Antimicrobial Activity Test Research Articles

Preparation and in vitro assessment of economic bio-scaffolds modified with wollastonite (CaSiO3)

Porous bioceramic scaffolds are the preferred option for substituting spongy bone. Therefore, this study evaluates the use of carbonate associated with apatite rocks at Hamadat mines (referred to as calcite) as a source of low-cost bioactive material useful for biomedical applications. In this study, the depositional environment and mineralogical, and petrographic behavior of such depositions were studied. Furthermore, the possibility of producing highly porous, low-cost bioceramic scaffolds using the freeze-drying technique was demonstrated. The bioactivity of the produced scaffolds was enhanced by adding different ratios of wollastonite (25, 50 and 75 wt %) to the scaffold’s batches. However, the scaffolds were coated with ZnCl2 to enhance their antimicrobial susceptibility. The physical and mechanical properties as well as the phase composition and microstructure of the prepared scaffolds were investigated. The X-ray diffraction results revealed the formation of pure phase of α-wollastonite after 3 h of sintering at 1200 °C. To estimate the scaffolds’ biodegradability, the pH and the weight change were measured. The results were confirmed using the inductively coupled plasma measurements for the scaffolds deposited in a simulated body fluid (SBF) solution for 28 days. Results showed that the scaffolds had excellent bioactivity, which was demonstrated by the appearance of apatite particles on their surface after being immersed in the SBF. The antimicrobial activity test revealed that Zn2+, NPs and CaSiO3 had positive effects due to their oxidative stress process. Zn2+, Ca2+, and Si4+ cations can be adsorbed on bacterial surface membranes, interacting with the respiratory microbial enzymes, inhibiting their actions, and damaging the cell, thereby causing the bacterial cell decomposition.

Antimicrobial activities ofnano-emulsion ofvirgin coconut oil.

This study aimed todetermine the nano-emulsion ofvirgin coconut oil (n-VCO) formula that can produce thebest size and zone inhibition ofantimicrobial activity. The VCO was formulated with the different percentages ofTween 80 (P1: 24%, P2: 25%, P3: 26%) and sorbitol (P1: 36%, P2: 35%, P3: 34%). The particle size ofthe n-VCOemulsion was observed under transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The antimicrobial activity test ofthen-VCO was determined byachallenge test using Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria. The data were analysed byaone-way ANOVA (P < 0.05). Thesignificant data were furthermore tested byDuncan's multiple ranges (SPSS v26.0). This study showed that the P3 formulation (26%Tween 80 and 34% sorbitol) produced the best n-VCO among all the treatments showing aparticle size of5-100 nm. Formulas P1 and P2 produced particle sizes ofabout 500-1 000 nm. The antimicrobial test showed that the P3 formula had astrong inhibitory effect onS. Typhi (7.442± 0.52mm), S. aureus (8.380±0.49mm), and E. coli (6.490 ± 0.82mm). This study concluded that the formula ofthe detergent strongly influences the particle size ofthe n-VCO. The n-VCO has enormous potential tobe used asan alternative antimicrobial.

Green Synthesis and Antimicrobial Study on Functionalized Chestnut-Shell-Extract Ag Nanoparticles

The chestnut shell is usually discarded as agricultural waste and the random deposition of it can cause environmental problems. In this study, monodisperse crystalline Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized by a hydrothermal approach, in which the chestnut shell extract served as both reducing agent and stabilizer. The synthesized Ag nanoparticles were characterized by ultraviolet-visible (UV) spectrophotometry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. The TEM, XRD and XPS results revealed that the synthesized product was spherical Ag nanoparticles with a face-centered cubic crystal structure. The antimicrobial activity test indicated that the Ag nanoparticles modified by the chestnut shell extract had an obvious inhibitory effect on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. The measured MIC and MBC of functionalized chestnut-shell-extract AgNPs against E. coli, S. aureus and C. albicans is relatively low, which indicated that the present functionalized chestnut-shell-extract AgNPs are an efficient antimicrobial agent.

