Anticipatory Measures Research Articles

Civil Liability for the Damage Inflicted on Natural Objects: Gaps in the Russian Legislation

Introduction. Global climate change, the reduction of wildlife populations, and ecological disturbances remain the most acute problems – the negative anthropogenic impact on nature increases and becomes more diverse. Therefore, the work on the creation of the efficient tools for protecting and restoring natural resources continues at the international and national levels of legal regulation. One of these tools is civil liability for the damage inflicted on the natural objects, which is insufficiently elaborated in the Russian legislation. The aim of the paper is to analyse the problems of legal regulation in the field of conservation and use of the natural objects in the Russian Federation and to offer recommendations to solve them.Materials and Methods. To conduct the research, philosophical methods of cognition (metaphysics, dialectics of objectivity, empirical, prognostic, logical), as well as the general scientific methods (complex analysis) and specific scientific methods of cognition (comparative and system analysis for studying the interdisciplinary relationships between civil and environmental law) were used.Results. The efficient application of the civil liability mechanisms for the damage inflicted on the natural objects is hindered by the following main gaps in the Russian Federation legislation: the lack of uniform and clear terminology; shortcomings in the methods of assessing the environmental damage; inconsistency between the principles of compensation for the environmental damage in different branches of law; insufficient role of anticipatory measures in preventing the environmental damage.Discussion and Conclusion. Based on the results of the analysis, a number of proposals have been outlined to improve the acting legislation of the Russian Federation, which will ensure implementation of the civil liability measures for violation of the laws regulating the use of wildlife objects and their habitat. The reasoned recommendations developed by the author can be used as a theoretical basis for the advanced scientific developments in the studied field.

Law Enforcement Against Trafficking of Narcotics & Prohibited Drugs in Pohuwato District

Drug abuse from year to year always increases, The causes of this abuse consist of two factors, namely internal and external factors. With these problems, this study aims to determine the implementation of law enforcement against drug abuse and illegal drugs. The approach method that the author will use in this study is the Juridical Sociological approach method. The Juridical Sociological approach focuses on the implementation of research to obtain empirical legal knowledge by being directly involved with the object. The results of the study show that in the process of law enforcement against narcotics crimes both in the process of investigation, investigation, prosecution, examination in court and the execution process refers to the Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP) while the imposition of sanctions is regulated in Law Number 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics. BNN, Police, Prosecutors, Judges and other law enforcers including community components have the responsibility to carry out prevention and control of drug abuse. This is a mandate from the laws and regulations, including in this case the Narcotics Law. Prevention of drug abuse must be carried out as soon as possible with anticipatory measures, including primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary prevention

Navigating Digital Era Challenges: Resilience Among Educators in Sindh (Pakistan)

This research aimed at establishing the coping techniques that teachers in Sindh, Pakistan have adopted to deal with impacts of digital age. Qualitative case study research design was used in this study. Ten teachers from various teaching backgrounds in Sindh was selected to collect the data. The purposeful recruitment of these participants was with the intention of capturing possible diversity in the participant’s experiences and Precarious Academic Interests, such as teaching in rural and urban areas and in the public as well as the private schools as well as in terms of their readiness with digital learning resources. The results of the research show that educators’ resilience not only involves the technological perspective of how they accommodate themselves to learning, but also is a combination of cognitions and emotions, professionalism, collaboration, and individual flexibility. Teachers managed challenges of digital education on teaching by creating anticipatory measures and asking for help from other teachers as an illustration of strength of interpersonal connections. The work provides the educational leaders and policymakers with the insights of how to ensure the teacher flourishing and their professional development in the context of the continuous digitalization of education.

Smallholder farmers’ coping strategies to climate change and variability: Evidence from Ethiopia

