Antimicrobial Activity Of Crude Extracts Research Articles

Diversity of endophytic fungi from medicinal plant Oxalis latifolia and their antimicrobial potential against selected human pathogens

Endophytic fungi that inhabit medicinal plants are microbial resources renowned for having compounds analogous to those produced by their host plants. This study aimed to describe the diversity of endophytic fungi found in Oxalis latifolia Kunth. To better understand the diversity of foliar endophytic fungi found in the leaves of the medicinal plant Oxalis latifolia, we isolated and characterized endophytic by using both morphological and molecular methods employing ITS markers. The antimicrobial activity of endophytic fungi against common human pathogens Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis was also investigated. A Total of 16 endophytic fungi were successfully isolated from leaves and classified into five orders of Pezizomycotina based on the phylogenic analyses; Xylariales (56%), Diaporthales (19%) Sordariales (6%), Glomerellales (13%) and Botryosphaeriales (6%). The antimicrobial activity of crude extracts from fungal endophyte against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis revealed that three isolates; N. aurantiaca, Phyllosticta capitalensis N. oryzae were the most potent, while Colletotrichum karstii and N. sphaerica displayed no growth inhibition property against the tested organism. The diversity indices were calculated by using the Shannon-Wiener, Margalef, and Simpson indices. The diversity indices analysis revealed an abundance of species diversity, where the dominant species were Nigrospora oryzae, N. sphaerica, and Colletotrichum karstii. This study describes the diversity of endophytic fungi found in O. latifolia and emphasizes their potential as a source of novel bioactive compounds. More research on phytochemical composition and antimicrobial activity is ongoing to correlate the traditional uses and scientific findings.

Antibacterial and antifungal activity of Combretum farinosum Kunth and Combretum igneiflorum Rendón & R. Delgad. extracts

Infectious diseases like bacterial, fungal, viral are the top killers of a third of the world population. Limited access to comprehensive treatment forces people to rely on herbal concoctions for treatment. Combretum farinosum Kunth and C. igneiflorum Rendón & R. Delgad. are two similar vine plant species that have insufficient scientific investigation. The purpose of the study is to determine the in vitro antimicrobial activity of crude extracts of different parts of Combretum igneiflorum (roots, stem, and leaves) and Combretum farinosum (roots, fruits, leaves, and stem) using petroleum ether, acetone, and ethanol-water. The crude extract was tested against food-borne pathogens. Twenty-seven crude extracts were prepared from C. igneiflorum (roots, stem, and leaves) and C. farinosum (roots, stem, leaves, and fruits) and screened for their antimicrobial activity against four Gram-positive bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus methicillin resistant, Bacillus subtilis), four Gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella enteritidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella flexneri, and Escherichia coli B), and one fungus species (Candida albicans) using agar disc-diffusion, and microbroth dilution assays. Results show that crude extracts of both plants tested had broad antimicrobial activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of C. farinosum extract against tested bacteria ranged from 0.32 to 100 mg/ml, whereas C. igneiflorum extracts that showed antibacterial activity ranged from 2.5 to 75 mg/ml. Gram-positive bacteria tested were more susceptible to the extracts than gram-negative bacteria. Crude extracts of C. igneiflorum and C. farinosum have broad antimicrobial activity against the microbes tested.
 Keywords: Combretum farinosum Kunth, Combretum igneiflorum Rendón & R. Delgad. MTT, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Antifungal, Antibacterial.

Assessment of Antimicrobial Potential of Plagiochasma rupestre Coupled with Healing Clay Bentonite and AGNPS.

The impact of individual component, i.e., plant extract (Plagiochasma rupestre), biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), and healing clay (bentonite) as antimicrobial agent is reported but their combined effect as a ternary system is a new approach. This study is aimed at investigating the impact of the proposed ternary system against selected human pathogens. AgNPs were synthesized by using Plagiochasma rupestre extract (aqueous) as reducing agent and neutral polymer (PVP) as stabilizer. The morphology, size, and structural properties of synthesized AgNPs were determined with XRD and SEM analysis which showed spherical monomodal particles with an average particle size of 25.5 nm. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of the individual and nanoternary system were investigated. The phytochemical screening of plant extract showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenol, and glycosides in methanol extract as compare to aqueous and acetone extract. The antimicrobial activities of crude extracts of Plagiochasma rupestre with AgNPs and bentonite clay were studied as an appropriate candidate for treatment of microbial infections, especially bacterial and fungal diseases. The antioxidant activity of Plagiochasma rupestre aqueous extract and nanoparticles was assessed by (DPPH) free radical, and absorbance was checked at 517 nm. Crude extract has inhibitory effect towards bacteria and fungi, and bentonite clay also showed some degree of antimicrobial resistance. Strategy can be efficiently applied for future engineering and medical. The nanoternary systems showed 3 and 3.5 times higher antibacterial and antifungal activity, respectively, in comparison to Plagiochasma rupestre and bentonite clay, individually.

