Evaluation Of Antibacterial Activity Research Articles

Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Aqueous and Hydroalcoholic Extracts of Physalis alkekengi Fruit against Four Standard Strains in vitro

Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Aqueous and Hydroalcoholic Extracts of Physalis alkekengi Fruit against Four Standard Strains in vitro

Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis using Banana Peels Extract and Its in Silico Evaluation for Antibacterial Activity against Escherichia coli

Metal nanoparticles (NPs) is widely applied in biomedical science. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is one of the potential metal nanoparticles famous for its potent antibacterial properties. However, its detrimental consequences on human health have been a significant concern. In this study, AgNPs was synthesized using banana peels by environmentally friendly approach, and their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli as well as mechanisms were studied in silico. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total tannin acid content (TTC) of the BPE were initially determined by extraction using aqueous and methanolic solutions. A disc diffusion test (DDT) against E. coli was used to confirm the antibacterial activity of the BPE and BPE-AgNPs. An in silico approach was used to conduct molecular docking research to assess the potential antibacterial mechanism of BPE phytochemicals with the proteins of E. coli. The phytochemical content analysis shows that flavonoid has the highest content in the aqueous and the methanol extract, with respective concentrations of 439.60±57.84 mg QE/g DW and 222.42±14.56 mg QE/g DW. According to the results of DDT, BPE-AgNPs demonstrated positive antibacterial activity, while BPE demonstrated negative result. Several flavonoid chemical compounds, including rutin, quercetin, myricetin, naringenin, apigenin, luteolin, morin, galangin, catechin, and chrysin, were examined for their ability to bind to E. coli proteins such penicillin-binding protein, dihydrofolate reductase, and glutamate racemase. Rutin with penicillin-binding protein demonstrated the highest binding affinity, with the lowest free binding energy of -9.96 kcal/mol and the inhibition constant of 0.05 µM. The in silico and molecular docking analysis demonstrated the ability of active components of banana peels to inhibit the activity of the E.coli proteins. These elements not only function as reducing and stabilising agents for AgNP synthesis but also prevent E. coli from growing, which is potential in future antibacterial uses.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Randia aculeata L. Cell Culture Extracts, Characterization, and Evaluation of Antibacterial and Antiproliferative Activity.

The demand for metallic nanoparticles synthesized using green methods has increased due to their various therapeutic and clinical applications, and plant biotechnology may be a potential resource facilitating sustainable methods of AgNPs synthesis. In this study, we evaluate the capacity of extracts from Randia aculeata cell suspension culture (CSC) in the synthesis of AgNPs at different pH values, and their activity against pathogenic bacteria and cancer cells was evaluated. Using aqueous CSC extracts, AgNPs were synthesized with 10% (w/v) of fresh biomass and AgNO3 (1 mM) at a ratio of 1:1 for 24 h of incubation and constant agitation. UV-vis analysis showed a high concentration of AgNPs as the pH increased, and TEM analysis showed polydisperse nanoparticles with sizes from 10 to 90 nm. Moreover, CSC extracts produce reducing agents such as phenolic compounds (162.2 ± 27.9 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g biomass) and flavonoids (122.07 ± 8.2 mg quercetin equivalent/100 g biomass). Notably, AgNPs had strong activity against E. coli, S. pyogenes, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and S. typhimurium, mainly with AgNPs at pH 6 (MIC: 1.6 to 3.9 µg/mL). AgNPs at pH 6 and 10 had a high antiproliferative effect on cancer cells (IC50 < 5.7 µg/mL). Therefore, the use of cell suspension cultures may be a sustainable option for the green synthesis of AgNPs.

Antibacterial activity and cytocompatibility evaluation of the antimicrobial peptide Nal-P-113-loaded graphene oxide coating on titanium.

