Antibacterial Activity Of Leaf Extracts Research Articles

Cinnamomum impressinervium meisn.: antioxidant and antimicrobial activities

Background: The Cinnamomum impressinervium (CI) Meisn. Tree, which belongs to the Lauraceae family and is endemic to India, is also called Assameses or Tejiya. Numerous pharmacological properties of this plant, including anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, have been demonstrated. Materials and method: This study examines the phytochemical profile of the leaf using qualitative and quantitative methods. Following the phytochemical analysis of the leaf, the antioxidant efficacy for scavenging free radicals (ABTS and DPPH) was measured. Using the agar well diffusion method, the antibacterial potential of the crude extract and its fractions (aqueous, methanolic, n-hexane, and chloroform) was investigated against six gram-negative, three gram-positive, and one fungal strain. Result and discussion: Antioxidant activities of various extracts viz: aqueous, hexane, chloroform, and ethanol were prepared and subjected to antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Through qualitative analysis, several alkaloids, steroids, and flavones were identified. In the DPPH and ABTS assays, the aqueous extract had the most potent antioxidant activity, with IC50 values of 123.83±0.42 and 57.86±0.85 μg/mL, respectively. DNA nicking assay is a qualitative analysis that shows DNA protection from free radicals. All the extracts towards B. atropheous showed best inhibition activity but a maximum zone of inhibition was shown by aqueous extracts measuring 40 mm. Aqueous and methanolic extracts are completely inactive towards S. typhi. Conclusion: This study revealed the antioxidant and antimicrobial efficacy of various extracts of Cinnamomum impressinervium Meisn. Leaves In this paper, the antibacterial activity of leaf extracts from Cinnamomum impressinervium Meisn. were studied. The evaluated extracts showed varied levels of inhibitory zones against every tested bacterium.

Analysis of active compounds and bioactivity of leaves extracts of Sonneratia species

AbstractThe present study focused on the quantitative determination of active compounds, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of leaf extracts of different Sonneratia species. The tested species including Sonneratia alba (SA), Sonneratia caseolaris (SC), and Sonneratia ovata Backer (SO) were collected from Can Gio Mangrove Forest, Vietnam. The methanol extract of SA leaves was found to contain the highest content of total flavonoids, total phenolics and gallic acid (4344.16 ± 51.78 μg/g dry mass). The highest luteolin‐7‐O‐glucoside and luteolin amounts (5963.28 ± 59.77 and 234.33 ± 10.41 μg/g dry mass, respectively) were found in the methanol extract of SC leaves according to HPLC‐DAD analysis. The methanol extracts of all three species exhibited strong DPPH radical scavenging activity while the ethanol extracts provided strong antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, and Escherichia coli. By fractionating the extracts over a SiO2 column using CHCl3: EA: MeOH gradients, the fractions containing high purity luteolin and luteolin‐7‐glucoside from SC and high purity luteolin from SO were collected. Moreover, all fractions demonstrated significant DPPH free radical scavenging ability but the fraction enriched in gallic acid showed the highest activity. These findings show that SA is a promising source of gallic acid while SC can be potentially used for the extraction and isolation of luteolin‐7‐glucoside.

Antibacterial Activity of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Sida acuta Against Some Clinical Bacterial Isolates

Persistent evolution of multidrug resistance bacteria due to inappropriate use of conventional antibiotics is undermining treatment intervention for infectious diseases, thus constituting substantial proportion of the global public health problem. This, necessitated the search and development of new drugs particularly from plant origin that are effective against such superbugs. Therefore, the present study was designed to determine the phytochemical constituents in Sida acuta and their antibacterial effects on pathogenic bacterial species of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis. The phytochemical components of the extract were identified using standard methods. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of the leaf extract against the bacterial pathogens were assessed using agar well diffusion and broth dilution method, at varying concentrations of the extract (37.50, 75, 150 and 300 mg/ml), and using Commercially obtained ciprofloxacin as control. Preliminary screening revealed that ethanolic leaf extract possesses many secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenol, tannins, terpenoids, glycosides and cardiac glycosides. The extract exhibited significant inhibitory effects at (p