Climate change poses significant challenges for smallholder farmers worldwide, particularly in regions like sub-Saharan Africa, including Ethiopia, requiring effective coping strategies for resilience. This study examines farmers’ exposure to climatic shocks and their adoption of coping strategies. Findings from a survey of 646 farm households and qualitative discussions revealed farmers’ high vulnerability to climate-related hazards. Smallholder farmers rely on ex-ante coping strategies, including early planting (48.5%), income diversification (41.3%), increasing savings (42 %), water management (39.2%), and sowing drought-resistant varieties (37%). Similarly, they resort to ex-post coping techniques, such as reducing expenses (46.1%), utilizing savings (41.6%), changes in consumption patterns (39.5%), seeking assistance from relatives (23.5%), borrowing (17.6%), selling assets (11.9%), and migration for employment (8.7%). Farmers also encounter constraints such as limited access to weather information, inadequate extension services, weak institutional support, insufficient skills, high poverty levels, and limited access to innovations. Factors like land size, climate training, self-efficacy, cost-effectiveness perception, and hazard consequence perception positively influence farmers’ adoption of proactive strategies against climate change, while being male, older, less educated, owning a farm, limited access to extension services, and market constraints hinder anticipatory measures. Additionally, household head being male, education level, farm experience, land ownership, and access to climate information positively impact the implementation of ex-post strategies, whereas age, agroecology, infrequent extension worker visits, and limited road access have negative effects. Enhancing access to climate information, institutional support, and design policy with an understanding of these multifaceted contexts could substantially improve smallholder farmers’ resilience to climate change.

Profiling Practices in the Context of Anti-Terrorism Prevention Strategies: Acceptable or Controversial Anticipatory Measures

In the face of the constant threat and severity of terrorist acts that continue to claim an increasing number of victims, the international community is incessantly exposed to such dangers. Anticipating certain early interventions conducted by security and law enforcement services in the European Union member states, such as profiling practices, has become essential for identifying individuals on the path to radicalization or violent extremism.

Innovative Model for Assessing the Level of Failure Risk in Construction and Buildings

This research explores risk management in construction projects to prevent potential failures due to natural factors or human errors. The objective is to develop a risk assessment model for failures in construction and building projects, focusing on identification, categorization, risk level determination, and model development. The research benefits encompass theoretical contributions to construction risk management, governmental policy guidelines, operational assistance in project risk management, and enhancements in the safety and quality of construction projects. This research innovates by expanding research variables, incorporating failure risk level assessments, and utilizing technological approaches. The research methodology combines quantitative and descriptive approaches, focusing on failure risk factors from service/contractor providers, consultants, and project owners. Data is obtained through literature studies, secondary data, and primary data via questionnaires. The analysis involves factor analysis, importance index, impact probability matrix, and the Partial Least Square (PLS) method for structural analysis. The research conclusion identifies failure risk factors including financial aspects, management, equipment availability, and natural impacts such as floods and earthquakes. The risk assessment model categorizes risks into high, medium, and low, enabling appropriate anticipatory measures. This model provides guidance for stakeholders to mitigate risks, improve quality, and maintain the integrity of construction projects and buildings, supporting safety and success throughout project stages. This research makes a significant contribution to construction project risk management and construction quality improvement.

When to Care: Temporal Displacements and the Expertise of Maintenance Workers in Public Transport

Fueled by digital developments modern wage labor is increasingly subject to new forms of temporal objectification. In the field of public transport, maintenance workers must deal with two recent developments. Predictive maintenance and the digital tracking of time temporally displace maintenance and repair work. When dealing with disruptions, such systems favor anticipatory measures and retrospective evaluation over work practices in the immediate aftermath. This challenges the professional expertise of workers and limits their ability of caring for the infrastructure on their own terms. While this limits the scope of practical knowledge in dealing directly with disruptions, it also opens up new avenues for autonomy and creates opportunities for reevaluing practical knowledge in other areas. The ability to improvise is increasingly important given that the systems are often unreliable and operate on the basis of vague assumptions. Instead of a de-skilling, a temporal shift occurs. Practical knowledge becomes important beyond immediate repair practices, namely before and after disruptions are dealt with.

UNSUPERVISED MACHINE LEARNING FOR SEISMIC ANOMALY DETECTION: LOCAL OUTLIER FACTOR ALGORITHM TO INDONESIAN EARTHQUAKE DATA

Indonesia's location on the "Ring of Fire" poses a high risk for seismic events. Addressing this, our study applied the Local Outlier Factor (LOF) algorithm for advanced seismic anomaly detection, crucial for geotectonic upheaval prediction. The LOF, adept at unsupervised learning in label-scarce datasets, analyzed data from the Indonesian Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency, validated for integrity. Our approach, considering local density deviations, offered a refined alternative to conventional threshold-based detection, accommodating seismic data's intrinsic variability. The LOF algorithm successfully pinpointed anomalies, revealing unique seismic events unconstrained by geography or time. A comparative analysis underscored the LOF's superiority in recognizing local deviations and handling disparate data densities. These findings highlight the LOF's utility in strengthening seismic risk mitigation and anticipatory measures. The diverse anomalies identified, varying in magnitude and depth, reflect Indonesia's complex seismic interplay. To conclude, the LOF proves potent for anomaly detection, potentially elevating public safety and disaster preparedness. Future research will compare the LOF with other unsupervised methods, seeking to deepen seismic risk comprehension

