Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns Of Bacteria Research Articles

Etiology and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacteria causing pneumonia among adult patients with signs and symptoms of lower respiratory tract infections during the COVID-19 pandemic in Mwanza, Tanzania: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundBacterial pneumonia is among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The extensive misuse and overuse of antibiotics observed during the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may have changed the patterns of pathogens causing bacterial pneumonia and their antibiotic susceptibility profiles. This study was designed to establish the prevalence of culture-confirmed bacterial pneumonia and describe their antimicrobial susceptibility profile in adult patients who presented with signs and symptoms of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodologyThis hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2021 to July 2022 at a zonal referral hospital and two district hospitals in Mwanza, Tanzania. Demographic and clinical data were collected using a standardized questionnaire. Sputum samples were processed by conventional culture followed by the identification of isolates and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Descriptive data analysis was performed using STATA version 15.0.ResultsA total of 286 patients with a median age of 40 (IQR 29–60) years were enrolled in the study. More than half of the patients enrolled were females (52.4%, n = 150). The overall prevalence of bacterial pneumonia was 34.3% (n = 98). The majority of the bacterial pathogens isolated were Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) (61.2%, 60/98), with a predominance of Klebsiella spp., 38.8% (38/98), followed by Streptococcus pyogenes (21.4%, 21/98). Multi drug resistant (MDR) bacteria were detected in 72/98 (73.5%) of the isolates. The proportions of GNB-resistant strains were 60.0% (36/60) for ciprofloxacin, 60% (36/60) for amoxicillin, 60% (36/60) for amoxicillin, 68.3% (41/60) for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and 58.3% (35/60) for ceftriaxone.ConclusionOne-third of the patients with signs and symptoms of LRTIs had laboratory-confirmed bacterial pneumonia with a predominance of Gram negative MDR bacteria. This calls for continuous antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance and antimicrobial stewardship programs in the study setting and other settings in developing countries as important strategies for tackling AMR.

The profile of bacteria isolated from urine culture of adults with urinary tract infection in Yogyakarta 2007-2022

Local data regarding antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacteria from urine culture is limited in Indonesia, particularly in Yogyakarta. This study was conducted to provide epidemiology data of bacteria and their resistance profile, including the profile of bacteria that producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase in the urine of patients with urinary tract infection (UTI) in Yogyakarta. A descriptive retrospective study was conducted by assessing laboratory records of urine culture from adult patients at the Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta between 2007 and 2022. Of the 842 urine cultures, 464 (55.11%) isolates were recovered. Among thisolates, 50 (10.78%) were fungi, 67 (14.44%) were Gram-positive bacteria, and 347 (74.78%) were Gram-negative bacteria. Enterococcus sp. (41 (61.19%)) was the most bacteria found in the Gram-positive bacteria group, while Escherichia coli (38.90%) were the most bacteria found in the Gram-negative bacteria group. This study also identified Gram-negative bacteria producing ESBL enzymes (58.70%) and carbapenemases (27.94%). Gram-negative bacteria are the most common bacteria found in urine cultures of adult UTI patients in Yogyakarta, and the resistance profile of these bacteria is concerning.

Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacteria colonizing the external ocular surfaces of patients undergoing ocular surgeries at Bugando Medical Center in Mwanza, Tanzania

ObjectiveUnderstanding microbiota colonizing ocular surfaces is key to expedite antibiotic prophylactic options for ocular surgeries, and therefore, prevent subsequent surgical site infections (SSIs). To fill this critical gap, we aimed at determining the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacteria colonizing the external ocular surfaces of 224 patients undergoing ocular surgeries at Bugando Medical Centre (BMC) in Mwanza, Tanzania between May and August 2023.ResultsThe study participants had a median age of 62.5 (interquartile range: 39.5–75.0) years. A total of 78.1% (175/224) ocular swabs were culture positive yielding 196 bacterial isolates. Staphylococcus epidermidis [43.4% (n = 85)], Staphylococcus aureus [21.9% (n = 43)] and Pseudomonas aeruginosa [14.3% (n = 28)] were the most common bacteria. There were low proportions of resistance among predominant Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria to gentamicin (≤ 25.0%), and similarly, low resistance among Gram negative bacteria was observed against 3rd generation cephalosporins (≤ 25.0%) and piperacillin-tazobactam (0.0%). Variable resistance profiles were notable to the most commonly used antibiotics (ciprofloxacin and tetracycline: 0.0–66.7%). Our findings underscore an urgent need to revisit antibiotic prophylactic guidelines for ocular surgeries in this tertiary hospital, and calls for prospective evaluation of incident SSIs post-ocular surgeries to guide specific management.