Antimicrobial activity of n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts from Candida tropicalis and Phyllosticta capitalensis fungal endophytes

Background ad objective: Among the notable achievements of the twentieth century was the discovery and identification of new drugs from plants against microbial infections. However, the discovery of novel drugs since then is inadequate due to emergence of resistant microbes. In an effort to discover novel drugs, the study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial activity of crude extracts from endophytic fungi isolated from Cnidoscolas aconitifolius and Ocimum suave. Methods: Following morphological characterization and initial screening for antimicrobial activity, isolates that had higher inhibition were genotypes by Sanger sequencing. Two isolates (Candida tropicalis from O. suave and Phyllosticta capitalensis from C. aconitifolius) were tested for antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Results: Overall, the range of crude extract concentration was from 152 mg/mL to 1353 mg/mL, and that of a zone of inhibition was from 7 to 21 mm. The lowest minimum inhibition concentration (19>MIC>9.5) was observed in Phyllosticta spp. extract against S. aureus. Conclusions: Findings of the present study have shown that endophytes isolated from medicinal plants can generate secondary metabolites with therapeutic applications. Therefore, further investigations are warranted to decipher the content and structure of bioactive compounds that may be associated with the antimicrobial activity of crude extracts.

Detection of Antifungal Activity of Cinnamon Extract on Candida Species Isolated from Diabetic Patients with Urinary Tract Infection Pre-COVID-19 Era

This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of Cinnamon extract on Candida species isolated from 100 diabetic patients suffering from urinary tract infection between May to August 2018. Twenty-five Candida species were isolated, different Candida species were isolated then identified biochemically, in vitro sensitivity testing using well diffusion technique against Cinnamon extract was done. The cinnamon extract showed good antifungal activity against Candida species. The largest zone of inhibition against Candida tropicalis was (25 mm) and the least zone of inhibition was against Candida kefyr was (10 mm). The results of antimicrobial activity of crude extract were compared with the positive control (Clotrimazole) for evaluating their relative percentage inhibition and statistical significance the aqueous extract exhibited maximum relative percentage inhibition against Candida kefyr (89%) and minimum relative percentage inhibition against Candida glabrata was (12.3%). The p. values (0.018) are statistically significant.

Evaluation of antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of Silene macrosolen and Solanum incanum: A common medicinal plant in Eritrea

Background: The periodically emerging new and old infectious microorganisms greatly magnify the global burden of infectious diseases. The majority of emerging infectious events are caused by bacteria, which can be associated with the evolution of drug-resistant strains and the overwhelming of the natural host defenses. Medicinal plants play an important role in the treatment of various infectious diseases. The objective of this study is to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activities of crude extracts of aqueous and solvents from two Eritrean traditional medicinal plants (Silene macrosolen and Solanum incanum). Methodology: Roots and leaves of Solanum incanum and stems and roots of Silene macrosolen were collected and extracted using standard methods. The extracted ingredients were then subjected to standard bacterial strains (Escherichia. coli ATCC-25923, Staphylococcus. aureus ATCC-25922, and Pseudomonas. aeruginosa ATCC-27853) to determine their antibacterial activity by measuring their zone of inhibition. Phytochemical analysis of the crude extract to see the presence of phytochemical compounds in the extract of selected plants. Results: The highest inhibition zone was observed for methanol extracted S. macrosolen stem and chloroform extracted S. incanum root against S. aureus in 400 mg / ml with 23mm and 24.5mm respectively. Methanol and cold aqueous extracted stem of S. macrosolen also showed the highest inhibition of 26mm and 23mm diameter, against P. aeruginosa and E. coli respectively. The MIC and MBC of the cold aqueous extract of S. macrosolen stem were found at 25 mg / ml and 50mg/ml respectively, against both E. coli and P. aeruginosa, while the MIC of the chloroform-extracted root of S. incanum was found at 50mg/ml, however, the MBC could not be found in the concentration tested against S. aureus. Conclusion: Based on the finding of this study S. aureus was found to be more susceptible to the plant extracts than E. coli and P. aeruginosa, and the methanolic and cold aqueous extracts of the S. macrosolen stem revealed the highest antibacterial activity.