Enhanced antibacterial activity of cotton via silver nanocapsules deposited by atmospheric pressure plasma jet

In this work, the antibacterial activity of cotton containing silver nanocapsules prepared by atmospheric pressure plasma (APP) deposition is investigated. The nanocapsules consist of a shell and a silver nanoparticle (AgNP) core, where the core is used to bring antibacterial activity, and the shell is utilized to suppress the potential toxicity of AgNPs. The surface morphology and the elements of the samples are analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The SEM results show that the skin of the cotton fibers will fall off gradually after APP treatment over 3 min, and the XPS results show that the Ag content will rise to 1.6% after APP deposition for 10 min. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity tests show that the reduction rates of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus can achieve 100% when the sample is treated for 10 min, which exhibits excellent antibacterial activity. In addition, the UV absorption properties of the cotton will also be correspondingly improved, which brings a broader application prospect for antibacterial cotton.

In vitro manipulation of the bacterial community to improve the performance of bioflocs in aquaculture systems.

Although biofloc technology is already recognized as advantageous and practical for aquaculture for the effects of maintaining water quality and improving the health status and resistance of cultivated animals against pathogens, little is known about the way of action involved. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of bacterial groups as inducers in the formation of flocs compared to a system with spontaneous formation. Therefore, three microsystems were built in 3L tanks with constant aeration to induce the biofloc aggregation with addition of bacterial consortiuns with differentiated functions. It was used a control, without addition of bacterial consortium; B1 with addition of probiotic bacteria consortium; and B2, with adding nitrifying bacteria consortium. During the experimental period were evaluated physicochemical variables and quantifications of bacterial cultivable groups: Heterotrophic Bacteria and Vibrio. Also was the microscopic characterization of the flakes and tests of antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria. Systems B1 and B2 showed promising results in relation to control (spontaneous bioflocs), showing more homogeneous flake formation, antimicrobial activity against the tested pathogens and greater biological diversity in the systems. The bacteria used in these tests were able to optimize the formation of microbial aggregates, showing potential for application in cultivation systems, in order to obtain improvements in productivity.

Some bis (3-(4-nitrophenyl)acrylamide derivatives: Synthesis, characterization, DFT, antioxidant, antimicrobial properties, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies

Alzheimer's disease, which is a progressive neurologic disorder, is the most common form of dementia. Although there are various treatment options for Alzheimer’s disease, there is no definite treatment for this disease yet. In this study it was aimed to investigate the treatment potentials of three bis(3-(4-nitrophenyl)acrylamide) derivatives, two of which are known and one is new, for Alzheimer's disease. The study consists of three parts; in the first part of the study, synthesis and characterization studies of the investigated compounds were carried out. In the characterization of the compounds, IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, LC-MS and elemental analysis techniques were used. In the second part of the study, the compounds were investigated computationally with the assistance of various computational techniques including density functional theory (DFT) calculations, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. In this part, binding free energy calculations were also performed on the investigated compounds. Results of computational studies showed that synthesized compounds interacted with AChE effectively and can be promising structures as AChE inhibitors. In the last part of the study, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the compounds were investigated. Antioxidant activities were determined by DPPH˙ and ABTS˙⁺ radical scavenging methods. According to the DPPH˙ test, the most active compound was found to be 2, while the most active compound was found to be 3 according to the ABTS⁺ test, showing that these methods for antioxidant assay were not significantly correlated with each other. On the other hand, the results of the antimicrobial activity tests showed that compound 3 was the most active compound, which exhibited both antioxidant and antimicrobial activity.

Antimicrobial Activity Test of Black Tea Ethanol Extract (Camellia sinensis) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A study about the antimicrobial activity test of black tea ethanol extract (Camellia sinensis) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been carried out. The black tea leaves are sourced from Sidamanik Plantation, North Sumatra. The dried black tea leaf extract was obtained by maceration technique in which black tea leaves were macerated for 24 hours. Then, the macerate was concentrated to obtain a thick extract and make sure that the ethanol had evaporated. After that, the concentrated extract was made with a variation of 5%, 10% and 15%. The antimicrobial activity test used was the disc method, where distilled water was used as a negative blank. The results obtained for average SD for blank with diameter 6 mm, 5%, 10% and 15% extracts were 6 ± 0,00; 7,75 ± 0,35; 9,05 ± 0,07 and 9,95 ± 0,07 mm with the inhibition diameter 0 mm; 1,75 ± 0,35; 2,05 ±0,07 and 3,95 ± 0,07 mm. The conclusion of this study is that the concentration of the extract is straightly proportional to its inhibitory power, namely the higher the concentration of black tea ethanol extract, the higher its inhibitory activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, so it can be used as an antibacterial agent for Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Activity Test and Functional Group Detection of Eucalyptus Globulus

