Antileishmanial Activity Of Essential Oil Research Articles

Solidago virgaurea L.: Chemical composition, antibacterial, and antileishmanial activity of essential oil from aerial part

Solidago virgaurea L. popularly called Goldenrod is a member of the Asteraceae family. S. virgaurea sample were obtained from Binsar, Almora (Indian state of Uttarakhand). The essential oil from the aerial part was distilled out using steam distillation, and GC and GC-MS were employed for analysis. A total of 27 constituents from aerial part were identified constituting 92.92% of total oil composition. The aerial parts of S. virgaurea were found to contain limonene (25.57%), α-humulene (12.19%), linalool oxide (8.65%), benzyl salicylate (6.40%), 1,4-cineole (6.22%) and humulene epoxide (II) (5.93%). The antibacterial activity of this essential oil was studied using disk diffusion and broth microdilution methods on five human pathogen bacteria and six plant pathogenic bacteria. There was moderate to good antibacterial activity in the oil sample extracted from the entire aerial portion of the plant. We did the antileishmanial activity of essential oils with Leishmania donovani (Dd8) promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes. EO was safer on the J774.A1 macrophages and lethal to promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes at different concentrations (10, 50, and 100 μg/ mL). These findings support the traditional uses of S. virgaurea and suggest its potential as a natural remedy for bacterial infections and leishmaniasis.

Antileishmanial activity of essential oil from a high-altitude herb, Heracleum pinnatum: an in vitro and in silico analysis

Heracleum pinnatum, an aromatic herb, is used as a traditional medicine in the Amchi system of Trans-Himalayan Ladakh (India). The study evaluates the leishmanicidal and cytotoxic potentials of H. pinnatum essential oil (HPEO). HPEO was found to be non-toxic against RAW 264.7 cell lines (CC50 = ∼56.42 μg mL−1) with a selectivity index (SI) of >28.2. It restricted the proliferation of promastigotes of Leishmania donovani (IC50 < 2 μg mL−1). GC-MS coupled with GC-FID revealed 26 components (98.05% of EO), with bornyl acetate (42.45%), γ-terpinene (14.05%), p-cymene (10.94%), and limonene (9.06%) being the major components. In silico docking revealed that the major components also bonded efficiently with the metabolic enzymes of L. donovani, disrupting and inhibiting the pathways and affecting the survival of the parasite. The research demonstrates that HPEO exhibits potent antileishmanial properties, potentially attributed to its inhibition of specific metabolic pathways utilised by the parasite.

Evaluating the in vitro anti-Leishmanial activity of essential oil extracted from Cymbopogon Citratus against Leishmania Donovani

Leishmania is one of the protozoan parasites that are transferred to human by infected sand flies and gives rise to a range of diseases entitled as Leishmaniasis. More than 20 known species of Leishmania can infect humans and cause various clinical symptoms. Three most known clinical manifestations are Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL), Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis (MCL) and Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) (kala-azar or black fever). The difference in the clinical form dependent on several factors: species of Leishmania, type of vector that transmits the Leishmania, and the immune status of an infected individual. The current drugs which are used as anti-leishaminial treatment are characterized by enormous side effects, including their toxicity to human, long term treatment, liver problems and huge cost. Therefore, there is a necessity to find an alternative treatment marked as low cost, more specific against parasite’s stages, and metabolic pathways, and non-toxicity to human. Plants are considered one of the important sources for the remedy of the tropical diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Cymbopogon Citratus (lemon grass) is a herbal medicine used as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-malarial, anti-protozoal and for gastrointestinal problems remedy. In order to detect the effects of C. Citratus against Leishmaniasis, in this study, serial dilution for the essential oil of C.citratus (1000, 500, 250, 125, 62.5 and 31.25) µg/ml were used against L. donovani Promastigotes. Viability was also evaluated at 24, 48 and 72 hours post-treatment. The results revealed that high concentrations (1000, 500 and 250) µg/ml were more effective than other concentrations during all time intervals, and IC50 values were 640, 492 and 442 µg/ml at 24, 48 and 72 hours respectively. In conclusion, this current study is one of a persistent search to find new treatments characterized by its high activity and low adverse effects to treat protozoa parasites for instance, Leishmania, and displays the effectiveness of the essential oils as a promising alternative