The initialization of the gingival crevicular barrier epithelium facing the exposed implant surface is reported to take 1-2 weeks, and peri-implant inflammation mediated by bacterial infection has been an increasing concern. In this study, we developed a novel composite coating containing graphene oxide (GO) and the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) Nal-P-113 on smooth titanium surface, and then investigated the antibacterial properties and cytocompatibility of the coating. The results showed that Nal-P-113 exhibited a slow and continuous drug release in vitro from the composite coating. The Nal-P-113-loaded GO coating demonstrated excellent antibacterial properties against both Gram-positive Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Gram-negative Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), without no obvious cytotoxicity to human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cells. The Nal-P-113-loaded GO coating need further optimization for anti-infective and wound healing promoting purpose of peri-implant tissues.

Hybrid Chitosan/CaO-Based Nanocomposites Doped with Plant Extracts from Azadirachta indica and Melia azedarach: Evaluation of Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activities

This study examines substances from plant leaves of Azadirachta indica and Melia azedarach extracted with methanol (80%) and then successively fractionated with increasing gradient polarity solvents. The methanol extract from the two plant leaves was selected to be incorporated with nanocomposites because of their high antimicrobial activities. HPLC analysis was performed for the determination of total phenolics and flavonoids. LC–ESI–MS positive ion acquisition mode revealed the presence of four main chemical classes: limonoids, triterpenes, fatty acids, and phenolics. Sol–gel processes were adapted to prepare CaO/chitosan composite loaded with the methanol extract of the two plant leaves, acting as innovative antibacterial agents. The fabricated nanocomposites were characterized by XRD, TEM, SEM, and FTIR methods. Minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were established by agar plating using bacteria treated with MIC and at least 2 concentrations double higher than the MIC. Biofilm was cultivated in the presence of sub-MICs of the extracts and the nanocomposites, followed by quantification with the crystal violet assay. The examined chitosan–CaO-based hybrid nanocomposites loaded with the methanol fractions from the leaves of A. indica and M. azedarach had an excellent performance as biofilm inhibitors. This indicates their good potential for biomedical applications.

Evaluation of antibacterial activity of fruit extracts of Terminalia chebula against Human Pathogenic Bacteria

Evaluation of antibacterial activity of fruit extracts of Terminalia chebula against Human Pathogenic Bacteria

Antibacterial activity evaluation of pleuromutilin derivatives with 4(3H)-quinazolinone scaffold against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcusaureus

Growing antibiotic resistance is causing a health care crisis, leading to an urgent need for new antibiotics to tackle serious hospital and community infections. Pleuromutilin, a naturally occurring product with moderate antibacterial activity, has a unique structure that has attracted great efforts to modify its scaffold to obtain lead compounds. Herein, we report the synthesis of a series of novel pleuromutilin derivatives with a scaffold of 4(3H)-quinazolinone or its analogues at the C-14 side chain and investigated their in vitro activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis as well as Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar pullorum). Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies showed that the substituents on the benzene ring of 4(3H)-quinazolinone was not as important as the substituted position to improve antibacterial activity while the substituted groups on the N-3 position of 4(3H)-quinazolinone had strong impact on the efficacy. The replacement of the benzene moiety of 4(3H)-quinazolinone with other rings (pyridine, pyrrole, thiophene, or cyclopentyl) also showed high antibacterial efficacy, meaning the benzene ring was dispensable for exerting powerful antibacterial properties. In vitro pharmacokinetics investigations and cytotoxicity assays indicated that 2-mercapto-4(3H)-quinazolinone scaffold was superior to 2-(piperazin-1-yl)quinazolin-4(3H)-one. Among this series of pleuromutilin analogues, compound 23 with a structure of 2-mercapto-3H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(7H)-one displayed the best in vitro antibacterial activity against MRSA (MIC = 0.063 μg/mL) and low cytotoxicity to RAW 264.7 cells (IC50＞100 μM) and was demonstrated to inhibit MRSA effectively in a mouse thigh infection model, outperforming the comparator, tiamulin.

Eco-Friendly Green Synthesis of Rubropunctatin Functionalized Silver Nanoparticles and Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity.

