Anticipatory Effects Research Articles

Decreased proprioception is associated with inferior postural control during unplanned landing in individuals with chronic ankle instability

ABSTRACT Poor postural control during jump landing may increase ankle sprain incidences among people with chronic ankle instability (CAI). The effects of anticipation on it and its relationship with proprioception need further examination. Fifteen participants with CAI and 15 healthy controls were recruited to perform single-leg jump landings when knowing the landing side before (planned) or after (unplanned) take-off respectively, along with a step-down proprioception test differentiating four inclination platforms (inverted 12°, 14°, 16° and 18°). Ground reaction force data (peak force, loading rate and time of stabilisation) during landings and proprioception scores were collected and analysed. The CAI group exhibited a higher loading rate (59.6 ± 7.6 vs 49.4 ± 6.7 N/kg*seconds, p = 0.011) and longer medial-lateral time to stabilisation (4.82 ± 0.69 vs 4.11 ± 0.47 seconds, p = 0.023) compared to the control group during an unplanned landing. Furthermore, the above variables were negatively correlated with the step-down proprioception score only in the unplanned condition but not in the planned condition. CAI participants had inferior medial-lateral time-to-stabilisation and loading attenuation during unplanned jump landing than healthy controls, which were associated with decreased proprioception, highlighting the importance of addressing proprioception to improve balance control during unpredictable landing situations.

Measuring the U.S. monetary noise shocks

AbstractAgents' beliefs regarding future monetary policy changes influence their current decisions. However, these expectations may not always materialize in the future. This study shows that the monetary fundamental shocks (exogenous changes consistent with expectations) stabilize output and inflation, while the noise shocks (biased beliefs that fail to be realized in the future) increase economic fluctuations. Moreover, factors that amplify financial frictions—the spread between the capital return of entrepreneurs and the risk‐free interest rate of a central bank—can increase anticipation effects associated with these two types of monetary policy shocks.

Thematic Relations

This study explores the processing of noun-prep-noun combinations in prepositional phrases in Brazilian Portuguese, focusing on the syntactic-semantic relationship marked by prepositions, implies the semantic sense in which the noun is being modified. We chose to contrast particularly two types of thematic relationships like 'made of' and 'made for’, categorized as: material and function (e.g. ‘toalha de crochê’, crocheted cloth vs. agulha de crochê, crochet needle). To do so, we conducted two psycholinguistic experiments: Experiment 1 consisted of a self-paced reading/picture matching task to investigate the impact of semantic relationship on processing time; and Experiment 2 employed a cloze task (e.g. ‘toalha de ______’) and Likert scale likelihood judgments to norm the stimuli and assess cognitive preferences for the types of relation explored (i.e., material or function). Our results revealed slower reading times for the function type relation, suggesting a higher processing demand, possibly due to covert semantic computations required for this relation. Cloze completions and likelihood ratings also indicated a cognitive preference for this type of relationship. We attribute these observed patterns to the robust syntactic-semantic relationship inherent to functional type relations, coupled with a broader range of potential response options. In contrast, material type relations demonstrated a higher level of convergence among participants for cloze responses, likely due to more restricted response options and, consequently, increased probability. Future EEG studies are proposed to identify specific moments in the cognitive processing of the constituents of these structures and assess possible anticipatory effects of prepositional phrase modifiers. These discoveries make a meaningful contribution to the broader literature on language processing, aligning with analogous patterns observed in different languages with a cognitive distinction between thematic relations and feature-based (i.e., telic and constitutive relations), such as in Wisniewsky & Love, 1998; Estes et al., 2003, 2011; Pustejovsky et al., 2016; Flick et al., 2021.

State-level anti-transgender laws increase past-year suicide attempts among transgender and non-binary young people in the USA.

From 2018 to 2022, 48 anti-transgender laws (that is, laws that restrict the rights of transgender and non-binary people) were enacted in the USA across 19 different state governments. In this study, we estimated the causal impact of state-level anti-transgender laws on suicide risk among transgender and non-binary (TGNB) young people aged 13-17 (n = 35,196) and aged 13-24 (n = 61,240) using a difference-in-differences research design. We found minimal evidence of an anticipatory effect in the time periods leading up to the enactment of the laws. However, starting in the first year after anti-transgender laws were enacted, there were statistically significant increases in rates of past-year suicide attempts among TGNB young people ages 13-17 in states that enacted anti-transgender laws, relative to states that did not, and for all TGNB young people beginning in the second year. Enacting state-level anti-transgender laws increased incidents of past-year suicide attempts among TGNB young people by 7-72%. Our findings highlight the need to consider the mental health impact of recent anti-transgender laws and to advance protective policies.