Assessment of change in antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacteria causing orthopaedic infections by sequential sampling: A prospective cohort study

BackgroundManagement of Orthopaedic wound infections often depend on isolation of bacteria species (spp.) and its subsequent antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST). However, the susceptibility to antibiotics may change over time in the same bacterial spp. particularly after initiation of antibiotic therapy. Repeating AST through sequential sampling can be used for the early detection of changes in antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. However, the recommendations about the optimal frequency of repeat AST for same bacterial spp. isolates from same patient to detect the changes in susceptibility patterns are still not established. Furthermore, no prospective research is available to address the crucial issue. Thus, we aimed this study to evaluate the need of repeat AST through sequential samples from the same site. MethodsAST was performed on same bacterial spp. isolates from three sequential samples using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Considering day 1 as control/baseline, changes in antimicrobial susceptibility pattern was interpreted on two sequential instances (on day 3 and day5). Changes were categorized into favorable & unfavorable and major & minor change categories. ResultsThe overall change in antimicrobial susceptibility pattern was 28 % on instance 1(on day3) and 36.1 % at instance 2 (on day 5). Susceptible to resistance phenotypic change was 14.9 % at instance 1 and 9.2 % at instance 2.A higher percentage change per case in antimicrobial susceptibility pattern was observed at instance 2. Predominant changes were towards the direction of favorable antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. ConclusionThe risk of change in antimicrobial susceptibility potential was over 10 % at both the instances. Furthermore, it was higher at instance 2 i.e., at day5, therefore a repeat sequential antimicrobial susceptibility testing would be recommended at later instance.

Occurrence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacterial and fungal pathogens from patients with urinary tract infections in Ojo, Lagos Nigeria

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) is a common bacterial and fungal infection affecting millions of people globally. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacteria and fungi from patients with UTI. Urine samples were collected aseptically from patients with symptoms of UTI in sterile universal containers from five hospitals in a period of three months. A total of 200 urine samples from 75 males and 125 females were analyzed and subjected to culture, biochemical identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the Kirby-Bauer technique. Fungal isolates were identified based on cultural characteristics, lactophenol cotton blue stain, chlamydospore formation, and colony colour on CHROM agar Candida medium. Most samples were positive for one microorganism each and a few had two isolates, thus giving a frequency of 210 microbial isolates. The most commonly isolated bacteria were Escherichia coli, 71(34%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus, 63(30%), Enterobacter spp., 32(15.2%), Klebsiella spp., 17(8.1%), Proteus mirabillis, 15(7.1%) and Candida albicans 12(5.7%), being the only fungus isolated. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that Escherichia coli showed 57.7% susceptibility to streptomycin. Klebsiella spp. were 70.5% susceptible to septrin, but with susceptibility as low as 47.1% to chloramphenicol. Enterobacter spp. showed 71.9% susceptibility to septrin, 68.8% to gentamycin, 59.4% to streptomycin and chloramphenicol, 53.1%. Proteus spp showed 53.5%, and 66.7% to pefloxacin, septrin and streptomycin respectively. Staphylococcus aureus showed susceptibility of 56(88.9%), 55(87.3%), and 47 (74.6%) to gentamicin, ciprofloxacin. and pefloxacin respectively. Candida albicans was highly susceptible to nystatin, fluconazole and miconazole by 7(58.3%) but was highly resistant to ketoconazole, 41.7%. The findings of this study provide valuable information on the distribution of bacterial and fungal agents that are common etiology of UTIs, and likely antimicrobial drugs for the treatment of UTIs.