In order to solve the problems of rubropunctatin insoluble in water and its low bioavailability, and explore the synthesis method of green silver nanoparticles, rubropunctatin was used as reducing agent and blocking agent, rubropunctatin-functionalized silver nanoparticles (R-AgNPs) were successfully synthesized. The distinctive absorption peak at 410 nm confirmed the formation of R-AgNPs. Zeta potential measurement showed excellent stability of R-AgNPs with negative values of -29.81 ± 0.37 mV. The results of TEM and XRD showed that the prepared R-AgNPs were round, well dispersed and crystallized with average particle size of 13.54 ± 0.42 nm. FT-IR and XPS studies show that functional groups are involved in R-AgNPs synthesis. The antibacterial activity of R-AgNPs was compared with commercial silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by microdilution method. The results showed that R-AgNPs (MIC 7.81 μg/mL) has stronger antibacterial activity than commercial AgNPs. The bacteria morphology was observed by the live and dead (SYTO 9/PI) staining assay and SEM showed that the antibacterial effect of R-AgNPs was caused by the destruction of the bacterial cell membrane. Cytotoxicity of rubropunctatin-functionalized silver nanoparticles and commercial silver nanoparticles on mouse fibroblast 3T3 cells was assessed by CCK-8 assay. The results showed that the toxicity of rubropunctatin-functionalized silver nanoparticles to 3T3 cells was lower than that of commercial silver nanoparticles. In summary, synthesis of silver nanoparticles using rubropunctatin is a green synthesis method, and R-AgNPs is a potential antibacterial agent.

Optimization and evaluation of anticancer, antifungal, catalytic, and antibacterial activities: Biosynthesis of spherical-shaped gold nanoparticles using Pistacia vera hull extract (AuNPs@PV)

In the past years, use of plant sources for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles has become very important. Gold nanoparticles with unique biological properties are one of these materials which are being investigated extensively. In the present study, the aqueous extract of Pistacia vera hull was utilized to fabrication of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs@PV) in a facile, environmentally friendly, and affordable way. Then the anticancer, antifungal, antibacterial, and photocatalytic potentials of AuNPs@PV were also investigated. The results of various techniques applied, including XRD, UV–vis, TEM, FT-IR, EDS, and FESEM showed the biological reduction of Au3+ ions to Au0. Antibacterial studies were performed on a wide range of bacteria including seven strains of ATCC and seven strains of drug-resistant pathogens. According to the findings of this research, it seems that biosynthesized gold nanoparticles had good antibacterial activity against ATCC and drug-resistant strains of bacteria. The MIC values of E. coli, S. aureus, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa, E. faecalis, K. pneumonia, A. baumannii were 34.37, 4.2, 8.59, 4.29, 0.5, 34.37, and 8.59 μg/mL, respectively. The result of the antifungal investigation showed that two pathogenic fungi, Candida albicans (IFRC1873) and Candida albicans (IFRC1874) were susceptible to AuNPs@PV with MIC values of 550 and 137 μg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, AuNPs@PV revealed noteworthy anticancer efficacy against AGS-3 and MCF-7 cell lines with IC50 values of 58.31 and 148.1 μg/mL, respectively. The results of the cytotoxicity effect of AuNPs@PV on BEAS-2B as a normal cell line indicated the selectivity of AuNPs@PV on cancerous cells. Furthermore, the fabricated AuNPs@PV under UV irradiation exhibited significant potential in the decolorization of methylene orange (MO) with a percent decolorization of 91.5 % after 20 min. Therefore, it can be concluded that biosynthesized gold nanoparticles as a photocatalyst, anti-bacterial, antifungal, and anti-cancer agents have potential applications in the fields of environment and biology.

In vitro evaluation of antibacterial activity of leaf and flower extracts of Parthenium hysterophorus L.

In vitro evaluation of antibacterial activity of leaf and flower extracts of Parthenium hysterophorus L.

