Antibiogram Pattern Research Articles

Isolation and Molecular Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus Species from Joint Ill Cases of Calves in Puducherry

Background: Joint ill is a septicemic polyarthritis condition due to the localization of pathogenic bacteria within the joints of young calves. The emergence of antibiotic resistant pathogen in such cases may lead to further complication in treatment. Thus, the present study was aimed to isolate and identify the bacterial pathogens and its antimicrobial resistant genes from joint ill cases in calves. Methods: A total of 31 pus swabs were collected from joint ill cases from calves and subjected for bacterial isolation and identification by phenotypic and genotypic method followed by determination of its antimicrobial resistant genes (tet and mecA gene) and antibiogram. Result: Based on colony characters, microscopic observation, biochemical tests, 17/31 (54.83%) Escherichia coli and 14/31 (45.16%) Staphylococcus aureus were isolated and identified phenotypically. All the isolates were further confirmed by polymerase chain reaction using E. coli and S. aureus species specific primers. The antimicrobial resistant genes carrying E. coli and S. aureus isolates were also detected, in which 4/17 (23.5%) isolates were positive for tet gene and 4/14 (28.57%) were positive for the mecA gene. The antibiotic susceptibility test showed that the isolates were highly sensitive to Enrofloxacin (100%) and Gentamicin (77%), but were resistant to Amoxyclav (70%) and tetracycline (50%). On conclusion, E. coli and S. aureus are the most common bacterial pathogens identified from this study. The presence of antimicrobial resistant genes (tet and mecA) and antibiogram pattern of the bacterial isolates indicating the possible treatment failure and serious public health risks in future.

Antibiogram, Phenotypic and Genotypic Detection of Extended-Spectrum β-lactamase Producing and Fluoroquinolone Resistant Escherichia coli Isolated from Pigs

Antimicrobial resistance in food animals is a global issue. Particularly, the dissemination of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase and fluoroquinolone resistant Escherichia coli in food-producing animals posed a public health threat to the efficacy of various antibiotics. Therefore, this study aimed to detect the presence of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli from fecal samples of pigs in Puducherry. In total, 16 faecal samples from apparently healthy pigs of different age groups were chosen for this study and subjected to detection of ESBL production and FQ resistance. E. coli was isolated from all the faecal samples (100%) and confirmed by biochemical tests and Polymerase Chain Reaction. All the E. coli isolates were found to be positive for ESBL production and fluoroquinolone resistance by phenotypic method. Out of 16 E. coli isolates, 11 (68.75%) isolates were positive for the presence of ESBL-producing genes, in which, 2 harbored bla TEM and 9 harboured bla SHV genes. In total 13/16 (81.2%) E. coli isolates harbored PMQR genes, in which 11 isolates harbored the qnrS gene and 11 isolates harbored the qnrB gene. The results showed that 9 isolates harbored both qnrS and qnrB genes in combination. Antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that the majority of the isolates exhibited a high level of resistance against Amoxycillin/clavulanic acid (100%), Cefpodoxime (100%), Cefotaxime (80%), Aztreonam (70%), Ceftazidime (70%), Enrofloxacin (70%) and Ceftriaxone (40%). The present study showed the presence of ESBL-producing and FQ-resistant E. coli in swine in the Puducherry region and their antibiogram pattern.

The Hidden Threat of Antimicrobial Resistance: A Case Study from A Private Hospital in Jordan

Antibiotic resistance is considered a widespread problem with global health implications, leading to increased patient morbidity and impacting the selection of effective antibiotics, consequently influencing patient recovery. This study aimed to assess antibiogram resistance patterns of bacterial records at the Islamic Hospital in Jordan using a retrospective study during the period 2020-2022. A total of 9369 samples obtained from different patients were cultured. Data were processed and analyzed with SPSS v.23.0. The results showed that 2841 (30.3%) samples were positive for bacterial infections. Microbial profiles of positive samples indicated the highest proportion for Escherichia coli, 39%, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae 12% were the most frequent Gram-negative bacterial isolates, whereas Staphylococcus aureus 13% and Streptococcus pneumoniae 4% were the most common Gram-positive bacterial isolates. Interestingly, multidrug-resistant bacteria comprised 61.7% of the isolates. The percentage of multi-drug resistance in isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae was 68.7%, 73.1%, and 72%, respectively. Escherichia coli was most resistant to ampicillin (89%) and most sensitive to imipenem (100%). Klebsiella pneumoniae showed a 100% sensitivity to meropenem but 49% resistance to ceftriaxone. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most sensitive to amikacin and colistin (86% and 100%, respectively). Staphylococcus aureus isolates have resistance rates of 78% for ciprofloxacin, 35.6% for clindamycin and an overall resistance rate of 68.7%. These findings indicate multiple resistance for isolated bacteria. Therefore, antimicrobial resistance should be monitored continuously, and patients should be treated based on anti-microbial susceptibility tests.

