Antibacterial Properties Of Extracts Research Articles

Green Synthesis of Silver Chloride Nanoparticles using Phlomoides Labiosa (Bunge) Adylov, Kamelin & Makhm Herbal Extract by Investigating Antioxidant Properties and Antibacterial Effects

Background: Considering the high cost of nano-particles chemical synthesis and bacteria’s high resistance against antibiotics, investigating silver particles biosynthesis and their effect on clinical and standard strains of different bacteria is very important. Objective: This study investigates the feasibility of green synthesis of silver chloride nanoparticles by labiosa (Bunge) Adylov, Kamelin & Makhm Phlomoides (Eremostachys labiosa Bunge) herbal extract and Phlomoides binaludensis Salmaki & Joharchi (Binaloud Cistanche tubulosa) plant. Methods: Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), UV-Visible Spectroscopy, and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) are used for nano-particles characterization. The antibacterial property of extracts and synthesized nano-particles was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli by agar disk diffusion and well diffusion, respectively. As antioxidants existing in plants are expected to act as regenerators in nano-particles synthesis, the plants used were investigated considering the existence of antioxidants through two DPPH and FRAP methods. Total values of phenol and IC50 were determined by the extract of considered plants. Results: The results showed that what has been successful in nano-particles synthesis is silver chloride nano-particles synthesis, which is due to the existence of chlorinated compounds in the herbal extract. Synthesized nano-particles are spherical, and their size is in the range of 27-35 nm, and synthesized nano-particles were distributed consistently. Also nano-particles enjoy significant antibacterial activity. Conclusion: IC50 was 0.56 mg/ml and 0.96 mg/ml for the aerial organs of Eremostachys labiosa Bunge and Binaloud Cistanche tubulosa, respectively, in this study, while it was 0.38 mg/ml for BHT synthetic antioxidant. Also, iron regeneration ability reported 255.990 and 64.110 Fe ion mmol/extract gr by the extracts.

Antioxidant and Antibacterial Properties of Extracts and Bioactive Compounds in Bryophytes

Today global health problems such as increased risks of oxidative stress-related diseases and antibiotic resistance are issues of serious concern. Oxidative stress is considered to be the underlying cause of many contemporary pathological conditions such as neurological disorders, ischemia, cancer, etc. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are a concerning issue in clinical practice, causing an increase in deadly infections. Bryophytes synthesize an outstanding number of secondary metabolites that have shown several potential therapeutic and nutraceutical applications. Research in the field has led to the isolation and characterization of several compounds (flavonoids, terpenoids, and bibenzyls). Some of these compounds have shown promising in vitro antibacterial activities and antioxidant potential comparable to known natural antioxidants such as ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol. However, the process of developing new drugs from naturally occurring molecules is often an impervious path. In this paper, the current state of research of bryophytic antioxidant and antibacterial applications is discussed.

Polyphenolic Profile and Antimicrobial Potential of Peel Extracts Obtained from Organic Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Variety “Mollar De Elche”

Abstract The aim of this work was to determine the polyphenolic profile and the antibacterial properties of extracts from organic pomegranate peel, to evaluate if it could be used as a potential antimicrobial ingredient to elaborated organic food. The antibacterial properties of different organic pomegranate peel extracts (ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol, with an increasing polarity) were tested against: Listeria innocua, Achromobacter denitrificans and Algaligenes faecalis. All extracts showed antimicrobial activity against all bacteria tested except ethyl acetate extract against A. denitrificans. The polyphenolic profile was determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Five compounds were identified. Punicagalin was the main component found in acetone and methanol extracts (7,939 µg.g−1 and 5,178 µg.g−1 of lyophilized sample, respectively). Ellagic acid was the main component found in ethyl acetate extract (171 µg.g−1 of lyophilized sample).