Formulation of Herbal Tea and in Vitro Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity Against Drug-Resistant Uropathogens

The present study aims to formulate herbal tea and examine antioxidant and antimicrobial activity against uropathogens. Total phenolics content and radical scavenging activity of herbs (Hibiscus, Lemongrass, and Tinospora) and optimized tea were determined by the Folin–Ciocalteu method and percent of DPPH inhibition, respectively.The antibacterial activity of selected herbs and optimized tea were tested against three clinical isolates, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using the modified agar disc diffusion method. The highest phenolic content and radical scavenging activity were observed in lemongrass, followed by hibiscus flower and tinospora stem. Although, the highest antibacterial activity was recorded by hibiscus flower against all tested pathogens, followed by lemongrass and tinospora. The sensory score of different treatments of herbal tea was analyzed by the Hedonic scale and treatment T2 (55:20:25) is found to be best followed by T1, T0, T3. The radical scavenging activity and antibacterial activity of herbal tea were found to be higher than in green tea. The herbal tea also exhibit significant antibacterial activity against common uropathogens E.coli (0.73mm),K.pneumoniae(0.5 mm) and P.aeruginosa (0.4 cm). Therefore, the prepared herbal tea could be recommended for the prevention and treatment of urinary tract infection.

Combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis and evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial activities in white, pink, and violet flowers of Angelica gigas

Angelica gigas is cultivated as an important medicinal and industrial crop because of its economic importance and use as traditional herbal medicine in East Asia. This study provides functional information on A. gigas flowers, revealing secondary metabolism and metabolite differences and relationships in the white, pink, and violet flowers, via transcriptome and metabolome analysis. Furthermore, the synergistic biological effects of A. gigas flower extracts via antioxidant and antimicrobial assays are revealed. Particularly, the RNA-seq analysis revealed 3073 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the white and violet flowers and 2161 DEGs between the pink and violet flowers with the false discovery rate (FDR) in both cases being < 0.05. The highest total phenolic content (5.69 ± 0.05 mg/g dry weight), total flavonoid content (0.57 ± 0.04 mg/g dry weight), and total coumarin content (19.66 ± 1.72 mg/g dry weight) were obtained in the pink, white, and white flower, respectively. Interestingly, the total anthocyanins content was not detected in the white flower, whereas the violet flower showed the highest accumulation (0.63 ± 0.04 mg/g dry weight). In addition, metabolite profiles showed that sucrose had a strong positive correlation with the anthocyanin content. The extract of white flowers revealed higher antioxidant and antimicrobial effects, supported by the positive correlation between the biological capacities and phenolic contents.

Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles using Rosary Pea seed Extract: Evaluation of Antibacterial, cytotoxic and photocatalytic activity

An effortless, economically affordable and eco-friendly green methodology was adopted to synthesize silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) from Rosary Pea seed extract (Abrus precatorius - AP). The bio-fabricated silver nanoparticles (AP-Ag NPs) were identified by UltraViolet–visible spectrophotometer, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDAX), Zeta potential and Transmission electron microscope (TEM). As per FT-IR data it has been inferred that biomolecules such as carbohydrates and proteins serve a vital role as capping and reducing agents. The formation of AP-Ag NPs is evidenced by the observation of the surface plasmon resonance peak at 419 nm. XRD analysis has confirmed the crystalline and Face-centered cubic (FCC) lattice structure of AP-Ag NPs. TEM image has proved the size (20 nm) and quasi-spherical shape of AP-Ag NPs. The observed zeta potential value, −30 mV indicates the good stability of AP-Ag NPs. The Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED) pattern has ascertained the polycrystalline nature of AP-Ag NPs. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) examination has been utilized to assess the cytotoxicity of the synthesized AP-Ag NPs against MCF-7, and the IC50 value has been found to be 46 ± 1.5. AP-Ag NPs has displayed antibacterial action against gram-negative and gram-positive pathogens. Efficacy of AP-Ag NPs on photodegradation of Ciprofloxacin under visible light within 90 min has been performed and has found to be above 90 %. Moreover, the optimized condition of the photocatalytic degradation has also been analyzed.