Prevalence and antibiogram pattern of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in individuals with sickle cell disease. A retrospective study, hematological and genetic analysis

The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in the circulation (bacteremia) of individuals with sickle cell disease (SCD) may provide a substantial risk for illness and death. Strains of S. aureus exhibit a wide variety of virulence traits, including the ability to generate various toxins and develop treatment resistance. MRSA is characterized by its resistance to a range of beta-lactam antibiotics. This study’s objectives included assessing the frequency of S. aureus infection in SCA patients, analyzing laboratory markers of the CBC test, examining the antibiotic susceptibility pattern, and investigating the mecA gene and heteroresistance, which could potentially link to a higher occurrence of S. aureus infection in SCA patients. The retrospective study was done to gather clinical data on individuals with sickle cell anemia (SCA) who had bloodstream infections. From 2017 to 2021, blood samples and data were gathered by King Saud University Medical City (KSUMC) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The S. aureus strains were re-cultivation, Vitek system and PCR techniques were employed to ascertain the antibiotic resistance patterns. It was confirmed that 2406 patients with SCD had contracted an infection. A total of 138 (5.73 %) patients with SCD were diagnosed with bacteremia. “Of the 138 strains isolated, the MRSA strain revealed as the most prevailing, including 30 isolates (21.7 %), whereas non-MRSA strains constituted 17 isolates (12.3 %).” Males had a higher rate of infection compared to females. The results indicated that all the S. aureus isolates exhibited resistance to ampicillin, while the resistance to penicillin was 98 %. Furthermore, the results indicated that over 65 % of the isolates exhibited resistance to amoxicillin, amoxicillin, cefazolin, imipenem, and oxacillin. The mecA gene was identified in all S. aureus strains obtained from patients with SCD. The current study recognizes the PCR assay as a more dependable technique for assessing antibiotic resistances, in contrast to the Vitek method. A study found strong links between S. aureus infections in individuals with SCD and three different factors: hemoglobin (Hb) level, mean corpuscular volume (RDW), and white blood cell (WBC) count (p < 0.004, 0.005, and 0.02, respectively). The study revealed that 34 % of the S. aureus strains that were examined exhibited heteroresistance to the mecA gene as well as resistance to oxacillin. The results clearly demonstrated that Ampicillin, Penicillin, amoxicillin, cefazolin, imipenem, and oxacillin are unsuitable choices for the treatment of blood infections in individuals with SCD. “The findings of this study confirmed that all S. aureus isolates were sensitive to gentamicin, and more than 80 % of the isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, clindamycin, and vancomycin.” Further investigation is necessary to explore potential factors that increase the susceptibility of individuals with SCD to bacteremia caused by antibiotic-resistant strains of S. aureus.

Bacteriological Profile and Antibiogram Pattern of Wound Infection in a Tertiary Care Hospital.

Background and aim Wound infection constitutes a major barrier to healing and can have a harmful effect on the patient's quality of life and also on the healing rate of the wound. The widespread use of antibiotics, along with their extensive history of availability, has resulted in significant issues with resistant organisms contributing to morbidity and mortality. The study was conducted to determine the prevalence of bacterial species obtained from the wound sample and its antibiotic resistance pattern. Materials and methods The cross-sectional observational study was conducted from November 2022 to November 2023 in a tertiary care hospital in Karad. 100 clinical samples of wound swabs and pus were studied. The isolates from these clinical samples were further processed as per the standard prescribed for the identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Results Out of 100 isolates, 75 were gram-negative and 25 gram-positive.Among the gram-negative isolates, the predominantly isolated organism wasKlebsiellaspp.20(26.66%), and gram-positive bacteria was mainly Staphylococcus aureus(23, 92%). Most of the isolates showed sensitivity to vancomycin (20, 86.95%) and resistance to penicillin (18, 78.26%).Klebsiellaspp. (20, 26.66%) was mostly sensitive to piperacillin/tazobactam (7, 50%), and resistance was seen to ampicillin (12, 85.71%). Conclusion This study showed that Staphylococcus aureus was the most common bacterial isolate causing wound infection, followed by Klebsiella spp. Antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that vancomycin was effective, followed by tetracycline for Staphylococcus aureus and piperacillin/tazobactam, and tigecycline was effective for Klebsiella spp.