In vitro Anti-Leishmanial Activity of Essential Oils Extracted from Plants Growing in Northern Cyprus Against Leishmania tropica

Natural plant products are considered as a source of novel and effective compounds for the treatment of leishmaniasis. In this study, the in vitro activities of essential oils obtained from Origanum dubium (OD), Origanum majorana (OM), Salvia fruticosa (SF) and Laurus nobilis (LN) plants in Northern Cyprus were investigated against Leishmania tropica. Leishmania tropica strain (MHOM/TR/2012/CBCL-LT) was obtained. RPMI-1640 was added to 96-well plates in 100 μL aliquots, 100 μg/mL essential oil was added to the first well of each row and serial 2-fold dilutions were performed. A promastigote suspension was pipetted into all wells, and the plates were incubated. The promastigotes were enumerated using a haemocytometer. OD essential oil was effective at killing all promastigotes at a minimum inhibitor height (MIC)=0.2 μg/mL and had high activity at the lowest concentrations. Both SF and LN oils had MIC=1.56 μg/mL and LD50=0.78 μg/mL. SF was observed to impair promastigote morphology at the lowest concentrations, while LN did not exert any effect at concentrations <0.2 μg/mL. OM essential oil was found to have a MIC=3.13 μg/mL and a LD50=1.56 μg/mL. All tested essential oils inhibited promastigotes of Leishmania tropica. OD essential oil demonstrated the highest anti-leishmanial activity. Bitkilerden elde edilen doğal ürünlerin leishmaniasis tedavisi için yeni ve etkili bileşiklerin üretilmesine öncülük edeceği düşünülmektedir. Çalışmamızda, Kuzey Kıbrıs’ta yetişen Origanum dubium (OD), Origanum majorana (OM), Salvia fruticosa (SF) ve Laurus nobilis (LN) bitkilerinden elde edilen uçucu yağların Leishmania tropica’ya karşı in vitro etkinlikleri araştırılmıştır. Çalışmamızda, Leishmania tropica suşu (MHOM/TR/2012/CBCL-LT) kullanıldı. Düz tabanlı 96’lık plaklarda, tüm kuyucuklara 100 μL RPMI-1640 ve ilk kuyucuklara 100 μg/mL uçucu yağlar eklenerek, seri dilüsyonları yapıldı. Ardından tüm kuyucuklara Leishmania tropica promastigot süspansiyonundan pipetlendi ve inkübe edildi. Hemositometre yöntemiyle promastigotların sayısı incelendi. OD yağının minimum inhibitör konsantrasyonu (MİK)=0,2 μg/mL’de tüm promastigotları öldürürken, en düşük konsantrasyonlarda bile etkili olduğu görülmüştür. SF ve LN uçucu yağlarının ikisinde de MİK=1,56 μg/mL, LD50=0,78 μg/mL olarak saptanmıştır. SF’nin en düşük konsantrasyonlarının bile promastigot morfolojisini bozduğu görülürken, Laurus nobilis’in ise 0,2 μg/mL’den sonraki konsantrasyonlarda etkisini kaybettiği belirlenmiştir. OM uçucu yağının MİK=3,13 μg/mL, LD50=1,56 μg/mL olduğu görülmüştür. Kullanılan tüm uçucu yağların Leishmania tropica promastigotlarını inhibe ettiği görülürken, en yüksek anti-leishmanial etkinlik Origanum dubium uçucu yağında bulunmuştur.

Essential oils from Protium heptaphyllum fresh young and adult leaves (Burseraceae): chemical composition, in vitro leishmanicidal and cytotoxic effects

ABSTRACT In this study, the chemical composition and in vitro antileishmanial activity of essential oils (EOs) from Protium heptaphyllum fresh young (PY-EO) and adult (PA-EO) leaves against promastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis were evaluated. PY-EO and PA-EO leaves were highly active and activeagainst promastigote forms of L. amazonensis, since IC50 = 9.02 and 28.88 μg/mL, respectively. Chemical constituents of PY-EO and PA-EO leaves were identified by GC-MS and GC-FID. β-Caryophyllene (15.1%), α-amorphene (9.4%) and α-copaene (8.1%) were the major constituents identified in the PY-EO, whereas onlyβ-caryophyllene (15.0%), α-amorphene (9.1%) and α-copaene (8.0%) were identified at high concentrations in the PA-EO. Both PY-EO and PA-EO leaves showed moderate toxicity to Artemia salina by the Brine shrimp test.Results support the concept that several EOs, or at least some of their constituents, can become useful in the research of new therapeutic agents for leishmaniasis and in its clinical management.