Anticipating multisectoral use of services with the support of AI

Introduction: This paper presents the preliminary results of a collaborative R&D project which aims at developing artificial intelligence (AI) supported anticipation of multisectoral use of services. If we were able to predict the escalation of health and social problems of clients and the use of several different services, we could plan and offer them early preventive services with the objective of improving the quality of life and reducing the costs of service provision in the longer term.
 Approach and methods: The multidisciplinary project in progress collaborates at four spheres of research and development within the elderly care of one welfare region in Finland.
 1) Anticipatory management practices concerning risk client groups and anticipatory case management practices concerning individual clients in risk are being developed supported by predictive AI technology. The requirements concerning the information the AI based prediction model should produce to the managers and to the case managers have provisionally been defined. The current practices are co-studied, and the new practices supported by AI are co-designed by involving the “relevant” health and social care managers and practitioners in the welfare region.
 2) A machine learning (ML) predictive model based on health and social care data is being developed. The prediction model will be developed based on retrospective analysis of health and social data of the welfare region. The available data includes clinical data recorded during healthcare encounters, decisions, and usage of social services as well as physical function assessments. The data is used to train and test potential machine learning algorithms for predicting future service use of the elderly individuals based on their current health status and past use of services.
 3) The implementation of the AI/ML model within the IT infrastructure and information systems (IS) in use will be supported and investigated. The developed ML model would eventually be integrated into the IT/IS environment of the case organization. That entails connecting the specific data sources, running the model computations, and passing the results to the digital workflow of the care production management for knowledge management.
 
 4) The EU and Finnish legislation that regulate the use of personal health and social data in the development and use of AI based predictive models is being analyzed. Requirements and potential limitations imposed by current legislation on the use of predictive models are identified. In particular, the strict conditions applicable to making automated risk assessments of individuals for purposes of taking anticipatory measures are analyzed and avenues for meeting them by health and social care organizations are discussed.
 Results and outputs: Working on these four spheres, the project produces a generic model on developing the anticipation practices of multisectoral use of services with the help of AI technology. The model will available to all the organizations which are developing AI based anticipation of multisectoral use of services.
 Key words: Anticipation, prediction, health and social services usage, machine learning model, AI software, legislation, elderly care

The European Green Deal: A Useful Framework for Anticipating Change in Companies?

Sergio CanaldaThe restructuring of companies to adapt to a more sustainable production context requires anticipatory measures. These measures must necessarily be articulated through the principle of just transition, offering assistance to workers affected by the restructuring. The European Green Deal aims to promote the transformation of the European Union towards a more sustainable economic model. However, the measures included in the European Union (EU) Fair Transition Recommendation are generic actions without concrete content. When it mentions the need to encourage employee participation in corporate restructuring through information and consultation, the Recommendation refers to the implementation of the Quality Framework on Anticipation of Change and Corporate Restructuring. This paper addresses the adequacy of the Quality Framework to ensure a fair transition in green restructuring processes. In the first section, the interconnection between the EU Fair Transition Recommendation and theQuality Framework is briefly analysed. In the second section, the suitability of the Quality Framework as a reference instrument to guide restructuring processes is examined in two respects: on the one hand, the involvement of workers’ representatives and, on the other hand, the active participation of public authorities through the implementation of other social policies. Green Restructuring, Anticipation of Change, Just Transition, European Green Deal, Quality Framework, Information and Consultation, Social Partners, Public Authorities

Socialization and Assistance in Strengthening Food Security through Food Security Strategy Seminar Activities in Jambenenggang Village (Group 8 Food Security Division)

Adequate food security does not guarantee the possibility of change in the future, so anticipatory measures are taken to ensure continuity of food availability. This article aims to describe socialization and assistance in strengthening food security through food security strategy seminars to increase economic independence and competitiveness in Jambenenggang village, Kebonpedes sub-district. This seminar method is carried out through various stages, including coordination, seminar implementation and evaluation. The conclusion is that, 1) Coordinating activities for the preparation of this seminar went smoothly, for speakers for this seminar, Mr. Ahmad Zenal Muttaqin then also invited the chairman of IWAPI (Indonesian Entrepreneurs Women's Association) Kebonpedes sub-district, Kebonpedes sub-district head and Jambenenggang village head. 2) Implementation of a seminar for the people of Jambenenggang village about food security has an impact on understanding the importance of food security to be able to think and act productively in order to have a competitive economy