Frequency, Types and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Bacteria in Culture Positive Ear Swabs of Patients Attending Referral Hospital in Southern Zone of Tanzania

Frequency, Types and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Bacteria in Culture Positive Ear Swabs of Patients Attending Referral Hospital in Southern Zone of Tanzania

Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacteria isolated from patients with Otitis externa attending a tertiary health-care institution in Sokoto, Nigeria

Abstract Background: Otitis externa is the inflammation or infection of the skin of the external auditory canal, may be acute, subacute, or chronic and usually manifests by itching of the ear, otalgia, otorrhoea, aural fullness, and hearing loss. The causative agent is usually bacteria and occasionally fungi but may be associated with a variety of noninfective systemic or local dermatological conditions such as eczema, seborrhea, and contact dermatitis. Aim: This study aimed to determine the risk factors, bacterial profile, and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the isolates from patients with Otitis externa. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional hospital-based study was conducted on 100 patients with Otitis externa. The ear discharge specimens were collected and analyzed by standard microbial techniques. The antibiotic susceptibility profiles were determined for 12 different antibiotics by the standard disk diffusion method. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 25 and the P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The age of the 100 participants ranges from 4 to 57 years with a mean age of 18.78 ± 10.67 standard deviation, and the commonly affected age group was 11–20 years. Pathogens were isolated from 77 (62.1%) of the patients. The predominant isolate was Pseudomonas aeruginosa 32 (41.6%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus 13 (16.9%), others include Proteus mirabilis 7 (9.0%), Peptostreptococcus species 5 (6.5%), Escherichia coli 4 (5.2%), Streptococcus pneumonia 4 (5.2%), Klebsiella pneumonia 3 (3.9%), Streptococcus pyogenes 3 (3.9%), Enterobacter aerogenes 2 (2.6%), Fusobacterium species 2 (2.6%), and Bacteroides 2 (2.6%). Ofloxacin showed good susceptibility to isolated aerobes 65 (95.6%), followed by gentamicin 52 (76.5%) and ceftriaxone 50 (73.5%). All isolated anaerobes showed 100% susceptibility to metronidazole and clindamycin. Bacterial isolates identified in this study showed a trend of multiple drug susceptibility, majority (70%) being susceptible to three or more antimicrobials. Conclusions: Majority of the bacterial isolates were susceptible to more than one antimicrobial agent, hence efforts to isolate microorganisms and determine the susceptibility pattern should be strengthened to improve the treatment outcome of Otitis externa instead of the usual trend of empirical treatment.

Profile and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacteria isolated from effluents of Kolladiba and Debark hospitals.

This study aimed to investigate the presence of antibiotic susceptibility patterns and bacterial profiles of some multi-drug-resistant bacteria isolated from the effluents of Kolladiba and Debark Hospitals. Sixteen samples were collected from Kolladiba and Debark Hospitals in North Gondar, Ethiopia, to investigate the presence of multi-drug-resistant bacteria. To assess susceptibility patterns, well-isolated bacterial colonies were subjected to seven antibiotics. The selected resistant isolates were characterized using morphological and biochemical tests. Plasmid DNA analysis of the isolates was also performed. Out of a total of 28 bacterial isolates, 12 were found to be multi-drug resistant. Among the tested antibiotics, erythromycin was the most resistant antibiotic, while novobiocin was the most effective antibiotic. A plasmid profile study of the isolates revealed both the presence and absence of plasmids. The number of plasmids ranged from zero to four, with plasmid sizes of 100, 900, 1,000, 1,400, 1,500, and 1,800 base pairs. This study concluded that effluents from both hospitals have high number of multi-drug-resistant isolates. The genes responsible for multi-drug resistance in bacterial isolates under this study could be either plasmid-mediated or chromosomal DNA-mediated. The presence of multi-drug-resistant bacteria in these effluents should not be overlooked.

Prevalence of subclinical mastitis, associated risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacteria isolated from milk of dairy cattle in Kajiado Central sub-county, Kenya.