Leishmanicidal activity of Piper marginatum Jacq. from Santarém-PA against Leishmania amazonensis

Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease that has high endemicity and is among the six parasitic diseases of higher occurrence in the world. The current treatments are limited due to their toxicity, treatment resistance and high cost which have increased the search for new substances of natural origin for its therapy. Based on this, an in vitro biological and chemical investigation was carried out to evaluate the potential of Piper marginatum against Leishmania amazonesis. P. marginatum leaves were collected to obtain the essential oil (EO) and the ethanolic extract (CE). The chemical profile of the CE and fractions was obtained by 1H NMR. The analysis of the EO chemical composition was performed by GC-MS. EO, CE and fractions were submitted to antileishmanial and cytotoxicity assays against macrophages. The chromatographic profiles of EO, CE and fractions showed the presence of phenolic compounds and terpenoids, having 3,4-Methylenedioxypropiophenone as a major compound. All P. marginatum samples showed low toxicity to macrophages. The CE and the methanolic, hexane and ethyl acetate fractions had low cytotoxicity when compared to Pentamidine. All tested samples inhibited growth of L. amazonensis promastigotes. The antileishmanial activity of EO, CE and fractions were evaluated in macrophages infected with L. (L.) amazonensis and treated with the concentrations 1, 10 and 100 μg/mL for 48 h. All samples were active, but EO and CE showed superior activity against amastigote forms when compared to the promastigote forms of L. amazonensis. This work describes for the first time the antileishmanial activity of the species P. marginatum and its cytotoxicity against macrophages, suggesting that it can be an alternative source of natural products in the phytotherapeutic treatment of leishmaniasis.

Chemical composition and &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; antileishmanial activity of essential oil of the leaves of &lt;i&gt;Discopodium pennnervium&lt;/i&gt; Hochst

Discopodium penninervium Hochst (Solanaceae), locally known as Ameraro (Amharic), is traditionally used in Ethiopia for the treatment of various ailments including schistosomiasis, stomachache, eczema, leprosy, diarrhea, liver disease and cancer. The chemical composition and biological activities of D. penninervium essential oil has not been reported. The objectives of the present study were therefore, to determine the chemical composition and evaluate the in vitro antileshmanial activity of the essential oil of D. penninervium. Fresh leaves of D. peninnervium were subjected to hydrodistillation using Clevenger-type apparatus. Chemical composition of the essential oil obtained was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In vitro antileishmanial activity of the oil was evaluated against the promastigote stage of L. aethiopica and L. donovani. Hydrodistillation of the leaves of D. penninervium afforded a colourless essential oil with yield of 0.01% (w/w). GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 65 components comprising 98.6% of the total oil. Majorly, the oil is composed of hydrocarbons such as 1,4-diethyl benzene (11.49%), 1,2-diethyl benzene (11.86%) and m- xylene (8.45%) and terpenoids including 1,8-cineole (9.8%), geranic acid (8.28%) and dihydrocitronellol (5.0%). The oil possesses antileishmanial activity against L. aethiopica and L. donovani with IC50 values of 12.62 and 19.93 µl/ml, respectively. The results show that the essential oil of the leaves of D. penninervium is mainly composed of aromatic hydrocarbons and terpenoids, and exhibits antileshmanial activity on both L. aethopica and L. donovani .Keywords: Discopodium penninervium, essential oil, antileshmanial activity, chemical composition, traditional medicine

Antileishmanial and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils of Medicinal Plant Achillea santolina L.