This study was designed to explore phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of the Eucalyptus globulus. Extraction of phytochemical was performed by Soxhlet apparatus using ethanol and hot water extraction using water. The phytochemical screening of ethanolic extract showed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, proteins &amp; amino acids, steroids, volatile oils, and aqueous extract showed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, proteins &amp; amino acids, gums and mucilage, and steroids. Agar well diffusion method was used for the antimicrobial activity test. Both ethanolic and aqueous extracts of E. globulus are resistant to the E. coli, Staphylococcus sp., and Bacillus species except ethanolic extract shows activeness against Staphylococcus sp. &amp; Bacillus species. Both ethanolic and aqueous extracts of E. globulus show inactivity against Aspergillus species. This study concludes the phytochemicals derived from given plants has great potential to treat life-threatening disease. The FTIR studies show that plant extracts consist of amine, carboxylic acid, alcohol &amp; nitro compounds as the most abundant component.

Identification of Antibiotic-Producing Isolates from the Soil of Pesantren Darul Aman Gombara, Makassar

One source of antibiotics-producing microorganisms that are now widely used as a treatment for infections comes from the soil. Soil is an excellent medium for the growth and development of various microorganisms. The search for new antibiotics is currently urgently needed, because their use is not following the instructions, causing disease resistance. This study aims to get antimicrobial-producing microbial isolates that can inhibit the test microbes and identify the type of isolates. The first stage of microbial isolation was the dilution of the soil sample from 10-1 to 10-5 using the method of pouring on Nutrient Agar (NA) and Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium. It carried further testing of antimicrobial activity against several test microbes out. The results of the isolation got 4 isolates of bacteria and 4 isolates of fungi with different identification of each isolate. In the test microbe, Escherichia coli isolates that gave activity were isolates IB1, IB2, IB3. In the Staphylococcus aureus test bacteria, the isolate that produces activity is the isolate IB1, IB2, IB3, IB4, IJ2, Meanwhile, for the test fungus Candida albicans was inhibited by isolates IB1, IJ1, IJ2, IJ3 and IJ4.

Antimicrobial properties of a multi-component alloy

High traffic touch surfaces such as doorknobs, countertops, and handrails can be transmission points for the spread of pathogens, emphasizing the need to develop materials that actively self-sanitize. Metals are frequently used for these surfaces due to their durability, but many metals also possess antimicrobial properties which function through a variety of mechanisms. This work investigates metallic alloys comprised of several metals which individually possess antimicrobial properties, with the target of achieving broad-spectrum, rapid sanitation through synergistic activity. An entropy-motivated stabilization paradigm is proposed to prepare scalable alloys of copper, silver, nickel and cobalt. Using combinatorial sputtering, thin-film alloys were prepared on 100 mm wafers with ≈50% compositional grading of each element across the wafer. The films were then annealed and investigated for alloy stability. Antimicrobial activity testing was performed on both the as-grown alloys and the annealed films using four microorganisms—Phi6, MS2, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli—as surrogates for human viral and bacterial pathogens. Testing showed that after 30 s of contact with some of the test alloys, Phi6, an enveloped, single-stranded RNA bacteriophage that serves as a SARS-CoV-2 surrogate, was reduced up to 6.9 orders of magnitude (> 99.9999%). Additionally, the non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA bacteriophage MS2, and the Gram-negative E. coli and Gram-positive B. subtilis bacterial strains showed a 5.0, 6.4, and 5.7 log reduction in activity after 30, 20 and 10 min, respectively. Antimicrobial activity in the alloy samples showed a strong dependence on the composition, with the log reduction scaling directly with the Cu content. Concentration of Cu by phase separation after annealing improved activity in some of the samples. The results motivate a variety of themes which can be leveraged to design ideal antimicrobial surfaces.

Effect of hydrophilic procedures on carboxyl content and antimicrobial activity of silver-treated nylon 6,6 fabrics

Abstract This paper presents the improvement of the hydrophilicity of nylon fabrics on different knit designs using the Hydrowick NA process with a combination of antimicrobial silver application and characterization of the treated fabrics by FTIR, SEM, XPS and antimicrobial activity tests using the AATCC 100 test method and moisture regain test. Antibacterial nylon fabrics have been developed by incorporating antibacterial agents into the structure of the fibres, for longer durability and effect, rather than just depositing them on the surface. Hydrophilic processes have an impact on the antimicrobial activity, resistance to repeated washing and moisture regain of the nylon fabrics. The nylon fabrics showed higher antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus after the hydrophilic finishing process. It can be seen that there is a correlation between a decrease in bacterial growth and an increase in the concentration of the hydrophilic agent. The results showed that the weft-knitted nylon using the Hydrowick NA process had higher moisture regain at the same surface weight per unit of textile. Analysis of variance with p &lt; 0.05 showed that the results were statistically significant. The 1 × 1 rib double jersey weft-knitted nylon fabrics showed the highest antimicrobial performance. It was also observed that the surface area of the fabric was also decisive for the antimicrobial activity.