Biosynthesis, characterization, and evaluation of antibacterial and photocatalytic dye degradation activities of silver nanoparticles biosynthesized by Chlorella sorokiniana

Biosynthesis, characterization, and evaluation of antibacterial and photocatalytic dye degradation activities of silver nanoparticles biosynthesized by Chlorella sorokiniana

Evaluation of antibacterial and toxicological activities of essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum L. and its major constituent eugenol

The present study aimed to comparatively analyze the antibacterial activity, combined with antibiotics, and toxicological activity of the essential oil of O. gratissimum L. and its major compound, eugenol. The phytochemical analysis of the essential oil was performed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The minimum inhibitory concentration and combined antibiotic activity were performed by microdilution. Drosophila melanogaster was the model organism chosen to evaluate the toxicological response of substances. The chromatographic assay showed eugenol as the major compound of the essential oil of O. gratissimum L. The microbiological assays showed that in terms of antibacterial activity, both products showed similar activity, quite significant in Gram-negatives, such as those of strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Similar results were verified in the modulatory activity, allowing the verification that the bioactivity performed by the essential oil of O. gratissimum L. is mainly influenced by its major constituent. Although the EC50 of the compounds varied subtly, the essential oil was less toxic compared to eugenol. The information obtained in the present study demonstrates that the essential oil of O. gratissimum L. is a promising antibacterial agent and better tolerated than its majority compound alone, in the model organism D. melanogaster.

Evaluation of antibacterial and antifungal activity of fruiting body extracts of Trametes versicolar

Evaluation of antibacterial and antifungal activity of fruiting body extracts of Trametes versicolar

Evaluation of Hydrogen peroxide Scavenging and Antibacterial activity of successive extracts of Luisia tenuifolia Blume against skin and wound infections

Skin and wound infections might trigger severe secondary complications when left untreated. A proper balance between reactive oxygen species generation and antioxidant formation is necessary to achieve redox haemostasis. Luisia tenuifolia Blume (Orchidaceae) has been traditionally applied on cuts, boils and wounds in regions of Western Ghats. The present study was aimed to validate the antioxidant and antibacterial effect of the whole plants of Luisia tenuifolia against five pathogenic bacteria often responsible for skin and wound infections The whole plants of L.tenuifolia, after drying under shade, was pulverised, successively extracted with solvents of different polarity and evaporated to dryness. The hydrogen peroxide scavenging potential of all the four extracts was determined by H2O2 assay. The agar-well diffusion technique was employed for the preliminary screening of antibacterial activity. Further, the minimum inhibitory concentration was determined by broth-dilution assay. Among the four extracts, the ethanol extract of L. tenuifolia exhibited a strong antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 42.61μg/mL compared to the standard Ascorbic acid (IC50 value of 21.56μg/mL). Moreover, the n-hexane extract was found to be more effective against Staphylococcus aureus whereas the ethanol extract exhibited highest antibacterial effect on Streptococcus oralis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aeromonas hydrophila and Escherichia coli. Furthermore, the ethanol extract was found to be a promising antibacterial candidate with an MIC value of 0.312μg/mL against S.oralis and A.hydrophila. Thus the current study validate the antioxidant and antibacterial potential of L. tenuifolia whole plant extracts and further studies were aimed at identification of active components responsible for the activity.

Evaluation of antibacterial activity of five biocides and the synergistic effect of biocide/EDTA combinations on biofilm-producing and non-producing Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strains isolated from clinical specimens in Iran