The Experience of Families Caring for Asthma Sufferers During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia: A Qualitative Research

Familial support was essential to the care of asthma patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. It helps clients in making asthma care decisions. The purpose of this study was to explain the experience of families in providing asthma care and the effects of family care on the patient during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. This qualitative study was conducted using a content analysis approach on three families in East Java Province, Indonesia. Data were collected from the 3 families, using semi-structured interviews between 2020 and 2021. The subjects were all families in which some members had asthma. Sampling was done using the purposeful technique with maximum variation. Immediately after each interview, the content was transcribed using the Word software. The interviews were conducted with one individual at a time in the family’s home. Data were analyzed using the conventional content analysis method with simultaneous data collection based on five steps. The data analysis showed three main themes: family burdens and disruption when asthma relapsed, using a mask, keeping up stamina, keeping the mind relaxed, and staying away from crowds as an effort to prevent asthma, and pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments carried out by families. The burden faced by the family when the disease recurs can be curbed through the family’s taking anticipatory measures that involve cooperation between family members. The family also plays a vital role in limiting the patient’s activities when the disease relapses.
 Keywords: Family, Experiences, Asthma, Qualitative research, Covid-19

Integrated Flood Hazard Vulnerability Modeling of Neluwa (Sri Lanka) Using Analytical Hierarchy Process and Geospatial Techniques

This research aimed to apply the geospatial techniques and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach to find vulnerable areas in terms of flooding in the Neluwa area, Sri Lanka. The study incorporated nine relevant criteria for the vulnerability classification under three sub-criteria; the built environment, physical environment, and socio-economic environment. Under the built environment, road networks and buildings were chosen as sub-criteria. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), slope, elevation, water bodies, and stream density were taken as physical criteria. Land use and population density were considered as socio-economic criteria. All the criteria are set correctly in raster data, and their contents were well adduced. The study consisted of the use of different levels of criteria and combinations of different processes. The analytical results reveal that 14.24% and 30.24% of the total area are at a very-high risk and high risk for flooding, respectively. Only 5.17% of the land was classified as a risk-free area. Eastern, central, and western divisions of the study area are highly vulnerable to floods due to their low slopes. Based on the produced maps, the spatial extents and levels of risk were systematically identified. Data obtained through qualitative judgments related to the field were validated based on the approach used. The potential of this approach is effective in assessing the spatial vulnerability of these flood-affected areas. Using such criteria and a model-based approach will be constructive in identifying different flood scenarios and in providing a remunerative guideline for potential anticipatory measures and better land-based planning in the area.

THE CALCULATION OF THE BUILDING STRUCTURE OF INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI DAN BISNIS SABDA SETIA KOTA PONTIANAK

The publishing of the new Indonesian seismic code SNI-1729-2019, which was just issued at the end of 2017, is one example of how laws controlling building construction have been changed to keep up with the times, which is the earth study result by Pusat Studi Gempa Nasional (PUSGEN) update includes incorporating a new source of an earthquake, new active faults, more accurate topography map, and earthquake catalog. One of the new seismic zones in the SNI is Pontianak, so in planning buildings in Pontianak, earthquake force parameters must be calculated so that in the event of an earthquake, anticipatory measures can be taken so as not to cause significant losses. This study is planning the structure of Institut Teknologi dan Bisnis Sabda Setia Kota Pontianak building, which refers to the Indonesian seismic code SNI-1729-2019. The structural analysis is carried out using the help of a structural analysis program adjusted to the value of the planned structural dimensions, which are floor slabs with a thickness of 100 mm, main beams 350/700 mm, child beams 300/600 mm and 250/500 mm, to columns K1 D-800 mm and K2 500×500 mm.

Ethical challenges in the prioritization of elective care in pandemic settings: On the significance of time-sensitive scoring.