Phytochemical screening and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of crude extracts of different filamentous fungi.

Five filamentous fungal strains that grew in different whey-based media under submerged fermentation were investigated for antioxidant properties and phytochemicals. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannin, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, saponins, and terpenes in the crude intra- and extracellular ethyl acetate extracts of different strains. All fungal extracts exhibited effective antioxidant activities in terms of TPC, TFC, DPPH, FRAP, ABTS, reducing power, and metal chelating capacity. The activities of intracellular extracts were higher than the extracellular metabolites. Fermentation media with sugar and salt supplementation significantly influenced antioxidant production. Aspergillus niger in glucose-supplemented whey medium was found to exhibit the highest antioxidant properties. The antimicrobial activity of A. niger and Penicillium expansum extracts by microtiter plate assay showed a promising result against some pathogenic bacterial strains. Chromatographic analysis of the fungal extracts revealed the presence of chlorogenic acid, trans-cinnamic acid, ferulic acid quercetin, myricetin, kaempferol, and catechin which are known for their antioxidant properties. Accumulation of nutrients in fungal biomass under constraint environment produces secondary metabolites which has demonstrated efficacy towards alleviation of several degenerative diseases. The antioxidative enriched phytochemicals present in these five different fungal strains will provide a breakthrough in the utilisation of whey as inexpensive source of substrate for the growth of these fungi. Moreover, phytochemicals could be utilized as therapeutic agents in a cost-effective and environmentally friendly manner.

Antimicrobial activities of extract, fractions and isolated compounds from the fruits of Elaeocarpus floribundus growing in North-East India

BackgroundThe fruits of Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume are edible and used for the treatment of dysentery and diarrhoea, a claim of which no scientific studies have validated and whose bioactive principles are unknown. Therefore, the present study centres in the evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of the ethanolic crude extract, fractions and the identification of its active constituents. MethodsThe antimicrobial activity of the crude extract, fractions and the isolated compounds were determined using the broth microdilution method. Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminium chloride assays were utilized to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid contents. Respectively, while the essential minerals were determined using an atomic absorption spectrometer. ResultsThe crude extract exhibited significant antimicrobial activity, while the ethyl acetate fraction was the most active against the microorganisms among the fractions. The purification of this bioactive fraction yielded seven compounds which are reported for the first time from this source. Dibutyl succinate (1) exhibited the highest growth inhibitory activity with MIC values of 60, 80, 90 μg/mL against S. dysenteriae, C. albicans, and B. subtilis, respectively. The elemental analysis of the fruit revealed it to be a good source of essential elements. ConclusionThis study indicates that dibutyl succinate (1) can be considered as the main bioactive compound in the fruits of E. floribundus. Therefore, it can be further studied for the treatment of diarrhoea in vivo. These results thereby affirm the traditional uses of the fruits of E. floribundus.

Effects of piperazine and EDTA in garden snail towards electrolytic variation and antimicrobial activities

The present study has been carried out to evaluate the effects of piperazine and EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) in the garden snail, Cornu aspersum. EDTA and piperazine-like chemicals are widely used in various pharmaceutical, household, and industrial applications. The snails after collection were kept in different earthen pots and treated with these chemicals at different concentrations. A higher concentration of these chemicals led to a change in foot color from light to dark brown and loss in average weight with time. It has been found that a 10-fold increase in piperazine and EDTA concentration reduces weight by approximately 12.7- and 11.6-fold, respectively. Further, the study provides an insight into the altered antimicrobial activity of crude extract when treated with ligands. Additionally, the variations in the electrolytes in the mucus sample have been observed with the mean standard deviation (± SD) of 6.4 and 2.4 for Na+ and K+ ions, respectively.