A comparative assessment of the antibacterial activity of extracts derived from leaves of various Ficus species (Moraceae) against fish pathogens

Abstract The aim of the study was to compare the in vitro antibacterial activity of leaf extracts obtained from various Ficus species against four bacterial strains of fish pathogens (Serratia liquefaciens, Yersinia ruckeri, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Shewanella putrefaciens). In vitro tests for antibacterial activity assessment revealed that various Ficus species have notable antibacterial efficacy. The six most effective Ficus plants against S. liquefaciens that caused a zone of inhibition of at least 15 mm were F. lingua, F. erecta, F. rubiginosa, F. tinctoria, F. sur, and F. aspera. The maximum antimicrobial activity against the Y. ruckeri strain was observed for ethanolic extracts of F. hederacea, F. formosana, and F. hispida. Our results also demonstrated that the Pseudomonas fluorescens strain exhibited high susceptibility to ethanolic extracts derived from 20 plants (the mean value of inhibition zone diameters (IZD) was more than 15 mm). F. erecta, F. sur, and F. virens extracts were more effective against P. fluorescens. The Shewanella putrefaciens strain revealed a high level of susceptibility to ethanolic extracts derived from the leaves of 32 species (the highest value of the IZDs was observed for F. erecta). The data presented in the current study indicated that ethanolic extracts derived from leaves of various Ficus species are a promising alternative to the use of antibiotics and chemotherapeutics in controlling infections caused by the Serratia liquefaciens, Yersinia ruckeri, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Shewanella putrefaciens strains.

Assessment on antioxidant activity of the aqueous leaf extracts of Combretum microphyllum and the effect of Co(II)-leaf extract complex on antibacterial activity of leaf extracts of the plant material

BackgroundIn the present study, different aqueous leaf extracts of C.microphyllum prepared by maceration were investigated for their antioxidant potential, antibacterial activity, and polyphenolic and flavonoid contents. MethodLeaf samples of C. microphyllum were collected, milled, air-dried, pulverized, and subjected to maceration extraction with water as a solvent. The total phenolic, flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activity of the aqueous extract were evaluated using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (FCR), aluminum chloride colorimetric assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assays, respectively. ResultThe total phenolic content and the total flavonoid content of the plant extract were found to be 540.28 and 40.81 mg/100 g dry weight, respectively. The results from DPPH radical scavenging and FRAP assays revealed that the C. microphyllum extract exhibited strong antioxidant activity. The antibacterial property of the aqueous leaf extract was found to be biologically inactive against the selected bacterial strains. However, its complex with Cobalt(II) demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against all the tested strains. ConclusionThis medicinal plant has been found to contain antioxidant components that can be utilized in the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases after proper standardization. In addition, this work showed the possibility to develop antibiotics from biologically inactive naturally occurring substances by coordination with metal ions.

Assay of Antibacterial Activity of Gymnema sylvestre Extracts

The aim of the present study was to determination of antibacterial activities of ethanolic and aqueous leaf extracts of Madhunaashini (Gymnema sylvestre). Leaves of G. sylvestre was subjected to successive solvent extraction by continuous hot extraction (Soxhlet) with water and ethanol. The extracts were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) before testing the antibacterial activity. The antibacterial activity of leaf extracts G. sylvestre for Proteus mirabilis, E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was determined by agar well diffusion technique. Results delineated that zone of inhibition of G. Sylvestre for ethanolic & aqueous extracts for E. coli and P. mirabilis was found to be 17 mm & 13 mm and 19 mm & 16 mm respectively. Leaf extracts G. sylvestre for P. aeruginosa exhibited the zone of inhibition as 10 mm for ethanolic extract. In addition, ethanolic extract of G. Sylvestre exhibited antibacterial activity (19 mm) against P. mirabilis which is at par with that of standard antibiotic Streptomycin (20.5 mm). In conclusion, G. sylvestre could be used as an antibacterial agent since it was demonstrated from the current study findings that the ethanolic extract of G. sylvestre exhibited antibacterial activity at par with that of standard antibiotic streptomycin.

ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTS OF EXTRACTS FROM Tanacetum parthenium L. LEAVES

In our current study, phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activity of leaf extracts of T. parthenium were assessed. Qualitative phytochemical screening was carried using standard procedures and quantitative analysis for estimation of total phenolic content (TPC) was determined by spectrophotometric method. The antibacterial activity was accomplished using disc diffusion assay, determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against two gram positives (Streptococcus pyogenes (ATCC 19615), Streptococcus anginosus) and two gram negatives (Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) and Fusobacterium necrogenes) pathogenic bacteria. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the plant extracts revealed the presence of phenolics, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, and cardiac glycosides. The methanol extract had highest total phenolic content (6.17 ± 0.19 mg/ml). The results also displayed that the methanol extract exhibited significant antibacterial activity against the tested pathogenic microorganisms, in particular against S. anginosus with inhibition zone of 15.33±0.33 mm. The lowest MIC (33.33 mg/ml) and MBC (41.66 g/ml) values were observed in methanol extract against S. anginosus and S. pyogenes respectively. The results indicated that crude leaf extracts of T. parthenium had a potent antibacterial activity suggesting that it could be valuable in treating pathogenic bacterial infections.

Phytochemical screening, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of leaf extract of Morinda citrifolia L. against Escherichia coli & Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Morinda citrifolia is used traditionally for the treatment of infectious diseases. This study aims to investigate phytochemical screening and examines the antioxidant and antibacterial property of leaves. The shade dried leaf powder was extracted serially using hexane, acetone, and water. All three extracts were subjected to phytochemical screenings and only water extract is subjected to antibacterial and antioxidant analysis. Preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out by different chemical tests. Amino acid, Carbohydrate, Protein were the primary metabolites found to be present. The Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Terpenoids, Steroids, Saponins, Phenol, Tannin, and Cardiac glycosides showed to be present as the secondary metabolites. The terpenoids were found only in acetone extract. The evaluation of antibacterial activity of the aqueous extract of Morinda citrifolia against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at concentrations 10, 50,100µl. The bacterial strains are sub-cultured on nutrient broth. The aqueous extract of Morinda citrifolia shows maximum antibacterial activity in 100µl concentrations, in Pseudomonas aeruginosa it will be 61.46% and in the case of Escherichia coli 52.24%. The antioxidant activity of aqueous extract of Morinda citrifolia was carried out by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Different concentration of the extract was taken and the percentage of inhibition was calculated. Maximum radical scavenging activity was observed in 100µl concentration i.e. 68.94% and minimum in 50µl concentration. i.e., 49.47%. So as the concentration increases the antioxidant activity also increases. The data generated as a result of this investigation has provided the scientific basis for its use as therapeutic in traditional medicine.

Potensi Antibakteri Esktrak Etanol Daun Evodia suaveolens terhadap Staphylococcus aureus

Research on the test of the antibacterial activity of leaf extracts of zodia plants (Evodia suaveolens) on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 bacteria has been carried out. Zodia originates from Irian Island/Papua, which is known as a mosquito repellent plant. This study aims to examine the potential of zodia leaves ethanol extract as antibacterial in vitro by agar diffusion method. Zodia leaf powder was macerated using ethanol solvent then the filtrate was concentrated using rotary evaporator vacuum until the concentrated extract was obtained. Antibacterial test on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 was carried out at the concentration of the test solution (5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80%), negative and positive control. The one-way ANOVA test on inhibition zone diameter data was useful for assessing the effect of zodia ethanol extracts at various concentrations. The research data showed that zodia ethanol extracts with concentration of 20% were more effective in the process of inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 with inhibition zone diameters of 8.74 mm. Thus, the ethanol extract of zodia leaves has the potential to be further developed as an antibacterial.

In Vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activity of leaf extracts of Measa lanceolata

ABSTRACT This study investigated total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), antioxidant activity, and antibacterial activities of different leaf extracts of Measa lanceolata. The TPC and TFC of the extracts were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride methods, respectively. The 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, reducing power, and phosphomolybedinium assays were used to evaluate antioxidant activity. Antibacterial properties were assessed using the disc-diffusion assay based on minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Bacteria tested were three strains of gram-negative (Escherichia coli (ATCC-25922), Proteus vulgaris (ATCC-13315), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC-43495)), and two strains of gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus(ATCC-25923), and Enterococcus faecalis(ATCC-29212)). It was found that methanol extract contained the highest TPC (60.6 ± 4.4 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g of dried extract) and TFC (6.4 ± 6.0 mg of catechin equivalent/g of dried extract). Extract showed the strongest DPPH radical scavenging activity (EC50 = 76.7 ± 7.3 µg/mL), iron reducing power (EC50 = 74.0 ± 1.6 µg/mL), and total antioxidant activity (128 ± 4 mg of ascorbic acid equivalent per dried extract). Inhibition zones were observed in water and methanol extracts against bacterial strains, whereas Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC-25923), Escherichia coli(ATCC-25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC-43495), and Proteus vulgaris(ATCC-13315) were resistant against chloroform and ethyl-acetate extracts.

The Antibacterial Activity of Aqueous and Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Balanites aegyptiaca (l.) Del Plant on Some Selected Clinical Human Pathogens

The antibacterial activity of the leaf extract of Balanites aegyptiaca plant was investigated on five selected clinical common human pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella dysentriae and Escherichia coli, in vitro. The phytochemical screening, susceptibility testing and Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations were determined. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the leaf extracts indicated the presence of alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, glycosides, resins, saponins, steroids, tannins, and carbohydrates in varying concentrations. Ethanolic leaf extract was more effective. The extracts inhibited the growth of isolates with increasing concentrations, ranging from 8-12 mm zones of inhibitions, showing the susceptibility of the test organisms. S. dysentriae had the highest susceptibility for both extracts with 12 mm and 13 mm zones of inhibition for aqueous and ethanolic extracts respectively at the highest concentration of 400 mg/ml. S. aureus showed the least susceptibility with 8 mm for aqueous extract while S. typhimurium showed the least susceptibility for the ethanolic extract with 9mm zones of inhibition. The analysis of variance results on zones of inhibition revealed a significant difference for both extract treatments, concentrations, and interactions between the treatments and concentrations. The Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations determined from the corresponding concentration-response curves showed that S. dysentriae had the least value of 79.433 mg/ml while the aqueous extracts against S. aureus and S. typhimurium were the largest with 125.893 mg/ml value. The activity index and activity were also deduced to measure activity. The antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts of B. aegyptiaca on bacteria of the tested isolates have been established in this study and justify the claims by the traditional healers in its use to treat infectious diseases.

Phytochemical screening, FTIR spectral analysis, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of leaf extract of Pimenta dioica Linn