Antibiogram and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns in Bacterial Isolates from Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar.

Background Empirical antibiotic therapy is facilitated by antibiograms as they provide local bacterial resistance data and patterns. Antibiograms are critical tools that offer comprehensive, institution-specific information on antimicrobial susceptibilities, enabling clinicians to make informed decisions about empirical treatment and guiding antimicrobial stewardship efforts. The rising incidence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms is a significant challenge in countries like Pakistan. Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the resistance patterns of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria at Hayatabad Medical Complex (HMC) to commonly used antibiotics, with a specific focus on identifying MDR pathogens. Methods A retrospective study was conducted using antibiogram data from January to September 2022, focusing on both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms. Sensitivity patterns for antibiotics such as Ceftazidime, Imipenem, Meropenem, Amikacin, Oxacillin, and Teicoplanin were checked. Results Acinetobacter posed a significant challenge to treatment, displaying only 6% sensitivity to Ceftazidime. This extremely low sensitivity indicates an alarmingly high level of resistance, which is of great concern as it severely limits treatment options for Acinetobacter infections. Such high resistance to Ceftazidime, a broad-spectrum cephalosporin, suggests that infections caused by this pathogen may require the use of last-resort antibiotics or combination therapies, potentially leading to increased healthcare costs and poorer patient outcomes. Additionally, Acinetobacter showed only 37% sensitivity to Ciprofloxacin, further confirming its status as an MDR pathogen in hospital settings. Conclusion The results show the growing threat of MDR organisms at HMC, Peshawar. This underscores the urgent need for robust antimicrobial stewardship programs, enhanced infection control practices, ongoing surveillance of resistance patterns, healthcare provider education, and regional collaboration to address the challenge of antimicrobial resistance.

Detection of antibiogram pattern and prevalence of blaNDM and blaVIM genes among carbapenem resistant Eschericia coli isolates in a tertiary care hospital

Background: Clinical significance of Eschericia coli is due to its capacity to develop resistance against many antibiotics specially carbapenem by producing carbapenemase which limits treatment options. blaNDM and blaVIM genes are responsible for this multi-drug-resistance. This is an alarming condition for society as well as clinician because they are very difficult to treat due to limited options of antibiotics and its high virulence. Aims and Objectives: The study was conducted to detect antibiogram pattern and prevalence of blaNDM and blaVIM genes among carbapenem resistant E. coli isolates in a tertiary care hospital. Our study will also help to identify molecular basis of Carbapenem resistance including treatment guideline. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional study was performed during January’2021 to June’2022 time period. Identification of E. coli was followed by standard protocol and antibiotic sensitivity was done by Kirby-Bauer disk-diffusion method following CLSI guideline, using VITEK-2D-SYSTEM. Detection of genes was done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Out of 1867 samples, 161 isolates were identified as E. coli, among which 90 were resistant to carbapenem. Among those, 50 (31%) were resistant to all three carbapenems. Among those, 100% were resistant to ampicillin, amoxycillin-clavulanic acid, cefuroxime, cefuroxime-axetil, cefoperazone-sulbactam, ceftriaxone, cefepime, piperacillin-tazobactam, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin; 52% were resistant to amikacin; 54% were resistant to gentamicin; 86% were resistant to cotrimoxazole; 22% were resistant to nitrofurantoin and 96% were sensitive to tigecycline; 100% were intermediate sensitive to colistin. blaNDM gene is detected in 17 (34%) isolates and blaVIM gene is detected in 2 (4%) isolates by PCR. Conclusion: E. coli leads to common clinical presentations such as urinary tract infection, blood stream infection, pneumonia, and wound infection. High burden of carbapenem resistant E. coli was associated with urinary indoor samples. Rising incidence of multi-drug-resistance occurs due to lack of infection control measures, irrational use of antibiotics. Continuous surveillance will prevent development of multi-drug-resistance and help to improve treatment guideline.

