Antibacterial Activity Of Extracts Research Articles

Antibacterial Activity of Extracts from Dried and Fresh Herbal Plant (Phyllanthus amarus) Against Pathogens Causing Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (Ahpnd) in White Leg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) at Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam

The study aimed to determine extract yield (%), antibacterial activity, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of plant extracts from dried and fresh herbal plants (Phyllanthus amarus) against Vibrio parahaemolyticus strain causing acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) in white leg shrimp (L. vannamei). The result showed that the extract yields of dry and fresh herbs reached 11.50% and 2.75%, respectively and the antibacterial activity of the two extracts both are good at concentrations from 250 to 1,000 mg/mL at the same bacterial density of 106 CFU/mL. Specifically, the diameter of the inhibition zone at 250; 500; 750 and 1,000 mg/mL concentration of dried herbal extracts reached 16.75±0.96; 18.50±1.29; 20.75±0.96 and 21.25±0.50 mm, while that of fresh herbal extracts reached 14.50±1.29; 16.25±0.50; 16.75±0.50 and 17.00±0.00 mm, respectively, with a statistically significant difference p<0.05. The result also showed that MIC values of dried and fresh extracts were defined at 125 mg/mL and 250 mg/mL, respectively and that MBC values of the extracts were 500 and 1,000 mg/mL respectively. The GC-MS analysis revealed that there were 19 natural compounds in the dried extract, in which Ethyl Linoleolate (C20H36O2) compound occupied the highest ratio (22.43%), while 2.3-Dihydro-3.5-dihydroxy-6-methy-4H-pyran-4-one (C6H8O4) was the lowest (0.24%).

Phytochemical Screening by FTIR Spectroscopic Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Sesbania grandiflora

Sesbania grandiflora is a medicinal plant that has been used by many Indonesian people. They have the ability as antibacterial because they contain bioactive compounds that inhibit bacterial growth. Sesbania grandiflora also contains other active compounds such as tannins, saponins, steroids, flavonoids, and terpenoids. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of extracts, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction and water fraction of Sesbania grandiflora against Edwardsiella tarda using the well diffusion method in different concentration (75 ppm, 150 ppm dan 225 ppm), and knowing the active compounds of FTIR absorption bands. MIC ( minimum inhibitory concentration ) value of extract, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water fractions respectively was 0.51 %, 1.11 %, 0.97 %, dan 0.79 %. InIibitory zone diameter of the n-hexane fraction is most active against Edwardsiella tarda bacteria. The results of FTIR identification showed that n-hexane fraction contained flavonoids and terpenoids, as seen from absorption bands that function as antibacterial compounds. Keywords: antibacterial, Edwardsiella tarda, FTIR, Phytochemical Sesbania grandiflora .

Hechtia glomerata Zucc: Phytochemistry and Activity of Its Extracts and Major Constituents Against Resistant Bacteria.

Hechtia glomerata Zucc. is used both as a source of food and in ethnomedicine to treat various diseases derived from bacterial infections such as bronchitis, laryngitis, nephritis, whooping cough, urethritis, and sepsis. There are no previous reports about its chemistry and biological activities. Therefore, the aims of this study were to identify components from organic and aqueous extracts of H. glomerata and test the extracts and major isolate compounds against resistant bacteria. Hexane, CHCl3/MeOH, and aqueous extracts were prepared and analyzed by different chromatographic techniques. Structural elucidation was carried out by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The antibacterial activities of extracts, phytochemicals, and semisynthetic derivatives against resistant bacteria were determined by the broth micro-dilution method. From the hexane extract nonacosane (1), hexatriacontanyl stearate (2), hexacosanol (3), oleic acid (4), and β-sitosterol (5) were isolated and characterized. From the CHCl3/MeOH extract, p-coumaric acid (6), margaric acid (7), caffeic acid (8), daucosterol (9), and potassium chloride (10) were isolated and characterized. A total of 58 volatile compounds were identified by GC-MS from the hexane extract and two solids were isolated from the CHCl3/MeOH extract. The UPLC-QTOF-MS analysis of the aqueous extract allowed the identification of 55 polar compounds. Hexane and aqueous extracts showed antibacterial activity against ESBL Escherichia coli, and three strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL, NDM-1 +, and OXA-48 with MIC values of 500 µg/mL. The CHCl3/MeOH extract was devoid of activity. The activity of phytocompounds and their semisynthetic derivatives toward resistant bacteria was weak. The most active compound was β-sitosterol acetate, with a MIC value of 100 µg/mL against carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii. This is the first report of the secondary metabolites of H. glomerata Zucc. and the activity of its extracts and major pure compounds against resistant bacterial strains.