Pimenta dioica (L.) (Allspice) is commonly known as Jamaica pepper, belongs to the family Myrtaceae. The present work was aimed to determine the phytochemical screening analysis, antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity of different extracts of Pimenta dioica leaves. Phytochemical screening indicates the presence of carbohydrate, protein, steroid, alkaloid, flavonoids, phenol and terpenoids in ethanolic extract; protein, phenol and terpenoids were present in diethyl ether extract; whereas carbohydrate, alkaloid, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, tannin and terpenoids present in aqueous extract. The antioxidant content of the P. dioica leaf extract was evaluated by ferrous ion chealating assay, nitric oxide radical scavenging assay and DPPH test. The antioxidant activity was found to be increased with increasing concentration of ethanol extract. The functional groups present in Pimenta dioica leaves was analysed which indicate the presence of carboxylic acid, alkyl halides alkanes and misc. In antibacterial activity, maximum zone of inhibition was observed in aqueous extract against K. pneumonia, S. aureus and S. mutans; ethanolic extract confirmed a strong antibacterial activity against S. aureus and B. subtilis . The presence of antioxidant properties and antimicrobial effects of P. dioica suggests that it can be used against the human pathogenic bacteria and for other disease management and rejuvenation immunity support.

Antibacterial Activity and Phytochemical Components of Leaf Extracts of Agave americana.

BackgroundEthiopian flora is a source of innumerable cures for several infections. The medicinal potential of A. americana has been evaluated in some studies. The current study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial effect of A. americana leaf extracts on selected bacterial strains and to determine the phytochemical components.PurposeTo determine the phytochemical constituents and in vitro antibacterial activity of leaf extracts of Agave americana against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella species, and Eshercia coli.MethodsThe macerated and Soxhlet crude extracts of Agave americana were further fractionated to petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, and methanol fractions. The agar well diffusion method and disc diffusion methods were used to test the antibacterial effect and determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the plant extract. Standard methods of determination were used to determine the phytochemical components of Agave americana.ResultsThe percentage yield of crude extracts of A. americana was 15.11%. Alkaloids, saponins, tannins, polyphenols, and flavonoids were identified as phytochemical constituents of A. americana. The crude and solvent fractions of A. americana have an antibacterial activity comparable to gentamycin, with zones of inhibition ranging from 17 to 40mm and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2.5 mg mL for S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and S. typhi strains and 10 mg mL for E. coli strains. S. aureus and E. coli were the most and least susceptible bacteria among the four bacterial test strains tested.ConclusionThe crude and solvent fractions of A. americana have antibacterial activity against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and S. thyphi, comparable to gentamycin.

Phytochemical screening and in-vitro antibacterial activity of leaf extracts of Justicia secunda Vahl on selected clinical pathogens

Phytochemical screening and in-vitro antibacterial activity of leaf extracts of Justicia secunda Vahl on selected clinical pathogens

Phytochemical Screening and In Vitro Antibacterial Activities of Leaf Extract Acacia etbaica Schweinf Against Multidrug Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Human Pathogens

Acacia etbaica Schweinf belongs to the family Fabaceae widely distributed in Africa and various parts of this plant such as bark, leaves, flowers and roots are widely used as a folk medicine for curing of various ailments.This study was aimed to screen the phytoconstituents and evaluate the antibacterial activity of leaf extract of A. etbaica against selected multidrug resistant Enterobacteriaceae family. Leaves of A. etbaica were extracted with petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, and ethanol by sequential soxhlet extraction. Phytochemical screening of organic leaf extract of A.etbaica was carried out for the detection of phytoconstituents accountable for antibacterial activity. In vitro antibacterial activities of A.etbaica leaf extracts against selected Enterobacteriaceae family gram‑positive bacteria such as (B.subtilis, E.faecalis,S.aureus)and gram-negative (E. coli, K. pneumonia, V. cholera) were evaluated by agar well diffusion. The antibacterial potential of acetone and ethanol leaf extracts of A.etbaica were determined by 96 well plate broth dilution assay. Among the tested organic leaf extracts, both acetone and ethanolic leaf extract of A.etbaica showed a potentially broad spectrum of in vitro antibacterial activity against tested multiple drug resistant Enterobacteriaceae family gram-positive pathogens such as B.subtilis, E. faecalis , and S.aureus and gram-negative bacterial strains E. coli, K. Pneumonia and V. Cholera with significant MIC values. The significant antibacterial activity of both acetone and ethanolic leaf extracts of A.etbaica was due to the subsistence of secondary metabolites phytoconstituents such as flavonoids and phenolic compounds.