Detection of antibiogram pattern and prevalence of blaNDM and blaVIM genes among carbapenem resistant Eschericia coli isolates in a tertiary care hospital

Background: Clinical significance of Eschericia coli is due to its capacity to develop resistance against many antibiotics specially carbapenem by producing carbapenemase which limits treatment options. blaNDM and blaVIM genes are responsible for this multi-drug-resistance. This is an alarming condition for society as well as clinician because they are very difficult to treat due to limited options of antibiotics and its high virulence. Aims and Objectives: The study was conducted to detect antibiogram pattern and prevalence of blaNDM and blaVIM genes among carbapenem resistant E. coli isolates in a tertiary care hospital. Our study will also help to identify molecular basis of Carbapenem resistance including treatment guideline. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional study was performed during January’2021 to June’2022 time period. Identification of E. coli was followed by standard protocol and antibiotic sensitivity was done by Kirby-Bauer disk-diffusion method following CLSI guideline, using VITEK-2D-SYSTEM. Detection of genes was done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Out of 1867 samples, 161 isolates were identified as E. coli, among which 90 were resistant to carbapenem. Among those, 50 (31%) were resistant to all three carbapenems. Among those, 100% were resistant to ampicillin, amoxycillin-clavulanic acid, cefuroxime, cefuroxime-axetil, cefoperazone-sulbactam, ceftriaxone, cefepime, piperacillin-tazobactam, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin; 52% were resistant to amikacin; 54% were resistant to gentamicin; 86% were resistant to cotrimoxazole; 22% were resistant to nitrofurantoin and 96% were sensitive to tigecycline; 100% were intermediate sensitive to colistin. blaNDM gene is detected in 17 (34%) isolates and blaVIM gene is detected in 2 (4%) isolates by PCR. Conclusion: E. coli leads to common clinical presentations such as urinary tract infection, blood stream infection, pneumonia, and wound infection. High burden of carbapenem resistant E. coli was associated with urinary indoor samples. Rising incidence of multi-drug-resistance occurs due to lack of infection control measures, irrational use of antibiotics. Continuous surveillance will prevent development of multi-drug-resistance and help to improve treatment guideline.

Antibiogram Pattern of Bacterial Isolates from Sputum Sample

Antibiotics are frequently used for various infectious disease example; acute lower respiratory tract infection. But, injudicious use of antibiotic resistance is an emerging problem. The objective of this study was taken up to analyze the antibiogram pattern of bacterial isolated from the sputum samples of patient in Manmohan Memorial Medical College and Teaching Hospital. Initially, 250 sputum specimens of patients were collected and opted for the isolation and identification of isolates which detected 56.097% Klebsiella spp. 17.073 %, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 4.878 %, Burkholderia spp. 9.756 % Enterobacter spp. 12.195% Escherichia coli respectively. Conducting AST following Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method (CLSI 2020), it was determined that Klebsiella spp. (56.097 %) exhibited sensitive to Gentamycin and exhibited resistance to Cefixime. It was observed that 9 (39.130 %) Klebsiella spp. isolates exhibited multi-drug resistance character. Likewise, out of 23 isolated Klebsiella spp. only 5 (21.739 %) was found to be ESBL producers. The presence of multi drug-resistant strains and Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) producing Klebsiella spp. is of major concern worldwide. The improper and excessive utilization of antibiotics, encompassing unauthorized practices might be the reason in the rise to the development and proliferation of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and multidrug resistance (MDR)in microorganisms. This study highlights the importance of implementing appropriate hygiene and dietary measures for human to prevent the transmission of diverse pathogenic microorganisms. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 12(3): 151-157.