Literature is scarce on the occurrence of bovine mastitis and antimicrobial resistance among dairy animals kept by pastoralists in the Kenya. A cross-sectional study was carried out to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of subclinical mastitis (SCM) and evaluate the antibiotic sensitivity of bacteria isolated from dairy cattle kept by farmers in Kajiado Central sub-county, Kenya. A total of 202 lactating cows from 40 farms were sampled. Milk from the cows was screened for SCM using the California mastitis test, and the bacteria present in the milk samples were determined using standard bacteriological methods. The sensitivity of the isolated coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) and Staphylococcus aureus against antibiotics was tested using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The prevalence of SCM at quarter- and cow-level was 31.7% and 53%, respectively. The prevalence of SCM was significantly higher (p<0.05) in exotic breeds of cattle and those kept under an extensive system of production. A total of 19 bacterial species were isolated with the majority being CNS (40.1%), S. aureus (15.8%) and Micrococcus spp. (10.4%). S. aureus isolates showed varied resistance to the tested antibiotics with the highest resistance being against ceftazidime (75%), amoxycillin (50%) and streptomycin (46.9%). Several S. aureus isolates were resistant to oxacillin (34.4%) and cefoxitin (12.5%). CNSs were more resistant against ceftazidime (79.1%), amoxycillin (34.6%) and oxacillin (32.1%). Majority (92%-100%) of the Staphylococcus spp. were highly sensitive to ciprofloxacin a fluoroquinolone and augmentin. The high prevalence of SCM and bacteria resistant to antibiotics shows a need for animal health professionals and farmers to develop strategies for the management of mastitis and antibiotic resistance in dairy cows in the study area.

Microbiological Profile of Infectious Keratitis at a Tertiary Care Hospital

In developing countries, infectious keratitis being the probable cause of preventable blindness, also have a varied epidemiological profile. This study was conducted to know the microbiological profile, risk factors, epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacteria isolated from patients with a corneal ulcers. A total of 193 patients who were clinically diagnosed with cases of infective keratitis in the Department of Ophthalmology were included in the study. The sample collected by an ophthalmologist was received in the Microbiology department. All the demographic details and relevant clinical data were noted. The bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility were done using automated methods while the fungal identification was done using the conventional method (Vitek2 Compact system, BioMerieux). Out of 193 patients, 69% were male and 31% % were females. The Majority of cases were from the age group 41- 50 years. Of 193 cases, 83 (43%) showed microbial etiology in culture. Of 83 culture positive cases, 55 (66.3%) were fungal and 28 (33.7%) were bacterial. The most common isolated fungus was Fusarium species detected in 24 (28.9%) cases followed by Aspergillus species in 14 (16.8%) cases. Gram positive bacteria were predominantly isolated from cases of infective keratitis. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common isolated bacteria in 12 (14.4%) out of 83 positive cases followed by Coagulase negative Staphylococcus. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most common Gram negative bacteria isolated from the cases. Among the topical antimicrobials, both Gram positive bacteria as well as Gram negative bacteria showed maximum sensitivity to levofloxacin. Proper knowledge of the clinical presentation and etiological agents aided with microbiological examination is necessary in order to effectively treat corneal ulcers and prevent further complications that can lead to blindness.

A study of bacteriological profile and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacteria isolated from blood stream infections in a tertiary care hospital

: Blood cultures are procedures that aid in evaluation of microorganisms present in the blood and guide the treatment of various pathogens leading to blood stream infections and the most dreaded complication sepsis: To study the distribution of bacterial flora and antimicrobial susceptibility in blood stream infections (BSI) in adults and pediatric patients including neonates.: This retrospective study was conducted in the department of Microbiology, ESIC Medical College and hospital, Hyderabad over a period of 1 year, from January 2020 to December 2020. During this period, 1681 samples received from various in patient department were processed according to standard laboratory guidelines and findings were observed.: WHO net software was used to analyze the data.: On analysis of all the samples, 208(12.4%) samples were culture positive. Among them Gram positive bacteria were 55.2 % and Gram negative were 44.8%. Coagulase negative Staphylococcuswas the predominant isolate among Gram positiveGram-positive,resistance to35%34.3xtensivelyXDR)Maximumresistanceprescription and usage.: Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment of bacterial infections can make difference between life and death. It would reduce mortality from septicemia and improve patient management.