CoSeg: Cognitively Inspired Unsupervised Generic Event Segmentation.

Some cognitive research has discovered that humans accomplish event segmentation as a side effect of event anticipation. Inspired by this discovery, we propose a simple yet effective end-to-end self-supervised learning framework for event segmentation/boundary detection. Unlike the mainstream clustering-based methods, our framework exploits a transformer-based feature reconstruction scheme to detect event boundaries by reconstruction errors. This is consistent with the fact that humans spot new events by leveraging the deviation between their prediction and what is perceived. Thanks to their heterogeneity in semantics, the frames at boundaries are difficult to be reconstructed (generally with large reconstruction errors), which is favorable for event boundary detection. In addition, since the reconstruction occurs on the semantic feature level instead of the pixel level, we develop a temporal contrastive feature embedding (TCFE) module to learn the semantic visual representation for frame feature reconstruction (FFR). This procedure is like humans building up experiences with "long-term memory." The goal of our work is to segment generic events rather than localize some specific ones. We focus on achieving accurate event boundaries. As a result, we adopt the F1 score (Precision/Recall) as our primary evaluation metric for a fair comparison with previous approaches. Meanwhile, we also calculate the conventional frame-based mean over frames (MoF) and intersection over union (IoU) metric. We thoroughly benchmark our work on four publicly available datasets and demonstrate much better results. The source code is available at https://github.com/wang3702/CoSeg.

The Effect of Performance Anticipation on Students’ Recognition in Online Learning

The Effect of Performance Anticipation on Students’ Recognition in Online Learning

In Debt but Still Happy? Homeownership and the Satisfactions with Housing and Life

We investigate the relationship between homeownership and life as well as housing satisfaction. Following several studies, we confirm the positive relationship between housing satisfaction and homeownership using panel data from Germany. Contrary to most of the literature, we find no positive significant effects of a home purchase on life satisfaction in the long-term. Analyzing short-term effects in an event-study design, we show that both life and housing satisfaction anticipate the acquisition and adapt shortly after. Debt-free buyers, however, do not experience anticipation or adaptation effects at all. Comparing outright homebuyers to debt-financing owners, we show that having a real estate loan affects homeowners’ life satisfaction negatively. The larger the mortgage burden relative to the household income and the last rent paid, the larger is the negative effect on life satisfaction. We conclude that the mortgage burden of a home purchase can offset the positive effect of homeownership.

When waiting makes sense: How consumer anticipation affects later evaluations

This paper addresses a gap in knowledge about consumer anticipation. We build on the negative discount model (Loewenstein, 1987) which notes that utility may be gained through deferred consumption; the utility of looking forward to, and savoring forthcoming pleasant consumption adds to the total utility of the consumption episode. However, little is known about (1) the mental mechanisms involved in consumer anticipation, and their intensity, that underlie this effect, and (2) how evaluation of the object of anticipated consumption evolves over time, from the beginning of the anticipation period to post-consumption. Specifically, we ground our research in theories of attitude formation and change to investigate the circumstances in which evoking intense anticipation produces long-lasting and robust positive attitude.From the literature, we develop hypotheses relating information provision and anticipation intensity to subsequent attitude change between pre- and post-consumption stages. We test hypotheses in five studies, in two cultural contexts involving pleasant anticipated consumption. We use an experimental approach manipulating real consumption experiences, recording attitudes pre- and post-consumption. We find that an “anticipation effect” on subsequent evaluations is explained by intensity of anticipation, which is driven by provision of information. We also note that a long-term desirable effect of anticipation is observed, irrespective of whether the core consumption experience was positive or negative.

Die wirtschaftlichen Folgen des Brexits

Abstract The United Kingdom’s exit from the European Union (Brexit) has negatively affected its economic performance in the years after the 2016 referendum. A growing literature on the short-run effects of Brexit has documented that UK economic activity has been affected through a mix of uncertainty and anticipation effects. This literature has shown that UK GDP and investment have been negatively affected and inflation has increased as a consequence of the outcome of the referendum. Comparatively little is known about the effects of the UK’s subsequent exit from the single market and customs union in January 2021, but existing research has documented negative effects on UK trade, in particular UK imports from the European Union. But whether this will lead to subsequent further declines in UK GDP remains to be seen and will also depend on future EU-UK efforts to reduce the trade barriers created by the trade and cooperation agreement (TCA) of 2020.