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY TEST OF LEAVES KECOMBRANG (NICOLAIA SPECIOSA) ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS AGAINST STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

Infectious diseases that often occur in humans are skin infections. One of the bacteria that cause infection in humans is Staphylococcus aureus. One of the plants used as an ingredient in traditional medicine and used as an anti-bacterial is a kecombrang plant. This research aims to test the antibacterial activity of leaf extract of kecombrang against Staphylococcus aureus. Kecombrang leaf obtained from Pandeglang Banten. Kecombrang leaves extracted with a maceration method using 96% ethanol solvent. Extracts of leaves are made in a various concentrations (100%, 75%, 50%, and 25%). The antibacterial activity test was performed by using the diffusion method to find out the large zone of diameter are formed to inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.The results of the antibacterial activity of the leaves extract of kecombrang to Staphylococcus aureus at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% concentrations respectively were 12.67 mm, 14.33 mm, 15.33 mm, and 17.00 mm. The data result showed, that leaf extract of kecombrang with 100% concentration had the largest inhibiting zone diameter of 17.00 mm, among other concentrations. This suggests that kecombrang leaf extract have antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus.

Study of In-vitro Antioxidant and Antibacterial activity of leaf extract of Azadirachta indica, and Ocimum sanctum in different organic solvents and Cow urine

Background: Neem (Azadirachta indica), Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) and Cow urine (Bos indicus) has been widely used as a therapeutic potential or additive agent in different ethnomedicinal practices as well as modern science also proved its therapeutic potential to treat various diseases and balance the body conditions.
 Aims: Alone study on Neem, Tulsi and Cow urine (CU) has been widely performed but this study aims to evaluate the individual as well as synergistic antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Neem, and Tulsi’s leaves extract in different organic solvents and Cow urine.
 Materials and Methods: Antioxidant activity was carried out by using 2,2-Diphenyl1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and the antibacterial activity was tested by the agar disc diffusion method against gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris and Klebsiella species) bacteria.
 Results: The antioxidant and antibacterial activity is concentration-dependent. The neem extract in chloroform shows the highest ZOI against S. aureus (14±2). Similarly, the neem extract in cow urine (8±0.86) and tulsi extract in methanol (8±1.04) shows the highest ZOI against E. coli. Against K. species cow urine is most effective (9±0.29) followed by neem extract in chloroform and cow urine (8±0.77). In P. vulgaris almost all sample shows ZOI around 7 mm. In synergistic antibacterial study tulsi and neem extract in cow urine shows the highest ZOI against E. coli (12±1.75) and P. vulgaris (10±1.44). The tulsi and neem extract in hexane is not effective against S. aureus and E. coli but effective in P. vulgaris and K. species (ZOI 7 mm). Tulsi and neem extract in chloroform, methanol, and cow urine show similar ZOI (9 mm). In DPPH free radical scavenging activity the methanolic extract of tulsi shows the highest inhibition of free radicle (96.35±0.001), followed by methanolic extract of neem (84.85±0.042). The fresh cow urine inhibits (25.19±0.037) followed by neem extract in chloroform (24.53±0.003), neem extract in cow urine (21.8±0.012), tulsi extract in chloroform (20.86±0.047), tulsi extract in hexane (19.5±0.031), tulsi extract in cow urine (18.33±0.023) and the least inhibition by neem extract in hexane (6.74±0.042).