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Bacteria in Pus Samples of Last Three Years at Chaghi Laboratory, Quetta, Pakistan

Antibiotic resistance develops and spreads among pyogenic bacteria as a result of injudicious antibiotic usage in the treatment of pyogenic illnesses. Significant gaps in research on antibiotic resistance in Quetta, Pakistan have been observed making it difficult to develop trendlines and resistance patterns that can contribute to fighting the dangers associated with the rise of antimicrobial resistance. The objective of this study was to determine the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacterial isolates obtained from pus samples. A retrospective analysis was carried on regular pus specimens collected at the Chaghi laboratory in Quetta from January 2018 to December, 2020. A total of 259 specimens were examined for antibiotic susceptibility patterns, with Ciprofloxacin (85.7 %), Cephradine (78.4 %), Ofloxacin (77.6 %), and Augmentin (56%) having the greatest proportion of resistance. All S. aureus strains were vancomycin-sensitive (100%) and Ampicillin-resistant (98.6%), while all gram-negative bacteria were sensitive to Imipenem (97.9%) and Tazobactam (90%) however resistant to Ampicillin (98.6%). A gradual increase in antibiotic resistance was observed among gram-negative isolates and a notable increase in resistance was observed by S. aureus. S. aureus was shown to be the most frequent bacteria in pus samples, followed by K. pneumoniae, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa. We concluded that antibiotic overuse should be avoided to prevent emerging resistance. Regular surveillance of antibiotic susceptibility patterns also aids in the development of improved treatment options for reducing morbidity and death by recognizing the real burden of antibiotic resistance in an organism and preventing its spread.

Antibiogram of Bacteria Isolated from Patients with Lower Respiratory Tract Infection at the general outpatient department of some hospitals in Kebbi State, Nigeria

The rise in antibiotic resistance could be a growing public health concern among agents of respiratory tract infection, which is liable for morbidity, mortality, and costs in Africa. This study was designed to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacteria isolated from patients with lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) attending some Kebbi State, Nigeria hospitals. Three hundred and fifty sputum samples were collected from consented patients with the symptoms of LRTI attending six different hospitals in Kebbi State. The samples were all screened for significant bacterial growth using standard microbiological techniques. The bacterial isolates were identified using conventional biochemical tests and then confirmed using a commercial biochemical test kit (MICROBACT) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were identified using the disc diffusion method. Staphylococcus aureus was the foremost predominant bacteria isolated, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae, with an estimated percentage occurrence of 31.1% and 22.2%, respectively. Other bacteria isolated include Klebsiella oxytoca (13.9%), Escherichia coli (11.1%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5.6%), Aeromonas hydrophila (5.6%), Acinetobacter baumannii (4.6%), B. pseudomallei (2.8%) and Proteus spp (2.8%). Most of the isolates were ssusceptible to piperacilin (51%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (61%), Azithromycin (70%), Ciprofloxacin (71%) and Gentamycin (74%), so as of ranking. High resistance was recorded in βeta-lactam antibiotics, erythromycin and vancomycin tested. Finally, it was revealed that Staphylococcus aureus is the most predominant bacteria isolated. Most of the isolates were resistant to the β-lactam antibiotic tested. Azithromycin, Ciprofloxacin, Gentamycin, and piperacillin remain helpful antibiotics for treating LRTIs in these centers.

Microbiological profile and anti-microbial susceptibility pattern of isolates from endo tracheal aspirate and endo tracheal tube tips in ICU patients

Background: There has been a surge of sufferers contracting healthcare-acquired infections (HAIs) in recent times. This has been further exacerbated by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic which, beginning in 2020, has severely affected the majority of the world's nations, and one of the biggest problems caused by this infection was the high number of patients who required critical care. Aim: We sought to identify the microbiological profile and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacteria isolated from tracheal aspirate and endotracheal tube (ETT) tips of patients who had to undergo ICU admittance. Methodology: We isolated a total of 150 microbial samples from 131 patients, of which 97 came from endo tracheal aspirates and the remaining 53 samples were obtained from ETT tips, following which the isolation and identification of bacteria was then done according to requisite microbiological assays. The Kirby-Bauer Technique with Mueller-Hinton agar was used to conduct the antimicrobial susceptibility testing in accordance with Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) 2016 standards. Results: 53 (35%) of the 150 total specimens were from ETT tips, whereas 97 (65%) came from tracheal aspirates. 101 (67%) of the organisms were gram-negative, and 49 (33%) were gram-positive.

Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Bacteria Causing Urinary Tract Infection.

Urinary tract infection is one of the commonest infectious diseases worldwide. This study was carried out to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacteria causing urinary tract infection visiting Kathmandu University Hospital. A total of 3,500 urine samples were processed and antibiotic resistance pattern was determined following Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute guidelines. Patients' information was obtained after informed consent. Total number of samples with positive growth was 434 (12.40%). 331 (76.27%) of the isolates were Escherichia coli followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter species, Klebsiella oxytoca, Citrobacter freundii, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter species. Over all 224 (51.61%) were multidrug resistant strains. All strains were sensitive to colistin, vancomycin and linezolid. Over all ampicillin and cefazolin had least sensitivity. Multidrug resistant strains were detected more among elderly patients with complicated urinary tract infection and diabetes which was 25 (83.33%) compared to elderly patients with uncomplicated urinary tract infection and having no diabetes or any other comorbid illnesses which was only 11(22.22%) (p-value<0.05). 21 (70.00%) of the pregnant females had multidrug resistant isolates and only 18 (36.73%) of pediatric age group patients had multidrug resistant isolates (p-value<0.05) Conclusion: Drug-resistant bacteria were observed in urine samples. Effective treatment and prevention of urinary tract infection need detailed microbiological diagnosis and drug susceptibility testing.

Risk factors for canine magnesium ammonium phosphate urolithiasis associated with bacterial infection.

BackgroundWith limited information available, the association among urinary tract infections, urease-producing bacteria and the presence of magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) urolithiasis in canines in Thailand requires more study.ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the association between demographic characteristics of canines and the presence of MAP urolithiasis in canines, and to evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacteria isolated from canine uroliths.MethodsA total of 56 canines admitted for treatment with surgical removal of uroliths were recruited. Demographic characteristics and clinical chemistry data were recorded. Bacteria isolated from the removed uroliths were identified. Chemical compositions of the uroliths were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. Potential risk factors were determined with univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses.ResultsOf 56 canine urolithiasis, bacteria were isolated from uroliths of 38 canines (27 MAP and 11 non-MAP) but not from uroliths of 18 canines (5 MAP and 13 non-MAP). The most common bacteria found in nidus of MAP uroliths was Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (approximately 51%). An antimicrobial resistance was frequently found in Staphylococci isolates (42.86%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the predictors of MAP urolith in canine urolithiasis were being female (p = 0.044; adjusted odds ratio [OR], 10.22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06–98.24) and the positive urolith culture (p = 0.012; adjusted OR, 8.60; 95% CI, 1.60–46.30).ConclusionsOur results indicate that S. pseudintermedius (a urease-producing bacterium) is the major causative bacteria of MAP uroliths. A positive urolith culture and being female are risk factors of MAP urolithiasis in canines.

Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacteria isolated from urinary tract infection in Federal Teaching Hospital Ido Ekiti

The problem of antibiotic resistance remains a major concern among the patients and health care provider. This study was carried out therefore to determine the antibiotics resistance susceptibility pattern bacteria with urinary tract infections among patients attending Federal Teaching Hospital Ido-Ekiti. A total of 200 patients suspected of having a UTI were recruited for the study. The urine samples were cultured on Cysteine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient Agar (CLED) and the colonies were identified using colonial morphology and biochemical test. Antibiotics susceptibility testing was carried out using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion techniques. Out of 200 urine samples analysed 82 (41.0%) yielded significant bacteria growth belonging to 4 different genera with Escherichia coli having the highest isolation rate 42 (81.2%) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 16 (19.5%), Staphylococcus aureus 14 (17.0%) and Klebsiella aerogenes 10 (12.1%). Female patients had the highest isolation rate of 48 (58.5%) compare to their male counterpart with 34 (41.5%) isolation rate. Age group 31-40yrs had the highest isolation, rate of 20 (24.4%). The antibiotic resistance pattern exhibited by all the bacteria ranged from 14.3% to 90.5%. Gentamicin exhibited the least resistance rate. However, antibiotics resistance is frightening; therefore, there is a need for antibiogram before prescription of antibiotics for the treatment of urinary tract infection.