In times of ongoing resource shortages, appropriate evaluation criteria are crucial for the ethical prioritization of medical care. While the use of scoring models as tools for prioritization is widespread, they are barely discussed in the medical-ethical discourse in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. During this time, the challenge of providing care for patients in need has promoted consequentialist reasoning. In this light, we advocate for the integration of time- and context-sensitive scoring (TCsS) models in prioritization policies that foster treatment opportunitiesfor patients with subacute and chronic conditions. We argue, first, that TCsSs enable a more efficient use of resources, reducing avoidable harm to patients by preventing arbitrary postponement of necessary but nonurgent interventions. Second, we contend that on an interrelational level, TCsSs render decision-making pathways more transparent, which promotes the information requirement of patient autonomy and raises confidence in the resulting prioritization decision. Third, we claim that TCsS contributes to distributive justice by reallocating available resources to the benefit of elective patients. We conclude that TCsSs promote anticipatory measures that extend the timeframe for responsible action into the future. This strengthens patients' ability to exercise their right to healthcare-primarily during times of crisis, but ultimately in the longer term too.

SARSMutOnto: An Ontology for SARS-CoV-2 Lineages and Mutations.

Mutations allow viruses to continuously evolve by changing their genetic code to adapt to the hosts they infect. It is an adaptive and evolutionary mechanism that helps viruses acquire characteristics favoring their survival and propagation. The COVID-19 pandemic declared by the WHO in March 2020 is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The non-stop adaptive mutations of this virus and the emergence of several variants over time with characteristics favoring their spread constitute one of the biggest obstacles that researchers face in controlling this pandemic. Understanding the mutation mechanism allows for the adoption of anticipatory measures and the proposal of strategies to control its propagation. In this study, we focus on the mutations of this virus, and we propose the SARSMutOnto ontology to model SARS-CoV-2 mutations reported by Pango researchers. A detailed description is given for each mutation. The genes where the mutations occur and the genomic structure of this virus are also included. The sub-lineages and the recombinant sub-lineages resulting from these mutations are additionally represented while maintaining their hierarchy. We developed a Python-based tool to automatically generate this ontology from various published Pango source files. At the end of this paper, we provide some examples of SPARQL queries that can be used to exploit this ontology. SARSMutOnto might become a 'wet bench' machine learning tool for predicting likely future mutations based on previous mutations.

ІНФОРМАЦІЙНЕ ПІДҐРУНТЯ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ ПРОМИСЛОВИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ

Security activity in the conditions of Ukrainian industrial enterprises creates the necessary basis for their functioning and development despite a critically high level of uncertainty and insufficient state support. The actions of security entities, based on the acquired experience and available resources, provide for the primary elimination of the consequences of the implementation of internal threats, in particular, in relation to the financial component of the economic security of the enterprise. This form of organization of security activities is becoming less and less effective due to the high dynamics of the external environment, in particular in terms of the materiality of the impact of threats that are associated with changes in the national economy, COVID-19, military actions, etc. The study is focused on the consideration of the main trends in the development of industry and in terms of individual types of economic activity as a necessary addition in the formation of information and analytical support for the safety of industrial enterprises. In order to form the informational basis for ensuring the economic security of industrial enterprises, the following methods were applied: induction and deduction, comparison and systematization – when studying the peculiarities of the financial and economic activity of industrial enterprises; synthesis and analysis – to characterize the trends in the change of the main indicators characterizing the activity of enterprises of the food, pharmaceutical, and machine-building industries; morphological analysis – to specify the parameters of information and analytical support for the safety of industrial enterprises; graphic – for visual presentation of theoretical and methodical material; abstract-logical – for theoretical generalizations and research conclusions. The need to improve the information and analytical support of security activities through the expansion of the horizons of constant monitoring has been proven, by consistently examining the dynamics of three indicators (number of enterprises, volume of products sold, number of employees) in relation to enterprises of the food, pharmaceutical, and machine-building industries. The results of tracking changes in three main indicators proved the high dynamism of the operating environment of industrial enterprises under the influence of a significant number of factors, the content of which in some cases is common, which is indicated by a certain synchronicity in the change in the number of business structures, but also differs due to the specifics of each individual type of economic activity, which related to the level of need for industrial products to meet certain needs. Making changes to the information and analytical support of security activities should ensure the identification of threats by security entities at the early stages of formation with the corresponding development and implementation of anticipatory measures.