The Anticipatory, Short-Term, and Long-Term Effects of Parental Separation and Parental Death on Adolescent Delinquency

Studies investigating the role of single-parent families in adolescent delinquency have seldom differentiated between types of single-parent families. Furthermore, they have typically assumed that parental disruption is a discrete event marking an abrupt change between dual-parenthood and single-parenthood. Using Dutch longitudinal population register data, we estimated fixed-effects panel models to assess (1) whether the event of parental disruption, either by parental separation or by parental death, increases subsequent adolescent delinquency and (2) whether parental disruption, either by parental separation or by parental death, has anticipatory, immediate, or delayed effects on adolescent delinquency. Our results showed that both parental separation and parental death seem to boost adolescent delinquency, and we found no difference between these types of single-parent families. However, when distinguishing between anticipatory, short-term, and long-term effects, we found a short-term increase in adolescent delinquency after a parental separation and an anticipatory reduction in adolescent delinquency before a parental death. Future research should pay more attention to diversity in the composition of single-parent families, as well as to the anticipatory, short-term, and long-term consequences.

Estimating anticipatory, immediate, and delayed effects of disability registration on depressive symptoms.

This study examines (a) whether disability registration has anticipatory, immediate, and delayed effects on depressive symptoms and (b) how these effects differ by gender. Using data from the Korea Welfare Panel Study spanning over 16 waves between 2005 and 2020, this study employed the individual-level fixed effects models to estimate the trajectories of depressive symptoms before and after the registration of physical disability, for a cohort of 20,054 individuals. Furthermore, gender-stratified fixed effects models were used to examine gender differences. Compared to the preregistration reference period (i.e., 4 or more years before disability registration), there was a sustained rise in depressive symptoms leading up to the year of registration, indicating the presence of anticipatory effects. After disability registration, depressive symptoms consistently remained at a statistically higher level than during the initial reference period, with a gradual return to the baseline level of depressive symptoms over time. These anticipatory, immediate, and delayed effects of disability registration were notably more pronounced among men than women. To develop more effective mental health interventions for people with disability, policymakers should consider gendered trajectories of depressive symptoms before and after disability registration. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

An integrated causal framework to evaluate uplift value with an example on change in public transport supply

Many empirical applications aim to isolate the impact of implementing new public transport on real estate uplift value. While their conclusions generally point to positive impact, due to reduction in transportation cost, the methodological framework to investigate uplift value has largely evolved over time. This paper reviews the different methodological challenges in measuring causal uplift value and proposes an adjusted parametric approach inspired from the Alonso-Muth-Mills model, returning a complex 2-D price premium function allowing for spatial heterogeneous patterns of the average treatment effect. The proposed framework also accounts for other methodological challenges underlined by literature such as spatial autocorrelation, selectivity and representativity issues, and possible anticipation effects. To illustrate the importance of methodological choices on estimation results, the framework is applied to the case of the implementation of a bus rapid transit (BRT) system in Québec City, a medium-size Canadian city, as a specific case study.

Anticipatory gains and event-driven losses in blockchain-based fan tokens: Evidence from the FIFA World Cup

National football teams increasingly issue tradeable blockchain-based fan tokens to strategically enhance fan engagement. This study investigates the impact of 2022 World Cup matches on the dynamic performance of each team's fan token. The event study uncovers fan token returns surged six months before the World Cup, driven by positive anticipation effects. However, intraday analysis reveals a reversal of fan token returns consistently declining and trading volumes rising as matches unfold. To explain findings, we uncover asymmetries whereby defeats in high-stake matches caused a plunge in fan token returns, compared to low-stake matches, intensifying in magnitude for knockout matches. Contrarily, victories enhance trading volumes, reflecting increased market activity without a corresponding positive effect on returns. We align findings with the classic market adage "buy the rumor, sell the news," unveiling cognitive biases and nuances in investor sentiment, cautioning the dichotomy of pre-event optimism and subsequent performance declines.