Antibiogram Assessment of Gram-negative Bacterial Isolates of LRTI Suspected Patients Visiting Tertiary Care Hospital

Lower respiratory tract infection is a common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. A cross-sectional study was carried out with an objective to assess the antibiogram pattern of the Gram-negative bacterial isolates from LRTI suspected patients visiting tertiary care hospitals. The study was carried out in a tertiary care hospital laboratory from January 2022 to March 2022. A total of 108 sputum samples from LRTI suspected patients were processed for Gram-negative bacteria isolation. Out of 108 sputum samples, 17 (15.74%) showed significant growth for Gram- negative bacteria and 91 (84.26%) showed insignificant growth. Male suspected patients were more predominant over female suspected patients, showing (11)10% and (6)6% significant growth respectively. The most common bacterial pathogens among Lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) suspected patients are Mycobacterium tuberculosis (47.05%) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (17.64%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (17.64%), Escherichia coli (11.76%), and Klebsiella oxytoca (5.88%). Antibiotic susceptibility tests (AST) were done by the KirbyBauer disc diffusion method. The antibiotic susceptibility patterns of isolates revealed high resistivity against most of the used antibiotics whereas the isolates showed good in vitro activity against amikacin, ofloxacin and ceftriaxone. Therefore, Culture and Susceptibility tests are important for management of LRTI in patients.

Blood Culture Isolates and Antibiogram for Salmonella at Tertiary Care Hospital

Objective: To determine the pattern of blood culture isolates and antibiogram for salmonella at tertiary care hospital and identify frequency of multi-drug resistance and XDR. Methodology: This descriptive, cross-sectional analysis was carried out on enteric fever/salmonella infected patients from 1-02-2020 to 31-10-2020 at Pediatrics Unit – II (Liaquat University Hospital). Children of either gender, aged 1 to 15 years, who presented with fever lasting more than 3 days, abdominal pain, headache, diarrhea, vomiting, or constipation, and who had a positive blood culture for Salmonella, were included. Data was collected into a structured questionnaire, containing enquiries pertaining to basic biodata, sociodemographic details, clinical presentation, and culture sensitivity (type of microbe and its drug sensitivity). The data obtained was analyzed using SPSS v. 21.0. Results: Mean age of the children was 9.12 years, with males comprising 63.4%. Fever and abdominal pain were the most common clinical symptoms. In terms of antibiotic sensitivity, Cefixime and Ceftriaxone were effective in 83.9% and 85.7% of cases, respectively, while Ciprofloxacin showed 81.3% sensitivity. Both Meropenem and Azithromycin were 100% effective. Among the 14 multidrug-resistant cases, Ciprofloxacin had the highest resistance rate (11 cases), while Cefixime and Ceftriaxone were resistant in 9 and 8 cases, respectively. Meropenem and Azithromycin showed no resistance in any case. Conclusion: Enteric fever remains a serious threat to child health, with rising multidrug resistance. While some drugs like Meropenem and Azithromycin are still 100% effective, they must be used carefully to prevent further resistance development.

Association between the biofilm formation of streptococcus mutans, dental caries experience, and resistance to antibiotics in adult patients

Objectives: The aim of this study was to consider the potential association between the formation of bucall mucusa streptococcus biofilms and a high DMFT index, as well as the occurrence of antibiotic resistance among adult patients in Sana'a, Yemen. Study design: A total of 100; 34-85 year old. Clinical examinations of patients were performed to estimate dental caries experience with the Silness-Loe index, as well as bucall mucusa swabs were collected to assess biofilm production by the phenotypic method, i.e., tissue culture palate methods (TCPM). Finally, the antibiogram susceptibility pattern of isolated S. mutans was done by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method for L-Lactam antibiotics (as ampicillin and penicillin) and non-L-Lactam antibiotics (clindamycin, erythromycin, lincomycin, and vancomycin). Results: When isolated S. mutans were exposed to biofilm detection by the TCP method, 1 (1.2%) showed strong biofilm formation capacity, 71 (86.6%) showed moderate biofilm formation capacity, and 10 (12.2%) showed non/weak formation capacity of biofilm. There was an escalation in the rate of formation of S. mutans biofilms with an increased degree of caries index. The S. mutans biofilms positively showed a higher rate of resistance than non/weak biofilm formation, e.g., ampicillin (91.1% versus 8.9%, p &lt;0x7E&gt; 0.0001), tetracycline (87.8% versus 12.2%, p &lt;0x7E&gt; 0.0001), and co-trimoxazole (90%% versus 10%, p &lt;0x7E&gt; 0.0001), etc. Conclusion: The present study proved that S. mutans is still the major bacteria isolated from the oral cavity, but few persons might not have a significant number of S. mutans in the oral cavity. The S. mutans biofilm producers were more able to cause dental caries compared to the S. mutans biofilm non-producers. Drug-resistant factor in the S. mutans isolates was found to be associated with S. mutans biofilm formation.