ZIF-8 and Its Magnetic Functionalization as Vehicle for the Transport and Release of Ciprofloxacin.

The use of nanomaterials for the controlled release of drugs aims to enhance their effectiveness, especially when poorly soluble in water, and achieve their rapid, localized, and effective administration. The present study focuses on the use of a Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8 (ZIF-8) as vehicle for the transport and controlled release of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin (CIP) as model due to its favorable physicochemical characteristics. The objective is to synthesize the ZIF-8 material loaded with CIP through encapsulation for subsequent release of the drug in neutral and acid physiological media. In addition, functionalization of the CIP/ZIF compound with magnetic nanoparticles (NP) was sought to increase its traceability through the possible use of magnetic fields. Characterizations by XRD, FT-IR, SEM-EDX, and TGA showed a satisfactory synthesis of both pure ZIF-8 and ciprofloxacin-loaded ZIF-8, with high crystallinity and thermal stability. The release profiles showed an abrupt initial release that stabilized over time. A much higher release (20-80% greater) was obtained in acid versus neutral pH in all cases, attributable to the collapse of the ZIF-8 structure in acid media. In addition, functionalization of the material with iron NPs did not affect the behavior of the system during drug release. Antimicrobial activity tests against E. coli and S. aureus showed that ZIF-8 per se exerts antimicrobial activity, while the compounds CIP/ZIF and magnetic CIP/ZIF increased the antimicrobial capacity of pure CIP by 10-20%. The ZIF-8 system has high potential as a drug carrier and release agent for the treatment of diseases, especially those that cause acidification of the cellular environment, achieving a rapid, localized, and targeted action with the possibility of achieving traceability of the system after its magnetic functionalization.

Optimization of Ultrasonic Extraction of Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Compounds from Bee Pollen with Deep Eutectic Solvents Using Response Surface Methodology.

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in green extraction methods and green solvents due to their many advantages. In this study, the effects of an ultrasonic extraction method and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) on the extraction of different bioactive substances from bee pollen were investigated. In this regard, the effects of process variables such as the molar ratio of the DES (1, 1.5, and 2), sonication time (15, 30, and 45 min), and ultrasonic power (90, 135 and 180 W) on total individual amino acids, total individual organic acids, and total individual phenolic compounds were investigated by response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal conditions were found to be a molar ratio of 2, sonication time of 45 min, and ultrasonic power of 180 W (R2 = 0.84). Extracts obtained via the maceration method using ethanol as a solvent were evaluated as the control group. Compared with the control group, the total individual amino acid and total individual organic acid values were higher using DESs. In addition, compounds such as myricetin, kaempferol, and quercetin were extracted at higher concentrations using DESs compared to controls. The results obtained in antimicrobial activity tests showed that the DES groups had broad-spectrum antibacterial effects against all bacterial samples, without exception. However, in yeast-like fungus samples, this inhibition effect was negligibly low. This study is the first to evaluate the impact of DESs on the extraction of bioactive substances from bee pollen. The obtained results show that this innovative and green extraction technique/solvent (ultrasonic extraction/DES) can be used successfully to obtain important bioactive compounds from bee pollen.

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK METANOL UBI JALAR (IPOMOEA BATATAS L.) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus

Antibacterial is a compound capable of inhibiting and killing pathogenic bacteria. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus are pathogenic bacteria because they can cause disease if infected. Sweet potato is an alternative food that is often consumed by some Indonesian people and is thought to contain antibacterial compounds. The sweet potatoes used in this study came from Riau (A), Tomohon (B), Balikpapan (C), Jambi (D), Malang (E), Pontianak (F), Kupang (G), Bangka Belitung (H) , Medan (I), Balikpapan (J), and Merauke (K). Antibacterial testing was carried out using the disc diffusion method and using Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) and Luria Bertani (LB) media with sample concentrations of 250, 500, and 700 ppm. The study was conducted using the antimicrobial activity testing method which was carried out only once in an experiment and observations would be made after 24 hours of incubation. From the results obtained, the optimum growth of E. Coli at a concentration of 700 ppm with samples from the Kupang area (G) with purple color with an inhibition zone of 8.5 mm and a minimum at a concentration of 250 ppm with samples originating from the Merauke (K) area with white color with a white zone. resistance of 1 mm. Meanwhile, the test results on the optimum growth of S. aureus at a concentration of 700 ppm with samples from West Kalimantan (F2) with purple color with an inhibition zone of 7 mm and a minimum at a concentration of 250 ppm with samples from Balikpapan (C), Bangka Belitung. (H), and Medan (I3) are white and light orange with an inhibition zone of 2 mm.

Cellulose-g-poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethylmethacrylate) Hydrogels: Synthesis, Characterization, Antibacterial Testing and Polymer Electrolyte Application.

Hydrogels have been investigated due to their unique properties. These include high water content and biocompatibility. Here, hydrogels with different ratios of poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethylmethacrylate) (PDMAEMA) were grafted onto cellulose (Cel-g-PDMAEMA) by the free radical polymerization method and gamma-ray radiation was applied in order to increase crosslinking and content of PDMAEMA. Gamma irradiation enabled an increase of PDMAEMA content in hydrogels in case of higher ratio of 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate in the initial reaction mixture. The swelling of synthesized hydrogels was monitored in dependence of pH (3, 5.5 and 10) during up to 60 days. The swelling increased from 270% to 900%. Testing of antimicrobial activity of selected hydrogel films showed weak inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacillus subtilis. The results obtained by the cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) indicate that chemically synthesized hydrogels have good characteristics for the supercapacitor application.

The effect of various boron compounds on the antimicrobial activity of hardened mortars

• Six different boron compounds (5% by mass to cement) were used to prepare cement mortars. • Dicalcium hexaborate pentahydrate (COL) and borax pentahydrate (BPH) were compatible with cement mortars. • COL and BPH addition decreased the flexural and compressive strength values within acceptable limits. • COL and BPH addition inhibited C. albicans and A. niger growth by at least 99%. This study has examined the effect of boron compounds on the mechanical and antimicrobial properties of hardened mortars. The antimicrobial activity of six different boron minerals and compounds was tested against six microorganisms, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, yeast, and fungus. Cement mortars containing 5% (w/w) boron mineral addition by weight of cement were exposed to flexural and compression tests on the 7th, 28th and 90th days. At the end of the 90th day, the hardened mortar specimen prepared with 5% dicalcium hexaborate pentahydrate (COL) or 5% borax pentahydrate (BPH) decreased the compressive strength 7.41 % and 31.5 %, and flexural strength 13.5 % and 32 %, respectively. Although, there are decrements in both compressive and flexural strength, values remain within the acceptable limits specified in the material code. The antimicrobial activity of these specimens was evaluated with surface antimicrobial activity tests. The hardened mortar specimen containing boron compounds showed antimicrobial activity against C. albica ns and A. niger . It can be concluded that from these results, using 5 % COL and 5 % BPH as an additive or replacement to the mortar, is an alternative way to create antimicrobial surfaces within environments that have complained of mold problems and biodegradation, such as in reinforced concrete structures or in conventional buildings that need to be free of pathogenic microorganisms.

Potensi Antimikroba dan Toksisitas Minyak Atsiri yang Diisolasi dari Biji Jintan (Carum carvi L.)

Caraway (Carum carvi L.) is one of the oldest medicinal plants found in various countries such as West Asia, North Africa, Pakistan, India, North America, Northern Europe, Iran, Russia, and Indonesia. This plant has been use for traditional medicines to treat digestive disorders, flatulence, colic in infants, headaches, coughs, hypertension, eczema, pneumonia, diabetes, scabies, mouthwash and as an antiseptic. This plant is reported to contain around 1-9% essential oil in the seeds with various components and potential as bioactive compounds. In this study, essential oils were isolated from caraway seeds and determined their chemical content as well as their antimicrobial and toxicity. Isolation of essential oils was carried out by hydrodistillation and analysis of the chemical components of the isolated essential oils was carried out using the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) method. The results of the GC-MS analysis showed the presence of 35 compounds with four main compounds, namely carvone (62.54%), limonene (23.39%), and trans-dihydrocarvone (8.20%). The antimicrobial activity test was carried out using the disc diffusion method, which showed strong activity against Staphylococcus aureus at a concentration of ≥75%, and against the fungus Candida albicans. The results of the toxicity test using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method showed that caraway seed essential oil was low toxic against Artemia salina Leach shrimp larvae with an LC50 value 568.3292 mg/L.