Anticipatory Analgesic Effects of Tramadol and Ibuprofen in Impacted Mandibular Third Molar Extraction a Comparative Study

Aim: to assess the effectiveness of analgesia brought about by preoperative tramadol and ibuprofen on surgically removed mandibular third molars. Materials and Methods: Thirty individuals had their lower third molar surgically removed; they were split into three groups of 10 patients each. Group I had an intraoperative 100 mg tramadol injection; Group II received an oral 800 mg Ibuprofen injection; and Group III was a control group that received no prior care. The visual analogue scale (VAS), verbal pain scale (VPS), patient satisfaction (PS), amount of analgesic utilized, time elapsed before starting intake, and patient satisfaction (PS) were used to quantify analgesia after a 24-hour period. Result: On every kind of pain measure, there were notable differences between the tramadol and control groups, with the tramadol group scoring higher. The visual analogue scale (VAS), quantity, and duration of pills required over the course of a 24-hour period were significantly different between the Ibuprofen and control groups. Both the VAS and the VPS showed a substantial difference in favour of the Tramadol group compared to the Ibuprofen group. Conclusions: When impacted lower third molar surgery is performed, preventive usage of tramadol or ibuprofen is an excellent way to manage postoperative discomfort.

Bidirectional C-to-V coarticulation across syllable and word boundaries

Extensive work has explored the anticipatory or carryover coarticulatory effects of consonants on F2 of adjacent vowels using locus equation. However, studies examining bidirectional effects remain scarce. This study examines how voicing and place of articulation (PoA) of consonants affect bidirectional C-to-V coarticulation across syllable and word boundaries. Recordings of / C;1V;1.C;2V;2/, /C;1V;1#C;2V;2/ and /C;1V;1C;2#V;2t/ sequences from native speakers of Canadian English were analyzed. F0, F1, and F2 were measured at the onset and offset of the target vowels (/i ɑ/) to compare the coarticulatory effects caused by the adjacent consonants with different voicing and PoA (/p b t d g k/). Preliminary results (N = 6) indicate that coarticulatory effects vary based on voicing and PoA of consonants. Voiceless consonants exhibited a greater effect on f0 bidirectionally, but smaller effects on F1 and F2. Regarding PoA, only the effect of F2 in anticipatory contexts was dependent on different PoA. The findings also suggest that bidirectional coarticulatory effects are found across both syllable and word boundaries. Within and across these boundaries, larger anticipatory effects were found on f0, while the carryover effect on F1 was more robust. Concerning F2, differences between coarticulatory effects were only evident in voiceless and velar contexts.

The Interaction of Linguistic and Visual Cues for the Processing of Case in Russian by Russian-German Bilinguals: An Eye Tracking Study.

Modulation of visual attention in the Visual World Paradigm relies on parallel processing of linguistic and visual information. Previous studies have argued that the human linguistic capacity includes an aspect of anticipation of upcoming material. Such anticipation can be triggered by both lexical and grammatical/morphosyntactic cues. In this study, we investigated the relationship between comprehension and prediction by testing how subtle changes in visual representations can affect the processing of grammatical case cues in Russian by Russian-German bilingual children (n = 49, age 8-13). The linguistic manipulation followed previous designs, contrasting SVO and OVS sentences, where the first NP (NP1) was marked with nominative or accusative case, respectively. Three types of visual displays were compared: (i) individual referents (potential agent/theme); (ii) pairs of referents (NP1 + potential agent/theme); and (iii) events (representing interactions between the referents). Participants were significantly more sensitive to the case manipulation when presented with events compared to the other two types of visual display. This suggests that they were able to quickly integrate the thematic role information signaled by grammatical case in the event representations. However, they were less likely to use the case information to anticipate upcoming arguments when the target pictures represented individual referents or pairs of noninteracting referents. We hypothesize that the process of argument anticipation is mediated by the activation of syntactic templates (SVO or OSV, depending on the case marking on NP1). The relatively weak anticipation effect observed may be attributed to the absence, or weak representation, of the noncanonical OVS template in the bilingual children's long-term memory.

Neuroimaging-based evidence for sympathetic correlation between brain activity and peripheral vasomotion during pain anticipation