Phytochemical, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of extracts from two spice herbs under different extraction solvents

Mountain fennel (Zaravschanicamembranacea) and Ferulagoangulata belonging to the Apiaceae family are important aromatic and spice plants in Iran, which the aerial parts of these herbs are used as flavoring agents in dairy foods. This investigation was devoted to the determination of total phenols and flavonoids contents of Z.membranacea and F.angulata after their extraction using three solvents (ethanol, n-hexane, and methanol), as well as the determination of the antioxidant and the antibacterial activities of all obtained extracts. The results indicated that methanol appeared the most effective solvent for polyphenols and flavonoids’ extraction for both herbs. In fact, the highest total phenols and flavonoids contents among the six prepared extracts from two herbs were found in the methanol extract of Z.membranacea. The results indicated that the extracts of have diverse antioxidant capacities, however, the methanol extract of Z.membranacea exhibited the highest antioxidant activities by DPPH, FRAP and ABTS assays. Moreover, the antibacterial activity of different extracts was evaluated using the disk diffusion agar method against Salmonellaenterica and Pseudomonasaeruginosa, and Bacillussubtilis and Staphylococcusepidermidis. The highest inhibition zone was obtained from the methanol extract of Z.membranacea for four bacteria. Similarly, the maximum antibacterial activity (MIC) also was obtained from the methanol extract of Z.membranacea for four bacteria. Positive and significant correlations were noted between the phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities by DPPH, FRAP, and TEAC assays. In conclusion, methanol was found to be the best solvent of choice for the extraction of phenolic and flavonoid compounds rich extracts with free radical scavenging and antibacterial activities. Further studies should focus on the isolation and identification of active secondary metabolites from the extracts from Iranian herbs.

In Vitro Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity and Antibacterial Effects and Measurement of Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents of Quercus brantii L. Fruit Extract

ABSTRACTPlant-based extracts, as alternatives to chemical compounds, are commonly use in pharmaceutical and food industries. Antibacterial properties of extracts are mainly considered in medicine. Because of the high incidence of infectious diseases, it is helpful to identify more agents that are able to treat diseases. Antioxidant effects have been reported for different plant extracts. We aimed to investigate antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and antibacterial effect of Quercus brantii L. fruit extract. In this study, Q. brantii L. fruit was extracted by maceration using ethanol 70%. Total phenolic content was determined by Folin-Ciocalceu reagent and gallic acid equivalence, and antioxidant activity was measured using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) compared to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Antibacterial effects were investigated by broth microdilution and measurement of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Then the effects of different concentrations of extract on Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis growth were investigated in comparison with vancomycin and nitrofurantoin. Our findings demonstrate that antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Q. brantii L. fruit was more than that of BHT. Total phenolic content was derived (3.010 mg GAE/g DW). Flavonol and flavonoid contents were 1.813 and 0.654 mg/g, respectively. The extract was found to exert significant inhibitory effects on both studied bacteria. S. aureus was more susceptible than E. faecalis to Q. brantii L. fruit extract. Q. brantii L. fruit extract can exert considerable antioxidant effects, contains high amounts of phenolic, flavonol, and flavonoid compounds, and inhibits bacterial growth.

EVALUATION OF THE WOUND HEALING POTENTIAL OF OINTMENT PREPARATION OF ETHYL-ACETATE EXTRACT OF MORINGA OLEIFERA (LAM) IN RATS

Background: This study examined the in vitro antibacterial property of extracts of Moringa oleifera and the effect of different concentrations of the ethyl-acetate extract on cutaneous wound using an ointment delivery base. The aim of the study was to screen the extracts with best antibacterial property and evaluate effectiveness of different concentrations of the best extract when delivery is modified to ensure prolonged contact and reduced frequency of administration using an ointment base delivery vehicle.
 Materials and Methods: Dried and pulverized leaves of Moringa oleifera were screened for secondary metabolites. Successive gradient extraction was carried out using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. Leaf extracts were screened against clinical wound isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis using agar cup diffusion technique. The ethyl acetate extract was investigated for its healing efficiency on excision wound model in rats. The study made use of wistar rats (150-180 kg), randomized into Gentamicin, M. oleifera ointment (5% and 3.25%), and ointment base treatment groups. Treatments were applied topically on days 0, 7 and 14. The percentage wound closure rate was measured and histopathology of the healed wounds carried out.
 Results: In vitro antimicrobial screening showed that ethyl-acetate extract was effective against the test isolates. Topical application of ointment with 3.25% of the plant extract resulted in faster wound closure rate, rapid epithelization, resolution of granulation tissue, and remodeling at histology.
 Conclusion: This may be due to less interference by components of M. oleifera which appear to retard wound healing at higher concentrations. Therefore, M. oleifera 3.25% ointment preparation is recommended topically for wound healing.