In vitro antimicrobial activity of Alpinia zerumbet and A. purpurata nonpolar fraction of leaf extract

This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of fractions of leaf hydroalcoholic crude extracts: hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and butanolic of Alpinia zerumbet and A. purpurata by the agar drop diffusion method in order to screen the main compounds involved in antimicrobial activity. Leaves of A. zerumbet (Pers.) B.L. Burtt et R.M. Sm. and A. purpurata (Vieill) K. Schum adult plants were collected and then dried and macerated in 70% ethanol. Leaf extracts were further partitioned using solvents in increasing polarity. Dichloromethane fractions were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The major compound in the dichloromethane fraction of both species was the hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid). By drop diffusion assay, the antimicrobial activity of crude extract, as well as fractions of hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and butanolic, was evaluated against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. No bacteria were inhibited. However, the dichloromethane fraction exhibited promising antifungal activity against the following fungi tested: Cryptococcus neoformans, Fonsecaea pedrosoi, Trichophytoon rubrum, Microsporium canis and M. gypseum.

Preliminary Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of Tree Bark Extract of Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. with Reference to Air Pollution at Indore City

Purpose: Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm is used as medicine. This is safe alternative source of drugs as well. To evaluate the scientific basis for this plant species, a comprehensive study have been made for the phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activities of crude extracts of the stem bark along with physicochemical characters with reference to air pollution condition at different polluted areas at Indore City. Methods: The present study investigated preliminary phytochemical screening of stem bark by three different solvents petroleum ether extract, ethanolic extract and distilled water extract for three different polluted areas (Mixed Polluted Area (MPA) , Vehicular Polluted Area (VPA) and Industrial polluted Area (IPA)) and was compared by Low Polluted Area (LPA) at Indore City(M.P.) for 11 Secondary metabolites which are useful for development and growth of plants. Along with this antimicrobial activity was also studied for gram negative (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae) and gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) bacteria at all four pollution areas in two different extract (ethanolic and distilled water ) and zone of inhibition was measure in mm. Physicochemical characters was studied at all different areas. Results: Study revealed the presence of alkaloids, Carbohydrates and Tannin at all pollution areas in all three extracts in Eucalyptus tereticornis.. It was also observed that ethanolic bark extract of E. tereticornis was more effective in inhibiting at all the polluted areas including our reference area for Staphylococcus aureus the maximum zone of inhibition was 17mm at MPA. The results indicate that the ethanolic bark extracts shows more prominent results and might be exploited as natural drug for the treatment of several infectious diseases caused by these organisms.

Seasonal Variation in Antimicrobial Activity of Crude Extracts of Psammaplysilla sp. 1 from Phillips Reef, South Africa.

Marine invertebrates constitute a diverse group of marine organisms beneficial to humanity due to their therapeutic significance. The marine sponge species Psammaplysilla sp. 1 was collected from Philips Reef, South Africa, over a four-season period and assayed for antimicrobial potential. The physicochemical parameters of the collection site were also recorded. The sponge crude extracts' antimicrobial activity was evaluated using an agar well diffusion assay against 5 pathogens. Phytochemical screening was conducted to identify the presence of 7 critical phytochemical groups. During the four seasons, the mean water temperature was 17.35°C ± 2.06, with autumn recording the highest (20°C) temperature. Antifungal activity was observed by Psammaplysilla sp. 1 (30 mm) against C. albicans, and this was higher than that showed by standard drugs ICZ-10 µg (15 ± 0.1 mm), FLU-15 µg (21 ± 0.2 mm), and VCZ-5 µg (17 ± 0.1 mm), respectively. Similar bioactivities were observed seasonally with Psammaplysilla sp. 1 (22 mm and 24 mm) during autumn and spring, respectively, against C. difficile while only crude extracts collected in spring showed bioactivity against C. albicans. Psammaplysilla sp. crude extracts showed broad-spectrum bioactivity against all test pathogens. DCM : ME crude extracts tested positive for the presence of 2/7 of the phytochemicals (terpenoids and flavonoids). GC-MS revealed several previously reported biologically active compounds such bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-ol and phenol, 2,6-dibromo, some of which have been found in plants. This study revealed that sponge bioactivity is dependent on the season and further validated the antimicrobial potential of South African marine sponges.