Phytochemicals analysis and antibacterial activity of leaf extracts of Populus ciliata Wall. ex Royle

This research deals with the study of phytochemical analysis of methanol and chloroform extracts of Populus ciliata leaves and their further screening for antibacterial activity. The chemical profile of P. ciliata leaves revealed that both leaf extracts were rich in fatty acid esters, hydrocarbons and steroids. Methanol and chloroform extracts of P. ciliata leaves were observed with 44 and 47 major and minor phytocompounds, respectively. Major phytocompounds observed in the methanol extract were 9, 12, 15-octadecatrienoic acid, (Z, Z, Z)-(18.39%), l-(+)-ascorbic acid 2, 6-dihexadecanoate (13.95%), 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z)-(7.41%) and 3, 6-dimethoxy-2, 5-dinitrobenzaldehyde oxime (5.20%) whereas, chloroform extract was dominating with l-(+)-ascorbic acid 2, 6-dihexadecanoate (19.67%), 9, 12, 15-octadecatrienoic acid, (Z, Z, Z)-(18.91%), 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z)-(8.64%), ethyl 9, 12, 15-octadecatrienoate (7.80%) and hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester (5.05%). This study first time confirmed the antibacterial property of P. ciliata leaves with higher antibacterial activity of the methanol leaf extract against selected bacterial strains. Among all bacterial strains, methanol extract was found more effective against Gram negative bacteria (E. coli and P. aeruginosa; MIC-0.78 mg/ml) than Gram positive bacteria, whereas the chloroform extract showed maximum activity against E. coli (MIC-1.56 mg/ml).

Determination of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of leaf extracts of Plumbago zeylanica (Amira)

Traditionally, the leaves of Plumbago Zeylanica were used for the treatment of several diseases. Herein, we report phytochemical analysis, total flavonoid and phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, and antibacterial activities of the leaf extracts of the plant. The phytochemical analysis test of the extracts showed the presence of biologically important compounds such as phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and glycosides. Moreover, the total flavonoid content of 69.566, 66.966, and 59.133 mgQE/100 g was obtained from methanol, ethyl acetate, and petroleum ether extracts respectively. And the total phenolic content of methanol, ethyl acetate, and petroleum ether extracts were 82.738, 69.784, and 51.630 mgGAE/g dry samples. The extracts have promising antioxidant and antibacterial activity against S.aureus (Staphylococcus aureus), S. pyogens (Streptococcus pyogens), E. coli (Escherichia coli), and K. peneumona (Klebsiella pneumonia). The high antibacterial and antioxidant activity was found for methanol extract of the leaf extract of P. Zeylanica is attributing to the presence of polar phytochemicals such as; flavonoids, phenolic, and glycosidic groups in the crude extract obtained from maceration of polar solvents.

AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK DAUN SURUHAN (Peperomia pellucida L. Kunth) TERHADAP BAKTERI Staphylococcus aureus

ABSTRAK
 Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus adalah bakteri penyebab penyakit infeksi. Penyakit yang disebabkan oleh infeksi bakteri ini antara lain inflamasi payudara (mastitis), endocarditis, infeksi saluran pernafasan, serta infeksi pada kulit. Bakteri S. aureus dilaporkan mengalami resitensi terhadap aktivitas antibiotik golongan β-laktam, sehingga perlu alternatif penggunaan bahan alami berbahan dasar tumbuhan. Tumbuhan suruhan (Peperomia pellucida L. Kunth) memiliki kandungan senyawa aktif tanin dan flavonoid yang dapat berperan sebagai antimikroba. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak daun suruhan (Peperomia pellucida L. Kunth) terhadap bakteri S. aureus.
 Daun suruhan diekstraksi dengan cara maserasi menggunakan larutan etanol 70%, selanjutnya dilakukan uji antibakteri dengan metode dilusi untuk mengetahui Konsentrasi Hambat Minimum (KHM) dan konsentrasi Bunuh Minimum (KBM). Ekstrak suruhan dibuat dalam 5 seri konsentrasi yaitu 100%, 80%, 60%, 40%, dan 20%. 
 Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan nilai KHM tidak dapat ditentukan karena campuran antara ekstrak daun suruhan dan bakteri S. aureus sangat keruh. KBM yang diperoleh pada uji aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak daun suruhan terhadap bakteri S. aureus adalah 40%.