Preliminary Studies of Chemical and Physical Properties of Two Varieties of Avocado Seeds Grown in Chile

In Chile, the most cultivated avocado varieties are Hass and Negra de la Cruz. The increase in the production of fast food preparations, salads, and avocado oil has generated large amounts of seeds and husks as waste, which may constitute a possible new source of bioactive compounds, of great interest to the food and pharmaceutical industry. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine different nutritional, biochemical, antimicrobial, and physical properties of the SH and SNC seeds grown in Chile. In SH and SNC, their nutritional composition, lipophilic components, and total phenols (PTs) were determined. The antioxidant and antibacterial activity of extracts were measured in different solvent combinations. In addition, the color change of seeds (ΔE) during the browning, the mechanical resistance to the cut, and their thermal transitions by differential calorimetry (DSC) were determined. The results indicated that SH has a higher protein content and lipophilic components. In the ethanol extract, SNC showed greater antiradical activity and is an inhibitor of Gram (+) bacteria. The SNC browning given by ΔEwas greater and adjusted well to kinetic and enzymatic models. The physical analyses of the seeds indicated that SNC presented higher cut resistance and lower transition temperature (Tg) with a lower thermal fusion of its lipids, which would be due to its higher unsaturated composition. These properties of SH and SNC can be useful for the agrifood, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries.

Phenolic Contents, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Activities of the Algerian Genista saharae Solvent Extracts

ABSTRACTThe phenolic compounds in solvent extracts of Genista saharae were analyzed by Reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography equipped with photodiode array detector (RP-HPLC-PDA) technique and evaluated for their antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The antioxidant activities were evaluated using hydrogen atoms transfer methods (DPPH, total antioxidant capacity, and reducing power assays) and single electron transfer (ABTS and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity assays). The antibacterial activity of extracts was tested against different strains using the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). Four phenolic acids (gallic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, and sinapic acid), one flavonoid (quercetin), and one flavanone (naringenin) were identified with RP-HPLC. The chloroform extract exhibited antioxidant potential (IC50 = IC50 = 4.03 ± 0.0200 and 35.63 ± 1.42 µg L−1) and antibacterial activity against the bacterial stains with MICs of 20 µg mL−1. These results suggested a high contribution of quercetin and naringenin in the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities assessed.

ANTIOXIDANT, ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTITUMOR PROPERTIES OF DIFFERENT EXTRACTS OF MELISSA LEAVES AND BARBERRY ROOTS

Ethyl acetate and ethanol 80% extracts from Melissa officinalis (L.) (leaves) and Berberis vulgaris (roots) plants were studied in terms of phenolic compounds, for their antioxidant, antibacterial and antitumor properties. Total phenolics and total flavonoids were measured using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and aluminium chloride (AlCl3), respectively. The active ingredients of phenolics and flavonoids were identified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The major phenolic compound was identified by HPLC for melissa ethanolic extract was Rosmarinic acid (40.24 µg g-1 extract) and for ethanolic barberry extract was Catechol (40.2 µg g-1 extract). Total antioxidant capacity of the extracts was estimated by different methods including DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical), β-carotene/linoleic bleaching, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Extracts exhibited antioxidant activity that was comparable to the standard antioxidants TBHQ and gallic acid. Antibacterial activity of extracts was determined using pathogen gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria by disc assay method. Antitumor activity of extracts was determined using 3-(4,5-dimethythiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. The highest activity of extracts for antioxidants, antibacterial and antitumor was Melissa leaves ethanolic extract. Therefore, these extracts could be used as preservative ingredients in the food and/or pharmaceutical industries. Results from this study could be used for improving natural antioxidants and bioactive factors to promote human health.