The position of prenylation of isoflavonoids and stilbenoids from legumes (Fabaceae) modulates the antimicrobial activity against Gram positive pathogens.

The legume plant family (Fabaceae) is a potential source of antimicrobial phytochemicals. Molecular diversity in phytochemicals of legume extracts was enhanced by germination and fungal elicitation of seven legume species, as established by RP-UHPLC-UV-MS. The relationship between phytochemical composition, including different types of skeletons and substitutions, and antibacterial properties of extracts was investigated. Extracts rich in prenylated isoflavonoids and stilbenoids showed potent antibacterial activity against Listeria monocytogenes and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at concentrations between 0.05 and 0.1% (w/v). Prenylated phenolic compounds were significantly (p<0.01) correlated with the antibacterial properties of the extracts. Furthermore, the position of the prenyl group within the phenolic skeleton also influenced the antibacterial activity. Overall, prenylated phenolics from legume seedlings can serve multiple purposes, e.g. as phytoestrogens they can provide health benefits and as natural antimicrobials they offer preservation of foods.

Antibacterial properties of extracts of Solidago canadensis and their potential use as dietary supplements in red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii)

Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis )i s one of the most destructive invasive weeds in South- eastern China. To evaluate its potential application as dietary supplement in red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), the antibacterial properties of aqueous and ethanol extracts of this plant against three major pathogenic bacteria in crayfish aquaculture were examined. Inhibition zone tests and determination of minimum inhibitory concentration revealed that the extracts had lower antibacterial activity than extracts from two traditional medicinal plants that possess antibacterial properties, garlic (Allium sativum) and cortex phellodendri (Phello- dendron chinense). However, they did exhibit greater antibacterial effects than extracts from another widely used medicinal plant, Sophora flavescens, and an aquatic weed, Alternanthera philoxeroides. Aqueous extracts of Cana- dian goldenrod gave greater inhibition than the ethanol extracts. Crayfish fed a diet with 2% these aqueous extracts exhibited significantly higher enzyme activity of alkaline phosphatase, catalase and phenoloxidase (P<0.05). Based on the results of this study, we conclude that aqueous extracts of Canadian goldenrod are highly promising for the development of new dietary supplement for use in crayfish aquaculture.

Evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial properties of extracts from Trollius chinensis Bunge

Trollius chinensis Bunge is a traditional edible and medicinal plant utilized popularly in north China. This study is intended to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of extracts obtained with different processing methods from Trollius chinensis Bunge. The results showed that all extract displayed moderate or great potential of antioxidant and antibacterial activity, especially ultrasound-assisted ethanol extracts (UAE). It exhibited the highest 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH; EC50 0.215 ± 1.10 mg/mL), 2, 2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS; EC50 < 10 μg/mL) and reducing power (RP; EC50 0.25 ± 0.02 mg/mL) with the highest level of flavonoids content (71.56 ± 0.35 mg/g) and total phenolic (35.75 ± 0.35 mg/g). In addition, the UAE had high antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (19.7 ± 0.6 mm inhibition zone), Bacillus subtilis (16.4 ± 0.3 mm inhibition zone), Escherichia coli (15.3 ± 0.2 mm inhibition zone), respectively. The HPLC analysis show that the main flavonoids components in T. chinensis Bunge were revealed to be 2″-O-β-L-galactopyranosylorientin, orientin, vitexin, hyperin. These results suggested the extracts of T. chinensis Bunge could be potentially used as a promising source of antioxidant and antibacterial agents for using in the food or drug industries.