Evaluation of Mycochemical Analysis and In Vitro Biological Activities of Some Russula Species (Agaricomycetes) from Pakistan.

In this study, mycochemical screening was performed to estimate the in vitro biological activities and antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of Russula aeruginea and R. brevipes. Crude extracts of these mushroom species were obtained by using maceration techniques. Qualitative mycochemical analysis showed the presence of a variety of secondary metabolites such as terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, reducing sugars, and anthraquinones. Antimicrobial activity of crude extracts was assessed by using agar well diffusion methods against virulent bacterial and fungal strains. Ethanolic extract of R. brevipes displayed maximum antibacterial activity, with a 28.4 ± 0.953 mm zone of inhibition against Bacillus subtilis. Likewise, ethanolic extract of R. aeruginea exhibited enhanced antifungal activity, with a 24.6 ± 0.333 mm zone of inhibition against Fusarium equiseti. The antioxidant potential of the ethanolic extracts was assessed using five assays: 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total phenolic content (TPC). The maximum percent inhibition for R. aeruginea was 87.069 ± 0.007 mg/mL on ABTS radicals. In contrast, the maximum percent inhibition for R. brevipes was 42.166% ± 0.023% and 0.571 ± 0.005 mmol/L of FeSO4 using the DPPH and FRAP methods, respectively. TFC was the same for both mushrooms (0.113 ± 0.002 mg/100 g of catechin), and the maximum TPC was 0.066 ± 0.00 mg/100 g of gallic acid equivalents. From these results, it was concluded that R. aeruginea and R. brevipes could be a source of new antimicrobial and antioxidant agents and may be useful for the development of novel drugs in the future.

Morpho-anatomical characteristics and antimicrobial activity of crude extract of Tephrosia villosa (L.) Pers. growing on sandy soil of Phan Thiet City, Binh Thuan Province, Vietnam

Tephrosia villosa (L.) Pers. is an herb species distributed mainly in arid sandy lands of the South Central Coast of Vietnam, including Binh Thuan province. The existing Vietnamese folk remedies have mentioned the medicinal effects of this herb in the treatment of edema and diabetes. Documents available in Vietnam provided only basic information on the morphology of this species. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the morphological and anatomical characteristics of stems, leaves and roots of the plants in the analysis of relation to climatic conditions of the region. Antibacterial activity was initially studied as a basis for subsequent pharmacological studies. The crude ethanolic extracts were tested for inhibitory against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus by agar well diffusion method. The results showed that the plants had formed the morpho-anatomical characteristics to adapt to strong wind, strong light, high temperature, and dry sandy soils of the region. The ability to inhibit the two mentioned bacteria via the diameters of the halo was 10.8 – 12.7 mm, respectively. The recommendation was to continue to study the anatomical characteristics of the primary roots to complete the data and further investigate the antibacterial and antifungal activities of extracts of Tephrosia villosa.

Morpho-anatomical characteristics and antimicrobial activity of crude extract of Tephrosia villosa (L.) Pers. growing on sandy soil of Phan Thiet City, Binh Thuan Province, Vietnam

Morpho-anatomical characteristics and antimicrobial activity of crude extract of Tephrosia villosa (L.) Pers. growing on sandy soil of Phan Thiet City, Binh Thuan Province, Vietnam

Antimicrobial activity of the crude extracts of Parkia biglobosa (Jacq) seeds on selected clinical isolates

Parkia biglobosa (Jacq) is a wild leguminous plant found in North-Central zone of Nigeria with high calorific value, essential proteins, fatty acids, and vitamins. The study investigated the antimicrobial activity of crude extracts of fermented and unfermented P. biglobosa seeds on selected clinical microbial isolates namely, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. P. biglobosa seeds were obtained from Oja-Oba market in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. The samples were pre-treated and pulverized into powder. The extraction was achieved with acetone and water and qualitative phytochemical analysis was performed following standard procedures. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts against the isolates was determined by agar well diffusion method. Qualitative phytochemical screening of the crude extracts showed the presence of tannins, alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin and glycosides. P. aeruginosa was sensitive to the aqueous extract of fermented seeds having a zone of inhibition of 14.00±1.00mm while for unfermented seeds it was 10.00±2.00 mm at 100 mg/ml. The acetone extracts of both fermented and unfermented seeds revealed antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa with zone of inhibition of 17.00±3.00 mm and 18.00±0.00 mm respectively. In conclusion, the crude extracts of the fermented and unfermented P. biglobosa seeds at a concentration of 75 and 100 mg/ml respectively have antimicrobial effect on the clinical isolates.