Formulation of Chewing Candy from Black Mulberry Extract (Morusnigra L.) as Anticaries Drug

TObjective: This study aims to evaluate the antibacterial activity of black mulberry extract (Morus nigra L.) in a chewing candy preparation against Streptococcus mutans (S mutans) and Streptococcus sanguis (S sanguis). Methods: The antibacterial activity of the extract was determined by disc diffusion method. The extract dose was determined from minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values using the microdilution method. The extracts were formulated into three variations of the glucose-sucrose base: F1 (43.5%:8.7%), F2 (34.78%:8.7%), and F3 (26%:26%). The chewing candy of black mulberry extract was evaluated physically, including organoleptic, preference tests and antibacterial activity test against S mutans and S sanguis. Result: The results show that black mulberry extract has antibacterial activity with MIC 0.3125% and MBC 0.625% against S mutans and S sanguis. The best formulation of chewing candy consisted 26% w/w of sucrose, 26% w/w of glucose and 0.625% w/w of black mulberry extract. The chewing candy from black mulberry fruit extract has antibacterial activity with an 8.2 ± 0.269 mm inhibition zone against S mutans and one of 10.8 ± 0.878 mm against S sanguis. Conclusion: The chewing candy consisting of 26% w/w of sucrose, 26% w/w of glucose and 0.625% w/w of black mulberry extract has antibacterial activity against S mutans and S sanguis.

Phytochemical Analysis, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity of the Leave Extracts of Ruta Chalepensis

Rue ( Ruta chalepensis ) commonly known as rue, is traditionally used in Ethiopia for the treatment of a variety of diseases. Therefore this study conducted to investigate phytochemical constituents, antibacterial and antioxidant activity of the leave extracts of Ruta chalepensis . The phytochemical screening tests were conducted as per the standard procedure to identify the classes of compounds present in the leave extract of Ruta chalepensis . In vitro antibacterial activities of crude extracts were evaluated via disc diffusion method while antioxidant activities of extracts were determined by DPPH assay, the phosphomolybdenum method and total flavonoid contents were determined as per of the standard procedures. Phytochemical screening of leave extracts of Ruta chalepensis revealed the presence of secondary metabolites. The methanol extract had the greatest DPPH scavenging (93.851±0.148%) and total antioxidant (1.63 ± 0.19 mg AAE/g of dried extract) activities. Ethyl acetate extract showed the growth suppression of Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli and methanol extract showed growth suppression of Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus with minimum inhibition concentration 50mg/mL. The antibacterial activities of the extracts were compared with a commercially available antibiotic (chloramphenicol) and showed moderate antibacterial activities, with inhibition zones ranging between 18–28 mm. Therefore the solvent extracts of Ruta chalepensis revealed the presence of important secondary metabolites, antibacterial and antioxidant activities. Keywords: Antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity, phytochemical profile, Ruta chalepensis DOI : 10.7176/CMR/11-6-01 Publication date : August 31st 2019

Evaluation of antibacterial and antioxidant activity of Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) gel powder using different solvents

The present study was planned to investigate the phytochemical compounds present in Aloe vera and antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Aloe vera gel powder with different solvents. The phytochemical compounds were screened qualitatively and glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, saponins, proteins, triterpeniods gave positive results while alkaloids and phlobatannin gave negative results. The polyphenol and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity of Aloe vera gel powder extract using three different solvents (ethanol, methanol, acetone) were analyzed. The ethanolic extract showed maximum polyphenol (28.44 ± 2.67 mg GAE/g), flavonoid (63.90± 2.39 mg CE/g) and DPPH radical scavenging activity (51.09±0.33%). Antibacterial activity of extracts was examined by agar diffusion method with four microbial species (Salmonella typhi, Escherchia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus). Maximum antibacterial activity was observed in ethanol extract of Aloe vera gel powder. Hence, Aloe vera gel powder can be used as an antimicrobial and antioxidant agent in food preservation and to prevent diseases related to oxidative stress. Keywords: Aloe vera gel powder; Antibacterial activity; Antioxidant capacity; Phytochemicals; Solvents; Total polyphenols http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2019.80068