ZIF-8-derived Cu, N co-doped carbon as a bifunctional cathode catalyst for enhanced performance of microbial fuel cell

The development of bifunctional catalysts is an effective way to simultaneously address the slow kinetics of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on the cathode and biofilm contamination in the microbial fuel cells (MFC). Cu-N/C@Cu composites were synthesized as bifunctional cathode catalysts for MFC by doping, adsorption, and two calcinations by using Cu-ZIF-8 as the precursor. The higher Cu-Nx content confers excellent ORR catalytic activity to the optimized Cu-N/C@Cu-2 catalyst. The half-wave potential for Cu-N/C@Cu-2 in a neutral solution is 0.67 V vs. RHE, which is close to that of commercial 20% Pt/C (0.70 V vs. RHE). The maximum power density of the MFCs assembled with Cu-N/C@Cu-2 reached 581 ± 13 mW m−2, which is even better than that using Pt/C (499 ± 13 mW m−2). Moreover, the results of antimicrobial activity and biomass test show that the higher Cu content made Cu-N/C@Cu-2 effective against the contamination of cathode biofilm. And the 16S rDNA results find that the community structure of the biofilm is favorable for the power production and purification of MFC. This work shows that copper-based materials can be used as potential bifunctional catalysts to promote MFC applications in wastewater treatment.

Flavonoids and Phenylethylamides Are Pivotal Factors Affecting the Antimicrobial Properties of Stingless Bee Honey.

Despite the recent approval of stingless bee honey to the Argentine Food Code, there are still many gaps in information. Likely, the main reason for this is that multiple ecological and chemical factors influence their production and antimicrobial properties. This work combined metabolomic, microbiological, and physicochemical analyses to characterize the honey ofTetragonisca fiebrigifrom Northeastern Argentina. The antimicrobial activity tests showed that honey samples (n = 24) inhibited some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria at different sensitivity levels. Furthermore, samples selected for their high bioactivity revealed crystallizations, a positive correlation with fungal growth, and the presence of flavonoids. The major polyphenols annotated by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis and supported by metabolomic tools were quercetin 3,4'-dimethyl ether, pachypodol, jaceoside, irigenin trimethyl ether, corymboside, chrysoeriol 7-neohesperidoside, and corymboside. In contrast, samples missing antimicrobial activity did not crystallize, lacked flavonoids, and were enriched in phenylethylamides. Based on these findings, we discuss the significance of flavonoids and phenylethylamides on honey's antimicrobial activity and food quality and how they may indeed reflect essential parameters of the hive, such as microbial balance and eubiosis.

ANTI-MICROBIAL POTENTIAL OF CANNABIS PLANT EXTRACT AGAINST BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM GUT AND MUCUS OF OREOCHROMIS MOSSAMBICUS

Cannabis sativa L. is one of the oldest medicinal plants used by human. The plant has also been used for fiber, oil production and simply as additive for food products. Cannabis plant extract may be used for anti-bacterial activity. Bacteria present naturally on the skin, in the gut and in the slime of live fish although. They are not harmful for the fish. But fish get infected with most micro-organisms due to various causes. The goal of this study was to identify the targeted bacteria from mucus and gut of tilapia fish, to study the antimicrobial resistance of isolated bacteria. Thirty samples of Oreochromis mossambicus were collected from Tounsa Head Barrage, Punjab Pakistan. Mucus was collected through spatula. In the laboratory, fish was dissected; gut was removed with the help of a sterile dissecting box. Bacteria were isolated and grown on nutrient agar. E. coli, Staphylococcus spp, Klebsiella spp, B. cereus were isolated from the gut and the mucus while Enterobacter bugandensis was separated from the gut only of the fish. Anti-microbial activity test was done then measure the zone of inhibition in mm. The cannabis showed higher inhibition in growth of E. coli, and Klebseilla spp., while cannabis plant extract showed less inhibition in growth of Staphylococcus spp, Enterobacter bugandensis and B. cereus. It was concluded from our research that the cannabis may be used to develop antibacterial medicines.