Chemical composition and antibacterial properties of stem and leaf extracts from Ginja cherry plant

In this work the first systematic study on the composition and the antibacterial properties of the extracts from the stems and the leaves of Ginja cherry are reported. This native Portuguese cherry (Prunus cerasus, L. Rosaceae) is used to make a liquor (Ginjinha); both stems and leaves are a by-product of this process.The extracts from stems and leaves were prepared using different solvents (ethyl acetate, ethanol, acetone and water); their analysis was performed with GC–MS. Thirty-six volatile compounds were identified; terpenes – both hydrocarbons and oxygenated – were the main class of compounds.The extracts made from the stems with ethyl acetate were particularly rich in these species; compounds such as linalool, α-pinene, 4-terpineol and cedrene were present in concentration more than 10 times higher than in the other extracts.The antibacterial properties of all the extracts were tested against eight bacterial strains; the values of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration were determined. The stem extracts in ethyl acetate were the most active, showing bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity towards Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.This study showed that these by-products can be successfully valorized with solvent extraction of valuable compounds. The antibacterial properties of these extracts, combined with their antioxidant activity, make them suitable to be employed in areas like cosmetics and food packaging.

Antioxidant and Antibacterial Properties of Alpinia galanga, Curcuma longa, and Etlingera elatior (Zingiberaceae)

Antioxidant and antibacterial properties of methanolic extracts, non-polymeric phenolic fractions, and polymeric tannin fractions of leaves and rhizomes of Alpinia galanga and Curcuma longa, and leaves and inflorescences of Etlingera elatior were investigated. Antioxidant properties based on total phenolic content (TPC) and ascorbic acid equivalent capacity (AEAC ) were screened using the Folin-Ciocalteu and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays, respectively. Antibacterial activity based on minimum inhibitory dose (MID) was tested against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, and Bacillus cereus using the disc-diffusion method. The effect of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA ) on the antibacterial properties of extracts and fractions was also studied. Extraction yields ranged from 4.1–6.0%. Yields of non-polymeric phenolic (NP) fractions (66–92%) were much higher than that of polymeric tannin (PT) fractions (0.5–10%), suggesting that the former were the major compounds. Highest TPC and AEAC were observed in the PT fraction of A. galanga rhizomes, in the crude extract and NP fraction of C. longa rhizomes, and in the PT fraction of E. elatior leaves. Leaf extracts and fractions of A. galanga and C. longa did not show any antibacterial activity against S. aureus, M. luteus, and B. cereus. Rhizome extracts and fractions of A. galanga and C. longa had no inhibitory effect on M. luteus and S. aureus, respectively. PT fractions of E. elatior leaves and inflorescences displayed no antibacterial activity. With the addition of 0.01 mg/ml of EDTA , extracts and fractions of A. galanga, C. longa, and E. elatior showed moderate, weak, and strong responses, respectively. Strongest antibacterial activity was observed in the PT fraction of A. galanga rhizomes with MID of 0.06 mg/disc against all three bacterial species. PT fractions of E. elatior leaves and inflorescences displayed antibacterial activity with MID of 0.13 mg/disc, which showed no activity prior to the addition of EDTA . The effect of EDTA on the antibacterial activity of extracts and fractions of these three ginger species warrants further investigation.

Effect of aqueous extract of shallot (Allium ascalonicum) on inhibition of growth of Pseudomonas aeroginosa

Shallot from Liliacea are the oldest plants that are used for treatment of different disease such as bacterial, parasitic, fungal infections and also viruses. In addition, Pseudomonas aeroginosa is the most important human pathogen with invasive nature that causes different infections especially in cases with abnormal defence. It is resistant to many antibiotics, makes some problems in treatment. This study was done to evaluate the effect of shallot on pseudomonas aeroginosa. The undergoround bulbs of this plant were percolated in distilled water for 7 days, heat-dried (50°C in a dry oven) and the crystalline products were isolated. 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% w/v of aqueous solutions of these crystal were prepared. Microorganism used in this experiment was pseudomonas aeroginosa (PTCC1074). The above suspension was cultured homogenously in Muller Hinton Agar, and the antibacterial property of extracts was then investigated by well assay method. The zone of growth around each well was assessed after 24-48 hours. The results of this study indicated that pseudomonas aeroginosa (PTCC1074) was sensitive to this extract, total results showed that antimicrobial effects was from bacteriocide type and the most effect was in aqueous solution about 50%. In addition, the inhibitory growth zone diameter was in 30 mm to 50 mm, so that not only we can use this extract for its anti-microbial effect on pseudomonas aerogenes as people use it in their food but also it can be a wonderful study in pharmacology field for scientists.