Antibacterial activity of extracts and fractions of wood ear mushroom (Auricularia auricula)

Infection is a disease caused by pathogenic bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli , Bacillus cereus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The wood ear mushroom ( Auricularia auricula ) has been empirically and scientifically proven as an agent that can treat infections because it contains antimicrobial properties like polysaccharide and protein complex. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial activity of the A. auricula extracts and fractions. The first stage of the test comprised the collection, determination, and processing of the test plant. The simplicia was characterized by its water content, ash content, acid solubility, and total ash content. The next step was reflux extraction using 96% ethanol. After a concentrated extract was formed, it was subjected to phytochemical screening and fractionation using liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol-water solvents. Each of the A. auricula extracts and fractions was tested for antimicrobial activity. Microdilution method was employed to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), which were later compared with the antibiotic properties of tetracycline. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to observe any morphological changes in the tested bacteria. The MICs of the A. auricula extract, n-hexane fraction, and ethyl acetate fraction against S. aureus were 256 μg/mL, 128 μg/mL, and 64 μg/mL, respectively. However, the bactericidal effects of the test mushroom were not achieved in the experiment. Based on the MICs, the ethyl acetate fraction has the best inhibitory activity. Moreover, the bioautography test of this fraction produced Rf value= 0.78, implying the formation of a zone of growth inhibition. The SEM of the A. auricula extracts and fractions proved that this mushroom altered the morphology of S. aureus bacteria—i.e., the cells became rounded and tapered and showed indications of cell shrinkage and damage. As a conclusion, the ethyl acetate fraction of A. auricula has the best antimicrobial activity against S. aureus.

Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of extracts from Salvia tebesana Bunge and Salvia sclareopsis Bornm cultivated in Iran.

Salvia, a member of the Lamiaceae family, represents more than 58 species in Iran. In the present study, antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of extracts obtained from the roots of Salvia tebesana and Salvia sclareopsis were investigated. The antibacterial activity of the extracts was investigated against 4 bacterial strains and yeast using serial dilution method. The petroleum ether and CH2Cl2 extracts of S. tebesana showed a good activity against Gram-positive bacteria particularly Bacillus cereus (MIC 1.25mg/mL) while Gram-negative bacteria and yeast were resistant to the extracts. Also, the cytotoxic effects of the extracts on A2780 (ovarian), MCF-7 (breast) and DU 145 (prostate) cancer cell lines were examined using AlamarBlue® assay. The petroleum ether and CH2Cl2 extracts of S. tebesana were found to be cytotoxic against the tested cell lines, with IC50 values less than 50µg/mL. The petroleum ether extract also showed a potent anti-proliferative activity against DU 145 cells with the lowest IC50 value (6.25µg/mL).

Chemovariation and antibacterial activity of extracts and isolated compounds from species of Ixora and Greenea (Ixoroideae, Rubiaceae).

BackgroundA large number of secondary metabolites can be obtained from plants used for traditional medicine in two related genera (Ixora and Greenea) in the subfamily Ixoroideae (Rubiaceae), but there are only a few detailed studies on their bioactivities. Therefore, the main goals of this study were to determine the antibacterial activities of lipophilic extracts from plants of some Ixora and Greenea species native to Thailand, and to isolate some pure compounds from those extracts. Moreover, we compared the occurrence of compounds in different plant parts of samples from different habitats to better understand their variation.MethodsA total of 56 lipophilic extracts were obtained from the leaves, stem bark, and root bark of eight Ixora and two Greenea species collected at various locations in Thailand. Isolated compounds were identified using nuclear magnetic resonance. Antimicrobial activities were evaluated against four Gram-positive and nine Gram-negative human pathogenic bacterial strains.ResultsExtracts from I. javanica, I. nigricans, I. brunonis, and G. montana, along with isolated scopoletin, exhibited antibacterial activities against Gram-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300, with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 64 to 256 µg/mL. The occurrence of scopoletin, isofraxidin, and geniposidic acid in lipophilic extracts showed some variation among different plant parts and species.ConclusionsLipophilic extracts of Ixora and Greenea species have the potential to be developed as anti-Gram-positive agents, in particular to counter infections of methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains. The chemical profiles showed differences between floristic regions but similarity within the same plant parts.