Achillea santolina is medicinal plant widely used in folk medicine for gastrointestinal disorders, anti-inflammatory and anti-diuretic. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that about 350 million people are considered to be at risk of contracting leishmaniasis especially among people living in the developing countries. This research will be the first time that evaluate antileishmanial activity of essential oils of A. santolina before and after flowering. Wild plants of Achillea santolina were collected from the Kalamoon Mountains in Syria before and after flowering. Essential oil of wild plants was identified by GC/MS analysis. The activity of essential oil was evaluated against five bacterial strains by well diffusion method and Promastigote lysis percentage was determined by an MTT assay. Chemical composition of essential oils of A. santolina was variable. According to our results the samples from Assal Al-ward and Deir Atiyah after flowering gave light yellow oils and the main constituents were Borneol 17.34% and Camphor 27.69% respectively. While the sample before flowering from Assal Al-ward gave blue oil due to presence Azulene 0.69% which absence in oils after flowering and the main component was 2-Cyclohexen-1-ol, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl) 13.05%. The essential oil of A. santolina at concentration 30% after flowering from Deir Atyiah showed the highest inhibitory effect on Klebsiella pneumonia with diameter 21 mm. Also essential oil of A. santolina before flowering gave the highest antileishmanial activity with an IC50 value (56.17 μg/mL). The antileishmanial activity of oils from Achillea santolina before flowering was better than after flowering, in contrast the antibacterial activity of oils before flowering was less than after flowering. Depending on the results, the oils from plants before flowering It could be constitute a potential treatment in the future.

Chemical composition, antimicrobial and antileishmanial activity of essential oil of Juniperus excelsa M.Bieb. from Ziarat, Balochistan

Essential oils isolated from leaves, barriers and from their mixture of Juniper (Juniperus excelsa M.Bieb) growing in Ziarat district. Essential oils were obtained by Clevenger-type apparatus, and components identified by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). A total 27 components were identified which were inconsistent in their composition in the essential oils of J.excelsa, where five major variable components were: limonene (15.5-28.59%), followed by α-pinene (5.01-14.04%), cedrol (4.68-14.5%), δ-elemen (6.9-13.01%) and δ-cadinene (5.2-12.06%). Essential oils were evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial activity against five bacterial species by disk diffusion method. J. excelsa essential oils showed antibacterial activity against tested organisms whilst the highest inhibition zone was observed for E. coli. Antileishmanial activity of essential oils isolated from juniper leaves, barriers and their mixture were also determined by using different concentration from (0.01ng/ml to 100 μg/ml). The IC50 value of all three essential oils were 0.0065 μg/ml, 0.0088 μg/ml and 0.0093 μg/ml respectively and demonstrated almost 100 times more antileishmanial activity in comparison to the standard Amphotericin B. Keywords: Juniperus excels; Antimicrobial activity; Antileishmanial activity; Essential oil composition http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2017.60083

Potential Antileishmanial Activity of Essential Oils of Native Species from Southern Brazil

Leishmaniasis are a neglected tropical diseases that affecting 98 countries on three continents. Every year, 1.3 million of people are infected with the disease and 50.000 persons die because of this. The aim of this work was to evaluate antileishmanial activities in vitro from native species of South of Brazil belonging to the Myrtaceae family. The essential oils from leaves of Calyptranthes grandifolia, Calyptranthes tricona, Eugenia anomala, Eugenia arenosa, Eugenia pyriformis, Myrrhinium atropurpureum and Psidium salutare were analyzed in vitro for antileishmanial activity against promastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis, employed MTT assay. The essential oils from leaves of C. grandifolia, C. tricona, E. arenosa and E. pyriformis presented IC50 values of 31.27 ± 6.40 µg/mL, 26.13 ± 8.60 µg/mL, 13.72 ± 8.65 µg/mL and 19.73 ± 5.40 µg/mL, respectively, and not are statistically different from pentamidine (IC50 = 23.22 ± 9.04 µg/mL), the reference drug. The results show the potential of essential oils from leaves of C. grandifolia, C. tricona, E. arenosa and E. pyriformis as antileishmanial, as well as the importance of continuing studies to in order to advance in the search and development of new therapeutic options from of brazilian flora sources.