Radical scavenging and antibacterial properties of the extracts from different Thymus pulegioides L. chemotypes

Radical scavenging and antibacterial properties of large thyme extracts isolated from five chemotypes of Thymus pulegioides L. growing wild in Lithuania were studied. The chemotypes were defined according to the main essential oil components: linalool (L), geranial/geraniol/neral (G/G/N), thymol (T), carvacrol/γ-terpinene/ p-cymene (C/γT/ pC) and thymol/carvacrol/γ-terpinene/ p-cymene (T/C/γT/ pC). The contents of phenolic compounds, flavonoids and flavonols were determined. It was found that the extracts of phenolic chemotypes containing remarkable concentrations of thymol and/or carvacrol were stronger DPPH and ABTS free radical scavengers in the model systems. The antibacterial activity of the extracts depended on the plant chemotype, extract preparation, solvent used and finally the sensitivity of bacteria. Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus were the most sensitive to the all extracts applied, whereas Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Enterobacter aerogenes remained resistant.

Antibacterial and wound healing properties of methanolic extracts of some Nigerian medicinal plants

This study was conducted to evaluate methanolic extracts of Ageratum conyzoides, Anthocleista djalonensis, Napoleona imperialis, Ocimum gratissimum, and Psidium guajava for antibacterial and wound healing properties. Antibacterial properties of the extracts were studied against eleven wound isolates (Staphylococcus aureus (four strains), E. coli (two strains), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (one strain), Proteus spp. (three strains), and Shigella spp. (one strain)) using the well diffusion method. Wound healing properties of Ageratum conyzoides, Anthocleista djalonensis, Napoleonaea imperialis, and Ocimum gratissimum were determined using the excision wound model. Extract of Napoleona imperialis inhibited growth of all the test bacterial strains while Psidium guajava and Anthocleista djalonensis extracts prevented growth of 81.8 and 72.7% of the test organisms, respectively. Ageratum conyzoides and Ocimum gratissimum extracts did not inhibit growth of any of the test organisms. More than 90% wound healing was recorded in the extract and cicatrin® powder treated groups by 14 days post surgery, where as 72% healing was observed in the distilled water-treated group. The percentage healing in the distilled water-treated group was significantly different (P<0.001) from those of extract and antibiotic-treated groups.

Antibacterial properties of extracts from selected planktonic freshwater cyanobacteria--a comparative study of bacterial bioassays.

Aqueous and methanol extracts from five selected cyanobacteria were examined for antibacterial properties in six different bacterial bioassays. All five cyanobacteria revealed antibacterial properties. Methanol extracts made from Tychonema bourrellyi, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii showed the most pronounced inhibitory effects, Aqueous extracts made from Microcystis aeruginosa and T. bourrellyi possessed evident antibacterial properties. The bacterial bioassays were based on agar diffusion tests and included pour-plate methods commonly used to detect residues of antibacterial substances in food. In addition, a pourplate bioassay with Aeromonas hydrophila was developed and described. Antibacterial effects were observed in five of the six bacterial bioassays. No antibacterial effect was observed in the Micrococcus luteus bioassay. Bioassays based on Aer. hydrophila, Bacillus cereus and B. subtilis grown in Antibiotic Medium 8, pH5.85, seemed to be sensitive and suitable. The MIC value of diluted MeOH extracts made from C. raciborskii and T. bourrellyi against Aer. hydrophila corresponded to 38 mg freeze-dried cyanobacteria. Bacillus subtilis was more sensitive when grown in a culture medium with pH 5.85 than 7.9. The antibacterial properties of extracts from the cyanobacteria examined differed from defined cyanotoxins and antibacterial substances. The pattern of inhibition in the bacterial bioassays indicated that various antibacterial substances are involved.