Antifungal Activity in Compounds from the Australian Desert Plant Eremophila alternifolia with Potency Against Cryptococcus spp.

Plant metabolites that have shown activity against bacteria and/or environmental fungi represent valuable leads for the identification and development of novel drugs against clinically important human pathogenic fungi. Plants from the genus Eremophila were highly valued in traditional Australian Aboriginal medicinal practices, and E. alternifolia was the most prized among them. As antibacterial activity of extracts from E. alternifolia has been documented, this study addresses the question whether there is also activity against infectious fungal human pathogens. Compounds from leaf-extracts were purified and identified by 1- and 2-D NMR. These were then tested by disk diffusion and broth microdilution assays against ten clinically and environmentally relevant yeast and mould species. The most potent activity was observed with the diterpene compound, 8,19-dihydroxyserrulat-14-ene against Cryptococcus gattii and Cryptococcus neoformans, with minimum inhibition concentrations (MIC) comparable to those of Amphotericin B. This compound also exhibited activity against six Candida species. Combined with previous studies showing an antibacterial effect, this finding could explain a broad antimicrobial effect from Eremophila extracts in their traditional medicinal usage. The discovery of potent antifungal compounds from Eremophila extracts is a promising development in the search for desperately needed antifungal compounds particularly for Cryptococcus infections.

Is Hyptis lacustris A. St.-Hil. ex Benth. (Lamiaceae) extract a good candidate for antibacterial uses?

More than 70% of drugs approved during the last three decades to treat bacterial infection are derived from natural products. Lamiaceae is one of the ten most researched families regarding its medicinal uses. Hyptis Jacq. (Lamiaceae) is used in popular medicine of several countries, including northeast part of Brazil, for the treatment of gastrointestinal infections, cramps, pains, skin diseases, malaria, respiratory diseases, and insect repellent. Hyptis lacustris A. St.-Hil. ex Benth. is used by Yanesha tribe of Peru for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. In vitro studies confirmed its ethnopharmacological use, in which 95% ethanol extract showed Inhibitory Concentration of 50% lower than 10 μg mL−1 against axenic amastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis. For its use in traditional medicine, the aim of this research was to investigate the antibacterial activity of hydroethanol crude extract and its four fractions (hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and hydromethanol) against three bacteria strains (Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli), and the activity of three compounds isolated from Hyptis lacustris against Bacillus subtilis. The extract was produced by maceration of stems and leaves in 70% ethanol, and its fractions were produced by partition using hexane, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate. Fractions were chemically characterized using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array detector. Compounds from fractions with high antibacterial activity were purified and identified through Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Mass Spectrometry. The antibacterial activity of extract, fractions, and isolated compounds were screened by a broth microdilution method in 96-wells microplate. Major constituents in the hexane fraction are terpenoids, being abietane diterpenoids the most prominent class. 8β-hydroxy-9(11),13-abietadien-12-one was identified in Hyptis for the first time. Hexane fraction was the most active against Bacillus subtilis, isolated compounds were also active against B. subtilis. The high activity of the hexane fraction is probably due to its major composition of abietane diterpenoids, class of compounds with renowned activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Results point out to a potential antibacterial activity of Hyptis lacustris against Gram-positive bacteria, mainly its Hexane fraction.