What Left for Us for Urinary Tract Infection Treatment? An Experience from the South of Iran.

Background:The aim of the study is to define the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacteria from cases of urinary tract infections (UTIs).Materials and Methods:A retrospective analysis of urinary pathogens and their antimicrobial susceptibility was done on urine cultures at Shiraz University Laboratory from 2015 to 2017. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests have done using the disk-diffusion technique as per the standard of CSLI.Results:During 2 years of study, 3489 samples were culture positive. Escherichia coli was the dominant isolate (84%), followed by Klebsiella spp. (10.7%) and Enterococci spp. (2,2%). The overall resistance rates to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ceftriaxone, and ciprofloxacin were 56.1%, 47.2%, and 37%, respectively. The most frequently isolated bacteria were E. coli, which had resistance rates of 58.6%, 49.1% to TMP-STX, and cefixime, also sensitivity rates of 95.1% to nitrofurantoin (FM).Conclusions:In the study area, resistance rates to fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins were high. Because most isolates were sensitive to FM and aminoglycoside, they are suggested as appropriate antimicrobials for empirical treatment of UTIs before available urine culture results.

Antimicrobialsusceptibility patterns of bacteria that commonly cause bacteremia at a tertiary hospital in Zambia.

Background: Bloodstream infections and antimicrobial resistance cause globalincreases inmorbidity and mortality. Aim: We evaluated the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacteria that commonly cause bacteremia in humans. Materials & methods: We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study at the University Teaching Hospitalsin Lusaka, Zambia, using Laboratory Information Systems. Results: The commonest isolated bacteria associated with sepsis were Klebsiella pneumoniae. The distribution of bacteria associated with bacteremia in different wards and departments pneumonia. The distribution of bacteria associated with bacteremia in different wards and departments at University Teaching Hospitals was were statistically significant (χ2=1211.518; p<0.001). Conclusion:K.pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pantoea agglomeransand Enterococcus species have developed high resistance levels against ampicillin, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and a very low resistance levels against imipenem and Amikacin.

Bacteriological Profile and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Urine Culture Isolates from Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre in Lalitpur

Introduction: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a microbial infection of the urinary system involving the urinary tract anywhere from kidney to urethra. It is one of the most common bacterial infections affecting men and women in developing countries with a high rate of morbidity and financial cost.&#x0D; Objectives: The objective of our study is to study the prevalence of UTI in patients attending KIST Medical College &amp; Teaching Hospital (KISTMCTH), and determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacteria thus isolated.&#x0D; Methodology: A total of 3742 urine samples from patients suspected of urinary tract infections presenting with the history and symptoms suggestive of urinary tract infection, attending various departments of KISTMCTH from April 2017 to April 2018 were studied. Isolates were identified by standard microbiological methods and tested for in vitro antibiotic susceptibility by modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method.&#x0D; Results: Pathogenic bacteria were isolated from 646 out of 3742 urine samples (17.26%). Escherichia coli was the most common bacteria isolated (67.02%) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (14.5%). Other bacteria isolated were Enterococcus spp, Pseudomonas aeurigenosa, Klebsiella oxytoca, Proteus mirabilis, Satphylococcus aureus, Coagulase negative staphylococcus spp, Proteus vulgaris, Acinetobacter spp, Citrobacter freundii, Citrobacter diversus and Enterobacter spp. The isolated pathogenic bacterias were most resistant to Ampicillin (46.43%) and least resistant to Imipenem (6.03%). However, the first line antibiotic the bacterias were least resistant to was cefotaxime (7.12%).&#x0D; Conclusions: Marked resistance has been observed with commonly prescribed antibiotics like Ciprofloxacin and Norfloxacin. Therefore, studies should be conducted routinely to identify the common bacteria causing UTI and formulate appropriate antibiotic policy.