considerable antioxidant effects, contains high amounts of phenolic, flavonol, and flavonoid compounds, and inhibits bacterial growth.