The Effect of the Pre-emtive Military Strike Doctrine on Efforts to Establish New International Legal Provisions

Introduction: One of the interventional measures that can be justified under international law is self-defence. When there has been an armed attack, on the condition that it is instant, overwhelming situation, leaving no means, no moment of deliberation, that is a justifiable proposition for self-defence.Purposes of the Research: To examine and analyze the influence of the doctrine of pre-emtive military strike on efforts to establish new international legal provisions.Methods of the Research: This research uses normative juridical research methods with legal materials used, namely primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials. The collection technique is carried out through literature studies and then analyzed using qualitative methods.Results of the Research: The practice of some countries today in order to anticipate such an attack, pre-emtive military strikes are carried out in the context of anticipatory self-defense, with the aim of conducting self-defense before an attack occurs. The practice of anticipatory self-defence has become a serious conversation among academics, even when the act is practiced repeatedly continuously by a number of countries and recognized for its existence, it is certain to set a precedent that leads to the creation of an international customary law. Self-defence anticipatory measures applied in the doctrine of preemptive military strike have been adopted by several countries before and after the formation of the UN organization. But this has not set a legal precedent, despite efforts to make it an International custom through the practice of countries. If this is allowed to take place, it will at some point become customary international law. The application of the preemptive military strike will affect the establishment of new international law provisions.

Drones: Foreseeing a 'risky' business?Policing the challenge that flies above

Drones are one of the most disruptive technologies of our time. They have the ability to do so much good, but history and the military legacy of airborne vehicles serves as an indicator of the potential risk to society that drones also present. This paper combines a law/policy, socio-legal approach that considers the history of technology that flies above society and invariably the linkage to warfare. Discussion is given to technological advancements alongside anticipatory measures and governance approaches that need to be factored in prior to unleashing certain technologies on society. This includes the means of policing drones alongside the police use of drones. Case studies are included to contextualise the use and misuse of drones as part of the conclusion. The findings are that drones are set to be a massive challenge and that there has been a lack of foresight, despite warnings, predictions and historical lessons which should have served as a premonitory indicator of the safety/security risks of drones. Ultimately, more protection is needed before the benefits of drones to society can be realised.

ANALISIS PEMBIAYAAN PERAWATAN PASIEN COVID-19 OLEH PEMERINTAH PUSAT DI INDONESIA

In late 2019 and early 2020 the world was shocked by the emergence of a disease caused by a virus. Virus is widely reported to have emerged from a Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan City, the Capital of Hubei Province, Central China. After COVID-19 has been designated as a pandemic outbreak in the World, the country is present as a guarantor of community needs in handling COVID-19 cases. Thus, this paper specifically discusses the financing of suspect patient care and positive confirmed patients for COVID-19 in Indonesia which is financed by the state through the state through Ministry of Republic of Indonesia. The purpose of writing this journal is to find out the policies and sources of funding for handling COVID-19 in Indonesia by the Central Government and the flow of services and referral for COVID-19 patients. The method used in this paper is literature review. The literature review is done by reading and analyzing and analyzing various literatures, both in the form of documents, journal data publications from The Finance Ministry and from the official website that releases information relevant to research. Data analysis is performed by reducing, classifying, interpreting, and drawing conclusions. Based on data distribution of cases up to April 5, 2020 the number of positive cases was 2,273 with mortality rates ranging from 8.7%, spread in 32 provinces out of a total of 34 provinces in Indonesia. Policies and anticipatory measures have been taken by the government, both at the central government, provincial, district and city governments in the effort to overcome this COVID-19 pandemic. The main step that has been taken by the government is the issuance of Government Regulation in Lieu of Perppu Law Number 1 Year 2020 concerning State policy and financial stability for handling the COVID-19 pandemic 19. Some problems handling COVID-19 patients at COVID-19 referral hospitals are the lack of availability of facilities and infrastructure such as the COVID-19 patient's special room, personal protective equipment for health workers, lack of human resources such as doctors, nurses who can work directly in serving and treating COVID-19 patients. The government through the Ministry of Health on 24 April 2020 has issued a circular number HK.02.01/Menkes/295/2020 regarding claims for reimbursing COVID-19 care costs by hospitals. Followed from the official website of the government namely indonesia.go.id, the claim refers to the applicable provisions in the decision of the minister of health number HK.01.07/MENKES/238/2020 about the technical guidelines for claiming reimbursement of certain infectious disease patient care costs for hospitals which organizes COVID-19 services. COVID-19 patient care costs in Indonesia are charged to the budget of the National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB) so that if there are patients who have already paid, the hospital must return the fee. Government Policy and Financing Sources for Handling COVID-19 in Indonesia by the Central Government and the Flow of Claims for Suspended Patient Care and positive COVID-19 confirmation.