Anticipation of pain engenders anxiety and fear, potentially shaping pain perception and governing bodily responses such as peripheral vasomotion through the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). Sympathetic innervation of vascular tone during pain perception has been quantified using a peripheral arterial stiffness index; however, its innervation role during pain anticipation remains unclear. This paper reports on a neuroimaging-based study designed to investigate the responsivity and attribution of the index at different levels of anticipatory anxiety and pain perception. The index was measured in a functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment that randomly combined three visual anticipation cues and painful stimuli of two intensities. The peripheral and cerebral responses to pain anticipation and perception were quantified to corroborate bodily responsivity, and their temporal correlation was also assessed to identify the response attribution of the index. Contrasting with the high responsivity across levels of pain sensation, a low responsivity of the index across levels of anticipatory anxiety revealed its specificity across pain experiences. Discrepancies between the effects of perception and anticipation were validated across regions and levels of brain activity, providing a brain basis for peripheral response specificity. The index was also characterized by a 1-s lag in both anticipation and perception of pain, implying top-down innervation of the periphery. Our findings suggest that the SNS responds to pain in an emotion-specific and sensation-unbiased manner, thus enabling an early assessment of individual pain perception using this index. This study integrates peripheral and cerebral hemodynamic responses toward a comprehensive understanding of bodily responses to pain.

Bridging the gap: Mobilization of multilateral Development Banks in Infrastructure

We explore how Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) can help to fill a large infrastructure financing gap in developing countries by indirectly mobilizing resources from other entities. The analysis focuses on more than 6,500 transactions in 2005–2020 to low-income developing and emerging markets from the Infrastructure Journal database. Using granular data aggregated at the country-sector level, we analyze the dynamics of flows from different actors to different infrastructure sectors and control for a wide range of fixed effects. MDB lending significantly increases the inflows from other sources. Cross-border and domestic resources are mobilized from the official and private sectors. Results exhibit country heterogeneity. Mobilization occurs in countries of all income levels though it decreases as a country’s income increases. In countries that use capital controls frequently, mobilization effects are undermined. When the 2008 global financial crisis hit, no difference in mobilization effects was found, unlike the COVID-19 pandemic when mobilization effects were weakened. Finally, we find evidence of complementarity between bilateral and multilateral financing in mobilizing resources. The findings survive a long battery of robustness checks, and no evidence of anticipation effects is found.

Conservative Talk Radio and political persuasion in the US,1950–1970

Conservative Talk Radio continues to shape US politics in the 21st century, but it has a deeper history. Using newly digitized archival records, we provide new evidence on the electoral effects of Conservative Talk Radio in the historically consequential period from 1950 to 1970. Conservative radio hosts like Clarence Manion, Billy James Hargis, and Carl McIntire rapidly expanded their network during the early 1960s before the Kennedy administration took regulatory steps to dismantle their business model. We find that in counties where these shows aired on local stations, the Republican vote share increased following their introduction. Anticipatory effects are small and insignificant, which supports a causal interpretation of this effect.

A Molecular Urine Assay to Detect Recurrences During Surveillance of High-Risk Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer.

High-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (HR-NMIBC) patients require long-term surveillance with cystoscopies, cytology and upper tract imaging. Previously, we developed a genomic urine assay for surveillance of HR-NMIBC patients with high sensitivity and anticipatory value. We aimed to validate the performance of the assay in an unselected prospectively collected cohort of HR-NMIBC patients under surveillance. We included patients from five centers and collected urine sample pairs (evening and morning urines) prior to cystoscopy. Mutation status (FGFR3/TERT) and methylation status (OTX1) was analyzed on DNA from voided urine specimens. A test was considered positive if≥1 alteration was detected in at least one urine sample. The primary endpoint was tumor recurrence. Sensitivity and specificity were determined. A generalized mixed effects model was used to adjust for within-patient correlation. Cox proportional hazard analyses with time-dependent covariates assessed the anticipatory effect of the urine assay. In total, 204 patients and 736 sample pairs were collected. Sixty-three recurrences were diagnosed for which we had concomitant assay results. On cross-sectional analyses, the assay detected 75% (95% CI 62.1% -84.7%) of recurrences, with a specificity of 70% (95% CI 66.4% -73.5%). Furthermore, mixed effects model analyses revealed OTX1 (p = 0.005) and TERT (p = 0.004) as significant predictors for disease recurrence. Median follow-up was 25.3 months (IQR 18.6-30.7). Twenty-nine tumors were diagnosed without concomitant urine samples, which included recurrences detected after urine collection ended. Longitudinal analyses showed that a positive urine assay predicted a recurrence over time (HR 3.5, p < 0.001). Furthermore, a recurrence during the study period was also a predictor for developing future recurrences (HR 2.1, p < 0.001). This study validates the performance of a previously developed urine assay in an unselected cohort of HR-NMIBC patients under surveillance. With a robust sensitivity/specificity and a strong anticipatory effect, this assay proves a useful adjunct ready for evaluation in a future randomized controlled trial.