Antileishmanial activity of essential oil and 6,7-dehydroroyleanone isolated from Tetradenia riparia

Tetradenia riparia plant is used as a traditional medicine in Africa for the treatment of inflammatory and infectious diseases as like parasitic. Therapy for leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis specie often fails, and the conventional drugs are toxic, expensive, require a long period of treatment, and adverse effects are common. The alternative therapies using natural products are inexpensive and have few or any adverse reaction. These reasons are sufficient to investigate the new natural therapeutic for leishmaniasis. We evaluated the potential of the essential oil (TrEO) and 6,7-dehydroroyleanone (TrROY) isolated from T. riparia on L. (L.) amazonensis promastigote and amastigote forms, cytotoxicity on human erythrocytes and murine macrophages, nitric production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA expression. TrEO was the most effective to promote the Leishmania promastigote death. After 72 h incubation, the lethal dose of TrEO and TrROY that promoted 50% Leishmania death (LD50) were 0.8 μg/mL and 3 μg/mL, respectively. TrEO and TrROY were not cytotoxic to human erythrocytes, but TrROY was toxic to murine macrophages resulting in a low selectivity index. The transmission electronic microscopy showed that TrEO (0.03 μg/mL) was able to modify the promastigote ultrastructures suggesting autophagy as chromatin condensation, blebbing, membranous profiles and nuclear fragmentation. Infected-macrophages treated with TrEO (0.03 μg/mL) or TrROY (10 μg/mL) had an infection index decreased in 65 and 48%. TrEO did not induce iNOS mRNA expression or nitrite production in macrophages infected with Leishmania. TrROY and mainly TrEO promoted the Leishmania death, and TrROY showed loss toxicity to erythrocytes cells. Other compounds derived from T. riparia and the essential oil could be explored to develop a new alternative treatment for leishmaniasis.

Antileishmanial activity of essential oil from Chenopodium ambrosioides and its main components against experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis in BALB/c mice

Chenopodium ambrosioides have been used during centuries by native people to treat parasitic diseases. Aims of the studyTo compare the in vivo anti-leishmanial activity of the essential oil (EO) from C. ambrosioides and its major components (ascaridole, carvacrol and caryophyllene oxide). Materials and methodsAnti-leishmanial effect was evaluated in BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania amazonensis and treated with the EO, main compounds and artificial mix of pure components by intralesional route at 30mg/kg every 4 days during 14 days. Diseases progression and parasite burden in infected tissues were determined. ResultsEO prevented lesion development compared (p<0.05) with untreated animals and treated with vehicle. In addition, the efficacy of EO was also statistically superior (p<0.05) compared with the glucantime-treated animals. No potential effects were observed with pure components treatment. Mix of pure compounds cause death of animals after 3 days of treatment. ConclusionsOur results demonstrate the superiority of EO against experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. amazonensis.

Comparative Chemical, Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Properties of Essential Oils from Chenopodium ambrosioides

In countries where leishmaniasis is endemic, there are not very many treatment alternatives and most options have problems associated with their use. Plants and their natural products constitute good sources of interesting lead compounds that could be potentially active against Leishmania. Chenopodium ambrosioides is a plant that is widely used in popular medicine and its antiparasitic effects have been documented, including the antileishmanial potentialities of Chenopodium oil. The objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition, in-vitro cytotoxicity and antileishmanial activity of essential oils extracted from C. ambrosioides, which received different treatments prior to extraction. The chemical characterization by GC-MS of the three essential oil samples showed similar composition and the major components were alpha-terpinene (17.0-20.7%), p-cymene (20.2-21.1%) and ascaridole (30.5-47.1%). The essential oils exhibited similar antileishmanial activities against intracellular amastigote form, with IC50 values between 4.7 and 12.4 microg/mL. However, a lower cytotoxicity was displayed by the essential oil extracted from fresh green vegetable material, which was statistically different (P < 0.05) from the other samples. This study demonstrated that the prior treatment of plant material did not interfere with the antiparasitic activity of essential oils from C. ambrosioides but did change their cytotoxicity, which should be taken into account in further studies.

Antimicrobial and antileishmanial activity of essential oil from the leaves of Annona foetida (Annonaceae)

bicyclogermacrene (35.12%), (E)-caryophyllene (14.19%) and α-copaene (8.19%). The antimicrobial and antileishmanial activities were investigated. The oil showed potent antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans and Rhodococcus equi. The oil also showed significant antileishmanial activity, giving the best results against Leishmania guyanensis. A preliminary cytotoxicity assay for this oil was carried out on hamster and mice (Balb/c) peritoneal macrophages. The results obtained were similar to pentamidine and considered not to be cytotoxic to macrophages.