Polyphenols contents, heavy metals analysis and in vitro antibacterial activity of extracts from Cladanthus arabicus and Bubonium imbricatum of Moroccan Origin

Aim of this study was to evaluate polyphenols and major and trace elements of Cladanthus arabicus and Bubonium imbricatum, along with their in vitro antibacterial activity against six multidrug resistant Enterobacteriaceae (Escherichia coli S33/16, E. coli S34/16, Proteus mirabilis S32/16, Klebsiella pneumoniae S12/16, Enterobacter cloacae S5/16, and Salmonella sp S12/14). UV spectrophotometry, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry were used to evaluate total polyphenol content, quali-quantitative profile of single polyphenols and inorganic elements of the extract. The antibacterial activity was investigated by standard methods. Twelve polyphenols were identified in both plants and these were more concentrated in B. imbricatum than C. arabicus extracts. High levels of minerals, essential trace elements and tolerable levels of heavy metals (Cd, As and Pb) were found. Furthermore, the extracts showed also a strong in vitro antibacterial activity, particularly versus E. coli S33/16 (MIC, 0.125 mg ml−1).

Antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of the Syzygium polyanthum leaf extract from Malaysia.

Background and Aim:The increasing prevalence of drug resistance eventually leads scientist to discover new drugs that could solve the problem. Since ancient immemorial times, medicinal plants generally known as herbs were widely used in every culture throughout the world. In fact, currently up to 70,000 plant species have been screened for biological activities and about 70% ends up for commercialization. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the potential cytotoxic and antibacterial effect of Syzygium polyanthum leaves which are local Malaysia plants, against 4T1 and MCF-7 mammary carcinoma cells, respectively, and also against bacteria causing mastitis in cows.Materials and Methods:The cytotoxic effect of hydromethanolic extract of S. polyanthum against 4T1 and MCF-7 mammary carcinoma cells was evaluated using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. The cells were treated with the concentration of extracts ranging from 15.63 µg/mL to 1000 µg/ml for 72 h, and the percentage of cell survivability was determined based on minimum concentration that was able to allow at least 50% growth of cancer cells (IC50) after 72 h. The antibacterial activity was tested against common bacteria causing mastitis in cow. The bacteria were isolated from milk samples. The antibacterial activity of the extract was determined by disk diffusion method and susceptibility test based on minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).Results:Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus hyicus, and Staphylococcus intermedius were isolated from the milk samples that positive for mastitis. The MIC values range from 7.12 mm to 13.5 mm. The extract exhibits the widest zone of inhibition (13.5±0.20 mm) at 1000 mg/ml of concentrations. The extract relatively has low cytotoxicity effect against 4T1 and MCF-7 cells with IC50 values ranging from 672.57±59.42 and 126.05±50.89 µg/ml, respectively.Conclusion:S. polyanthum exerts weak antibacterial activity and cytotoxic effect to mammary carcinoma cells. The extract does not toxic to cells. However, further study is recommended, especially, this plant should be tested for in vivo.

Evaluation of in vitro Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity of Aqueous Extracts of Olax psittacorum

Present study aimed to evaluate the phytoconstituents of the aqueous extracts of stem and fruits of Olax psittacorum as well as the free radical scavenging and the antibacterial activity of the extracts. Free radical scavenging activities were evaluated through DPPH radical scavenging assay, ABTS radical scavenging assay, phosphomolybdate radical scavenging assay, hydrogen peroxide assay and reducing power assay using ascorbic acid as the standard. Well diffusion method was adopted for antibacterial activity evaluation of the aqueous extract of fruits and stem against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus stereothermophillus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio cholera, Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter baumanii. Positive response to phytochemical screening of tannin, saponin, steroids and terpenoids showed in both aqueous extract of stem and fruit where as positive response to the presence of glycoside, flavonoids, carbohydrate and reducing sugar showed only by the aqueous extract of fruit. Total phenolic, tannin and saponin content in aqueous extract of fruit was more than that of aqueous extract of stem. Total flavonoid content of aqueous extract of fruit was found to be 279.33 mg quercetin equivalent per gram of dry extract. Variations in phytoconstituents and in vitro experimental data obtained through antioxidant as well as antimicrobial assay method indicates the existence of significant difference (p<0.05) between the antioxidant potency and zone of inhibition with S. aureus, V. cholerae, A. baumanii, which aqueous extract of stem failed to show at the same concentration (100 mg/ml), respectively and thus provided valid reasons to give superiority to aqueous extract of fruit as compared to aqueous extract of stem.