BackgroundThe overuse of biocides in healthcare-facilities poses risk for emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance among nosocomial pathogens. Hospital-acquired infections due to S. maltophilia have been increased in the recent years and with its various resistance mechanisms contribute to patient morbidity and mortality in hospitals. The current study aimed to evaluate the susceptibility of biofilm-producing and non-producing S. maltophilia clinical isolates to five commonly used hospital biocides, alone and in combination with EDTA to examine the synergistic effect of combining EDTA on the bactericidal activity of them by microbroth dilution method. As well as the frequency of efflux genes encoding resistance to biocides among isolates. This study also intended to assess the effect of exposure of S. maltophilia isolates to sub-inhibitory concentrations of sodium hypochlorite upon the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns.ResultsBased on minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of biocides sodium hypochlorite 5% (w/v) and ethyl alcohol 70% (v/v) were the strongest and weakest biocides against S. maltophilia isolates, respectively. The combination of EDTA with biocides significantly increased the effectiveness of the studied biocides. Exposure to sub-inhibitory concentration of sodium hypochlorite showed a significant change in the susceptibility of isolates towards ceftazidime (p = 0.019), ticarcillin/clavulanate (p = 0.009), and chloramphenicol (p = 0.028). As well as among the isolates examined, 94 (95%) were able to produce biofilm. The frequency of sugE1 resistance genes was found in 90.7% of our clinical S. maltophilia isolates. None of the isolates carried qacE and qacEΔ1 gene.ConclusionsThe current study recommended that using the mixture of biocides with EDTA can be effective in reducing nosocomial infections. Also, this study demonstrated that exposure to sub-inhibitory concentrations of sodium hypochlorite leads to reduced antibiotic susceptibility and development of multidrug-resistant S. maltophilia strains.

Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Encapsulated Magnesium-Based Nanocomposites to Improve Mechanical, Degradation and Antibacterial Performances for Biomedical Device Applications

Nowadays, magnesium (Mg) composites are gaining much attention in biomedical device applications due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability properties. This research is to study the microstructure, mechanical, corrosive and antibacterial properties of Mg−2.5Zn−0.5Zr/xCNT (x = 0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9) composites made with mechanical alloying and semi-powder metallurgy (SPM) processes, accompanied by SPS. Based on the microstructural characteristics, CNTs were almost uniformly distributed in the Mg matrix. The results displayed that the hardness and ultimate compressive strength (UCS) of the composites were meaningfully increased compared to a Mg matrix. Moreover, the degradation rate of Mg composites was almost halved in the presence of small amounts of CNTs in the Kokubo simulated body fluid (SBF). Due to the slowed degradation process, the Mg−2.5Zn−0.5Zr/0.6CNT biocomposites exhibited excellent cellular compatibility. Evaluation of antibacterial activity displayed that adding CNTs to the Mg matrix could significantly prevent the growing of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). In general, the research results showed that CNTs are an efficient reinforcement for Mg−2.5Zn−0.5Zr/CNTs biocomposites, which leads to improved mechanical, degradation and antibacterial performances.

Evaluation of Phytochemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Indigofera hirsuta Linn

The phytochemical constituents of Indigofera hirsuta aerial part were assessed for their potential as sources of alternative medicines as well for industrial applications. Qualitative phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of Flavonoids, Steroids, Alkaloids, Tannins, Saponins, Cardiac glycosides and Anthraquinones. Quantitative evaluation of the extract showed their concentrations to be Flavonoids (270.039+0.013 mg/100g), Steroids (9.100±0.007 mg/100g), Alkaloids (59.74±0.014 mg/100g), Tannins (21.66+0.03 mg/100g), Saponins (1.3+0.0001 mg/100g) and Anthraquinones (0.205+0.003 mg/100g). Our study indicated that the plant possessed different phytochemicals that determine its medicinal use. The crude methanolic extract was further tested at various concentrations to check its microbial activity against four bacterial pathogens. The results showed that the crude exhibited activity significantly at all concentrations against three organisms. (Streptococcus pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Shigella dysenteriae). Maximum activity was observed against Streptococcus pneumoniae (12 mm at 200 mg/ml, 11 mm at 100 mg/ml,10 mm at 50 mg/ml and 9 mm at 25 mg/ml). While minimum level of microbial activity was observed against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9 mm at 200 mg/ml,8mm at 100 mg/ml,7 mm at 50 mg/ml and 6mm at 25 mg/ml. However, Proteus mirabilis showed no activity). This result suggested the potential use of Indigofera hirsuta for the treatment of diseases caused by bacteria.