Antibiogram Pattern and Molecular Characterization of Multiple drug resistant Salmonella Isolated from Different Food Products in Egypt.

Antibiogram Pattern and Molecular Characterization of Multiple drug resistant Salmonella Isolated from Different Food Products in Egypt.

Molecular Detection of Van A and bap Genes in Staphylococcus Species Isolated from Hemodialysis Patients with Blood Stream Infections

AbstractBackground:Bloodstream infections (BSIs) are a frequent consequence of hemodialysis caused by bacterial pathogens associated withStaphylococcusspp. especiallyStaphylococcus aureusfollowed by coagulase-negative Staphylococci, which can produce biofilms, and also show its ability to increase resistance to vancomycin.Objectives:Estimate the percentage ofStaphylococcusspp. associated with BSIs in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Study the antibiogram pattern of isolates and detection of the resistance genevan Aand virulencebapgene.Materials and Methods:A total of 120 blood samples, 60 from patients on hemodialysis and 60 patients suspected of bacteremia, were collected. The isolation of bacteria was performed by blood samples inoculated in BacT/ALERT bottles and then subcultured on blood agar. Identification and antibiotic sensitivity testing detection were performed by the Vitek-2 system; then a conventional polymerase chain reaction forvan Aandbapgenes was done.Results:The percentage ofS. aureuswas 64.7% within the group of HD patients followed byStaphylococcus lentus11.8%,Staphylococcus hemolyticus8.8%, andStaphylococcus hominis5.9%, whereas in non-HD patients’ group,S. aureuswas 50.0% andS. lentus25.0%. AllStaphylococcusspp. was completely resistant to vancomycin in HD and non-HD patients. The percentage ofvan Agene was 91.2% and 83.3% within HD and non-HD patients, respectively. The percentage ofbapgene was 55.9% and 58.3% within HD and non-HD patients, respectively.Conclusion:Staphylococcus aureusis the most common bacterium that causes bacteremia in dialysis patients, while other types contribute with a lower frequency.

Antibiogram and susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates of urinary tract infection among children and adolescents at a tertiary care hospital

Background: UTI is one of the major causes of morbidity among children and adolescents in developing countries like Pakistan, where precise knowledge of causative micro-organisms and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns remains inadequate. To identify common organisms involved in urinary tract infection and their antimicrobial sensitivity patterns among children &amp; adolescents. Material and Methods : This retrospective descriptive study was conducted on urine cultures reports of children less than 18 year presented with suspected UTI in Allama Iqbal Memorial Teaching Hospital between the periods of January 2020 to December 2022 were taken. Urine sample cultured on CLED agar plates, micro-organism were identified by performing their morphological &amp; biochemical tests. Results: Urine culture reports of 500 patients of age &lt;18 years with suspected UTI were collected, out of which 102 were positive. The most common age for UTI was 5-11 years. The ratio of boys and girls was 30 and 72 respectively. Both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial species were recovered. The ratio of gram negative to gram positive was 94 and 8 respectively. Among Gram-negative bacterial species, E. coli was the most common organism. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of E. coli showed that susceptibility to commonly prescribed drugs as follows Gentamicin (80%), co-amoxiclav (52%), Trimethoprim- Sulfamethoxazole (19%), Cephalosporin’s (8%), and Amoxicillin (5%). Susceptibility to Nitrofurantoin &amp; Fosfomycin was 80% and 63% respectively. Conclusion: E.coli was the most common organism Isolated. Co-amoxiclav, Nitrofurantoin and Fosfomycin have good susceptibility profile among the oral drugs and Gentamicin has high susceptibility among injectables. Keywords: Urinary tract infection, Antibiotic sensitivity, Urine culture

Comprehensive Analysis of Salmonella Species Antibiogram and Evolving Patterns in Empirical Therapy: Insights From Tertiary Care Hospitals in Peshawar, Pakistan.