Phytochemical Profile and Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity of Echinodorus grandiflorus Crude Extract of the Leaves

Echinodorus grandiflorus has pharmacological properties due to its secondary metabolism, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, diuretic, analgesic, anti-rheumatic, antihypertensive, and cardioprotective effects. The aim of this study was to determine the phytochemical profile and evaluate the antimicrobial activity of crude extract of E. grandiflorus form its leaves. In the analysis of the phytochemical profile, qualitative tests were performed to identify tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, anthraquinones, steroids, triterpenes, saponins, polysaccharides, and coumarins. Antimicrobial tests were performed using the disk diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in 96-well microplates, using hydroalcoholic crude extract obtained by maceration in the proportions 1:5 and 1:10. The higher content of crude extract was observed by maceration 1:5 (3.26%). In phytochemical tests, the presence of tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins was detected. The microbial strains evaluated were Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Lactobacillus casei, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. The antimicrobial activity of crude extract has not apparent against the tested organisms. It is concluded that the crude extract present several phytochemical, however did not show antimicrobial activity, and furthermore studies should be carried out researching isolated chemical compounds and the antimicrobial activity leaves crude extract of Echinodorus grandiflorus plant.

Green synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of silver nanoparticles mediated by leaf extract ofSyzygium cuminiagainst poultry pathogens

The present study was carried out to determine the effect of plant extract of Syzygium cumini and their silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against the poultry pathogens. The plant extract was prepared in methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and n-hexane. The results of phytochemical screening showed that the leaf extract of S. cumini have medicinally important phytochemical constituents. In the present study, AgNPs were synthesised by using an extract of S. cumini. Synthesised AgNPs were confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible, and scanning electron microscopy. A surface plasmon resonance peak in absorption spectra showed absorption at 419 nm. The synthesised nanoparticles were found spherical in shape with the diameter range of 30–120 nm. The antimicrobial activity of crude extract and AgNPs was checked against the poultry bacterial pathogens by the agar well diffusion method. The authors’ findings revealed that the crude extract and AgNPs have promising activities against all the test pathogens. It is concluded that the bioactive compounds from the extract of S. cumini and extract-mediated AgNPs can be significantly used as an alternate poultry medicine to replace the available antibiotics, which have adverse side effects.

Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of crude extract of Tithonia diversifolia

Tithonia diversifolia is a tropical woody herb or succulent shrub cultivated in many countries; it’s an annual or perennial medicinal plant that has been a subject of research due to its various benefits in the treatment of different kinds of ailments.

Phytochemical investigation and evaluation of antimicrobial activities of Brucea antidysenterica leaves

The present study was intended to evaluate phytochemicals as well as antimicrobial (bacterial and fungal) activities of leaf extracts of Brucea antidysenterica. The powdered leaves of the plant were successively extracted with petroleum ether, chloroform/methanol (1:1), and methanol. The extracts obtained as such were subjected to phytochemical screening and the results of the screening revealed the presence of diverse phytochemicals about the extracting solvents. The leaf oil was extracted with n-hexane using the Soxhlet apparatus and its chemical composition was characterized by GC–MS which led to the identification of 30 compounds from Brucea antidysenterica representing 100% of the extracted oil. Among them, hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (18.34%), hydroxy [(1-oxo-2-propenyl) amino-] acetic acid (8.88%), α-pinene (8.82%), 2-ethoxyamphetamine (8.46%), 1-methyl-2-phenoxyethylamine (7.76%), methyl tetradecanoate (6.38%) and 4-methylene-1-(1-methylethyl) bicyclo [3.1.0] hex-2-ene (6.31%) were the prevailing compounds. Antimicrobial activities of crude extracts and the leaf oil were performed against four bacterial and two fungal species. All the tested samples were active against all bacterial species at a dose of 20 µL. The findings of the present study supported the traditional use of the plant against various ailments.