Abstract
Achillea santolina is medicinal plant widely used in folk medicine for gastrointestinal disorders, anti-inflammatory and anti-diuretic. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that about 350 million people are considered to be at risk of contracting leishmaniasis especially among people living in the developing countries. This research will be the first time that evaluate antileishmanial activity of essential oils of A. santolina before and after flowering. Wild plants of Achillea santolina were collected from the Kalamoon Mountains in Syria before and after flowering. Essential oil of wild plants was identified by GC/MS analysis. The activity of essential oil was evaluated against five bacterial strains by well diffusion method and Promastigote lysis percentage was determined by an MTT assay. Chemical composition of essential oils of A. santolina was variable. According to our results the samples from Assal Al-ward and Deir Atiyah after flowering gave light yellow oils and the main constituents were Borneol 17.34% and Camphor 27.69% respectively. While the sample before flowering from Assal Al-ward gave blue oil due to presence Azulene 0.69% which absence in oils after flowering and the main component was 2-Cyclohexen-1-ol, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl) 13.05%. The essential oil of A. santolina at concentration 30% after flowering from Deir Atyiah showed the highest inhibitory effect on Klebsiella pneumonia with diameter 21 mm. Also essential oil of A. santolina before flowering gave the highest antileishmanial activity with an IC50 value (56.17 μg/mL). The antileishmanial activity of oils from Achillea santolina before flowering was better than after flowering, in contrast the antibacterial activity of oils before flowering was less than after flowering. Depending on the results, the oils from plants before flowering It could be constitute a potential treatment in the future.
Highlights
Increased interest in products of medicinal plants has been observed within recent years, due to the cosmetics, natural antimicrobial agents, pharmaceutical and foodpreservation systems
The hydrodistillation of the aerial parts of Achillea santolina samples that were collected from two different locations, the samples after flowering (A1: Assal Alward and A2: Deir Atiyah) gave light yellow oils, while the sample before flowering (A3: Assal Al-ward) gave blue oil due to presence Azulene 0.69% which absence in oils after flowering
The second sample from Deir Atiyah after flowering showed different proportions and components of their main constituents, the main components were characterized by large amounts of Camphor 27.69%, Eucalyptol 11.71%, 3-Cyclohexen1-ol, 4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl) 8.01%, 3Cyclohexen-1-one, 2-isopropyl-5-methyl 6.36%, 2Cyclohexen-1-ol, 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethyl) 3.54%, Camphene 3.43%, 2-Cyclohexen-1-ol, 1-methyl-4-(1methylethyl) 3.29%
Summary
Increased interest in products of medicinal plants has been observed within recent years, due to the cosmetics, natural antimicrobial agents, pharmaceutical and foodpreservation systems. Leishmaniasis is a major public health problem especially in the developing countries. Anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis is caused by Leishmania tropica and transmitted between humans by the Phlebotomus sergenti sand fly. Incidence in cutaneous leishmaniasis in Syria was 23,000 cases in year (Hayani et al, 2015). In early 2013, an alarming increase to 41,000 cutaneous leishmaniasis cases was reported (Haddad et al, 2015; Hayani et al, 2015). The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that about 350 million people are considered to be at risk of contracting leishmaniasis especially among people living in the developing countries (WHO, 2010). According to the World Health Organization about 80% of the people around the world turn to traditional medicine for their health care (Avijit et al, 2007)
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