An In Vitro Evaluation of Antibacterial Efficacy of Various Concentration of Eucalyptus globulus Leaf Extract on Periodontal Pathogens

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of various concentrations of Eucalyptus globulus leaf extract on periodontal pathogens. Matured, healthy and disease-free leaves of Eucalyptus globulus were collected. The leaves were washed under tap water and finally dried in an oven at a temperature of 45°C for 48 hours. The dried plants were ground in an electric blender to make them into a powder. The powder was mixed with 100% ethanol and kept it inside a shaker overnight at 35°C. The mixture was centrifuged for 10 minutes at 2,500 rpm. Three different concentrations (10%, 50%, and 100% v/v) were used as antibacterial agents. Chlorhexidine (0.2%) was considered as positive control and dimethyl formamide was considered as negative control against P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans. The disc diffusion method was used to determine the extract's antibacterial activity against the test organisms. A digital Vernier caliper was used to measure the diameter of antibacterial activity showing the zone of inhibition in millimeters. Eucalyptus globulus with 100% concentration showed a maximum zone of inhibition against A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis (5.38 ± 0.32 mm, 4.82 ± 0.11 mm) followed by 50% and 10% accordingly. The negative control of dimethyl formamide showed a zone of inhibition of 0.48 ± 0.96 mm and 0.63 ± 0.20 mm against A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis. The positive control of 0.2% chlorhexidine showed a zone of inhibition of 8.46 ± 1.02 mm and 7.18 ± 0.54 mm against A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis. The ANOVA test showed a highly significant antibacterial efficacy in 0.2% chlorhexidine and 100% concentration Eucalyptus globulus. A significant maximum zone of inhibition against A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis was showed by 100% concentration of Eucalyptus globulus. Other than the systemic diseases treatment, Eucalyptus globulus also serves as an effective promising alternative to antibiotics in the prevention of oral infections because of the natural phytochemicals existing in them.

A new indole alkaloid, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of crude extracts from Saccocalyx satureioides

The new acylated indole alkaloid glucoside indole-3-carboxylic acid-(6'-O-caffeoyl)-β-D-glucoside 1 has been isolated from the ethyl acetate (EtOAC) extract of Saccocalyx satureioides Coss. & Dur. (Lamiaceae) together with eight known secondary metabolites 2-9. Two indoles 2 and 3, five methylated flavone aglycones 4-8 and one monoterpene glucoside 9 were reported for the first time in the genus Saccocalyx. The structural elucidation of these compounds was accomplished by spectroscopic methods including 1 D (1H and 13C) and 2 D (COSY, HSQC and HMBC) NMR techniques, and mass spectrometry, and by comparison with literature data. Light petroleum, EtOAc, chloroform and n-butanol (n-BuOH) extracts of S. Satureioides were screened for their antioxidant activity using DPPH radical scavenging and β-carotene bleaching methods. The antibacterial activity of these extracts indicates that n-BuOH and EtOAc extracts possess the strongest activity.

Evaluation of antibacterial activity of different solvent extracts of medicinal plant: Cleome viscosa Linn.

Aim: The aim of the study deals with evaluation of antibacterial activity of the medicinal plant Cleome viscosa Linn. traditionally used in the treatment of communicable diseases. Materials and Methods: The plant was taxonomically identified and dried whole plant of C. viscosa Linn. was defatted with n-hexane (60–80°C) in a Soxhlet apparatus. The defatted powder material thus obtained was further extracted successively with chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and water to afford corresponding fractions. Standard strains of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus purchased from the Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India. Antibacterial activities of the extracts were determined by the microbroth dilution assay. Results and Discussion: Plant extracts showed good bactericidal activity. Among the plant extracts, water and ethanol extract showed potent antibacterial activity against all the five bacteria, especially against Gram-negative bacteria E. coli, S. typhi, and P. aeruginosa followed by ethanol extract, whereas chloroform extract showed minimal bactericidal activity. Conclusion: The findings provide support for the use of these plants in traditional medicine for the treatment of infectious disease and are thus potential sources of drugs that would need to be subjected to further studies.