Background Typhoid fever presents a significant challenge in developing nations, exacerbated by the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains due to widespread prevalence and overuse of antibiotics. This study seeks to assess the antibiogram profiles of Salmonella species isolated from blood cultures of patients hospitalized at two prominent tertiary care hospitals in Peshawar, Pakistan: Khyber Teaching Hospital (KTH) and Hayatabad Medical Complex (HMC). By examining these profiles, the research aims to provide valuable insights into the evolving landscape of antibiotic resistance in the context of typhoid fever management. Materials and Methods This retrospective cross-sectional study utilized data gathered from two hospitals in Peshawar, KTHandHMC. Cases of enteric fever were identified based on positive blood cultures for Salmonella species. The study encompasses demographic information, seasonal prevalence, and antibiogram profiles of 3,137 cases that were presented between 2017 and 2023. Results Among the total 3,137 cases, males accounted for the majority, comprising 63% (2,044 cases). Particularly notable was the clustering of cases among children and adolescents aged one to 24 years. The incidence peaked during the months of summer and spring, from April to September. In terms of Salmonella Typhi isolates, considerable resistance was noted against first-line antibiotics such as amoxicillin/clavulanate (80.1%), co-trimoxazole/trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (66.6%), and chloramphenicol (86.9%), as well as against ceftriaxone (79.7%) and ciprofloxacin (51.6%). Conversely, certain antibiotics displayed higher sensitivity patterns, including meropenem (97.8%), doripenem (99.5%), imipenem (97.7%), ertapenem (96.5%), polymyxin B (99.4%), colistin (98.1%), and tigecycline (97.3%). Despite a limited sample size of 214 specimens, fosfomycin demonstrated a remarkable sensitivity of 93.4%. Sensitivities of amikacin and gentamicin were 90.7% and 81.5%, respectively. However, the sensitivity of azithromycin was concerning, standing at 66.5%. The antibiogram pattern for Salmonella exhibited significant and drastic changes. Conclusion In conclusion, this study sheds light on a higher prevalence of typhoid fever among males, with a notable seasonal peak observed during the summer and spring months. The age group most affected spans from one to 24 years. Salmonella isolates displayed significant resistance to conventional first-line antibiotics, alongside ciprofloxacin and third-generation cephalosporins. Azithromycin exhibited lower sensitivity compared to amikacin, gentamicin, and fosfomycin. The research advocates for the empirical use of amikacin, gentamicin, fosfomycin, and meropenem in the treatment of typhoid fever in Pakistan. Urgent measures, including regular Salmonella antibiogram surveillance, antibiotic stewardship, public health education, and Salmonella vaccination programs, are deemed crucial for primary disease prevention.

BACTERIOLOGICAL PROFILE AND ANTIBIOGRAM PATTERN IN ISOLATES FROM NEONATAL SEPSIS IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL

Objective: To determine the microbiological profile and their Antibiogram pattern in isolates from neonatal sepsis.&#x0D; Methods: This study was conducted from October 2022 to January 15th 2023. Total 663 blood samples received from NICU, which were processed in the department of microbiology Andhra Medical College, Visakhapatnam. Organisms were identified by conventional methods and an antibiotic susceptibility test was done by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method as per CLSI guidelines.&#x0D; Results: Out of 663 samples 200 (30.16%) are culture positives, in which males are more affected than females, that is 103 (51.5%). Among the culture positives, the most predominant isolate was klebsiella species 106 (53%) followed by pseudomonas 28 (14%) Escherichia coli 28 (14%) Acinetobacter 24 (12%), MRSA 11 (0.05%), MSSA 3(0.015%). Regarding its antibiogram, klebsiella species and Escherichia coli were most sensitive to penicillins+beta lactamase inhibitors (83%), fluroquinolones (75%) and aminoglycosides (75%), respectively. Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter was sensitive to penicillins+betalactamase inhibitors (100%) and aminoglycosides (72%). Gram-positive organisms were mostly sensitive to vancomycin, linezolid, aminoglycosides (MRSA) and cefoxitin (MSSA). There was widespread resistance to third-generation cephalosporins (77.77%) among gram-negative organisms.&#x0D; Conclusion: Gram negative bacteria are the most common cause of neonatal sepsis and klebsiella species are the predominant pathogens. These gram negative bacteria were resistant to cephalosporins. Antibiogram helps as a guide to antimicrobial therapy and resistance to antibiotics, as it is the common problem that causes ineffectiveness of empirical treatment.

Prevalence and Antibiogram Patterns of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Two Wastewater Treatment Plants in Aden Governorate-Yemen

Introduction: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram-negative rod-shaped obligatorily aerobic bacterium. This bacterium is most frequently associated with human infections and is regarded as an opportunistic pathogen, primarily causing nosocomial infections in immunocompromised patients. P. aeruginosa as a waterborne pathogen is a growing concern to public health sectors. Many sources of environmental water as well as in other sources such as sewage treatment plants could potentially be acting as a reservoir for potentially pathogenic strains of P. aeruginosa. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, antibiogram pattern and the multiple antibiotics resistant (MAR) of P. aeruginosa. Methods: The study was designed as a cross-sectional study, conducted between September 2022 and February 2023. A total of 193 wastewater samples, (97/193) &amp; (96/193) were obtained from two region AL-Magari and Kaputa wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), respectively. The wastewater samples were serially diluted and cultured on enrichment medium, then cultured on cetrimide agar as a selective medium for P. aeruginosa. The isolates were identified primarily based on cultural characteristics and then by biochemical tests. A panel of 32 antibiotics were used to determine the susceptibility patterns and the MAR. Results: The prevalence of P. aeruginosa was 33.7 % (65/193), while the statistical data revealed no a statistically significant difference between the prevalence of P. aeruginosa isolates from AL-Magari and Kaputa (P˃0.05). The study revealed the presence of antipseudomonal agents among the wastewater isolates of P. aeruginosa. Ciprofloxacin antibiotic has the highest activity against P. aeruginosa strains with the lowest resistant rate (7.7%), followed by Levofloxacin, Ofloxacin and Piperacillin/Tazobactam, (12.3%), (18.5%), and (20%), respectively. The MAR index ranged between 0.562 to 1. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that MAR P. aeruginosa were quite prevalent in the wastewater effluents of WWTPs in Aden governorate-Yemen with no statistically significant difference in resistant pattern between wastewater isolates from AL-Magari and Kaputa region to the antibiotics used in this study (P˃0.05); and this can lead to serious health risk for community, and natural vegetation where plants grow.

Isolation, Identification and Antibiogram Pattern of Bacteria Associated with Postpartum Metritis in Dairy Cattle

Microbial agents were isolated from forty-three clinical cases of postpartum metritis in dairy cattle from Bikaner, Rajasthan, India and their antibiogram pattern was recorded. Staphylococcus species were the most prevalent and Klebsiella species were the least prevalent. Maximum percent of uterine isolates were sensitive to Ceftiofur sodium, Ceftriaxone, Cephapirin, Cefoperazone and were resistant to Ampicillin and Amoxycillin. This analysis may help in understanding and tracking the types of microorganisms involved and the development of antimicrobial sensitivity and resistance patterns for different categories and generations of antibiotics frequently used in given geographical area related to clinical cases of metritis in dairy cattle.

Phenotypic and Molecular Characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Human specimens

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is considered an opportunistic pathogen that causes high morbidity and mortality and is responsible for a high proportion of hospital infections pathogen that can cause several disease syndromes in the community and hospitals. Recently, P. aeruginosa infections having antibiotic resistance have been increasing and serious problems are being experienced in treatment. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, antibiogram pattern, and molecular identification of oprL virulence gene of P. aeruginosa recovered from human pus. One hundred samples from human pus were collected for bacteriological identification before being subjected to molecular identification. The results revealed that 13/100 (13%) were positive for P. aeruginosa on Citramide ager. All isolates showed high sensitivity to Imipenem, Apramycin, Amikacin, Norfloxacin, Sulphamethoxazol, with 100%, 92.31%, 84.61%, 9.23%, and 61.53% respectively. For the molecular characterization of P. aeruginosa (5 isolates) for detection of oprL virulence gene. The results indicated that oprL genes were the detected genes in all tested samples with (100%).In conclusion; the obtained results provide important data about the importance of the oprL virulence gene and pathogenicity of P. aeruginosa as well as the widespread of MDR strains that complicated the treatment options in human community