Antianxiety Properties Research Articles

Chemical and Biological Evaluation of Albizia lebbeck, Psoralea corylifolia, and Trifolium indicum

Herbal medicine, rooted in traditional practices, is increasingly recognized for its diverse therapeutic applications. Albizia lebbeck, Psoralea corylifolia, and Trifolium indicum are valued in traditional medicine for their potential health benefits, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and metabolic regulatory properties. This work delves into the rich spectral fingerprint ofmethanolic extracts from Albizia lebbeck, Psoralea corylifolia, and Trifolium indicum, aiming to elucidate their unique biochemical composition. Employing advanced spectroscopic techniques, including Flame and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), the minerals and bioactive compounds present in these herbal extracts were meticulously characterized. The study extends beyond conventional spectroscopic analysis by correlating the spectroscopic signatures with the biological potential ofthe extracts. This study unveiled biological evaluations including time and concentration-dependent antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, antihyperglycemic, analgesic, and anti-anxiety properties of these botanicals through rigorous in vitro and in vivo assessments. Each herbal extract was found to have characteristic chemical composition and biological potential. The present work not only contributes to the fundamental understanding of the spectral features of these herbs but also positions them as promising candidates in the realm of disease management.

Antidepressant- and Anxiolytic-Like Effect of the Froriepia subpinnata Extract in the Rat: Neurochemical Correlates.

The study aims to explore the potential antianxiety effect of Froriepia subpinnata, a native plant in northern Iran, and it is considered an antiflatulent, appetizing, antiseptic, antispasmodic, and diuretic. Despite its widespread use in diets and its reputation for calming effects, no prior research has specifically investigated its antianxiety properties. Rats were subjected to a variety of stressors for 24days. Rats were treated with the F. subpinnata extract (100, 200, and 400mg/kg, orally) for 14days starting from the 10th day of stress. Then behavioral tests (elevated plus-maze, open field, sucrose preference, Morris water maze, passive avoidance) were examined. Real-time PCR was used to investigate changes in the expression of candidate genes of stress response and memory. Oxidative stress markers and corticosterone levels in serum were also measured. Chronic stress reduced performance in a variety of tests of anxiety and memory, and treatment with the F. subpinnata extract dose-dependently improved the behavioral deficits caused by chronic stress. At the dose of 200mg/kg, the F. subpinnata extract mitigated the effect of stress on the expression of several genes, such as those encoding dopamine D1 and D2 receptors, glutamate NMDA, and AMPA receptor subunits (Grin1 and Gria1, respectively), glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors, cholecystokinin (CCK) and CCKB receptor, neuropeptide Y, and the GABAA receptor alpha2 subunit. Also, the expression of two genes, TrkB and BDNF, was significantly affected by the extract, demonstrating meaningful decreasing changes. Furthermore, treatment with the extract led to a decrease in oxidative stress and an elevation in cortisol levels in stressed animals. In this study, we provide the first evidence of the antistress and antianxiety effects of F. subpinnata extract, along with its potential procognitive impact on memory.

Anxiolytic Action of Dipeptide Mimetic of the BDNF Loop 2 in Adult Animals.

We studied the anti-anxiety effect of a low-molecular-weight mimetic of the BDNF loop 2, hexamethylenediamide bis-(-N-hexanoyl-L-seryl-L-lysine) (GTS-201) in adult animals. GTS-201 at a dose of 5 mg/kg after acute intraperitoneal administration to outbred male and female rats increased the time spent in the open arms and the number of entries into the open arms in the elevated plus maze (EPM). In "highly emotional" male BALB/c mice, GTS-201 exhibited a dose-dependent anxiolytic effect in the EPM in a dose range of 0.5-2.0 mg/kg with a maximum effective dose of 1 mg/kg. These data confirm the previously revealed anti-anxiety properties of GTS-201 in inbred male and female BALB/c mice and rats and indicate the dependence of the pharmacological activity of the BDNF mimetic on animal age.

Comparative Study of the Anxiolytic Activity of Songorine in Elevated Plus Maze Test and by Recording Ultrasonic Vocalizations.

It was found that the diterpene alkaloid songorine administered per os to mice at a dose of 25 μg/kg provides a pronounced anxiolytic effect during elevated plus maze testing comparable to the effect of the benzodiazepine anxiolytic phenazepam. Recording of ultrasonic vocalizations of animals revealed an increase in the number of short high-frequency (50 kHz) signals under the action of songorine and the reference drug, which confirms their anti-anxiety properties.

The dark side of herbal medicine - risks of Ashwagandha (Withania Somnifera) consumption

Introduction: Herbal medicine has been growing in popularity over the last few years. One of the most often used herbal remedy is Withania somnifera, more widely known as Ashwagandha Now known for its anti-stress, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-anxiety properties it ranks as a cure-all. However, there is a rising amount of alarming reports regarding its safety. It has been observed that its effects are not always beneficial, and for some patients the risks of taking it may be greater than the promoted benefits. Aim of study: The aim of this paper is to evaluate possible risks connected to Withania Somnifera consumption based on available research articles and case reports. Materials and methods: This article is based on the literature found in the PubMed Database from the period of 2004-2024 with the use of keywords such as “Ashwagandha”; “Withania Somnifera”, “herbal medicine”;”complementary medicine”;“liver injury”; “thyrotoxicosis”; “adrenal insufficiency”;”autoimmune diseases”. Results: The outcomes of all the reviewed studies in this paper indicate that Withania Somnifera might cause a wide range of side effects. They include herb induced liver injury, endocrine complications such as thyrotoxicosis and adrenal insufficiency, acute graft rejection in a kidney transplant recipient and possible contribution to the onset of new autoimmune disease in patient with the history of autoimmune disorders. Conclusion: Further long-term research is needed on the Ashwaghanda’s benefits but particularly on its safety and potential side effects. The common education on the risks of taking herbal supplements should be carried out among health professionals and the rest of the society. Ashwagandha should not be used by patients with liver, endocrine and autoimmune disorders as well as transplant recipients.

Linalool, a Fragrance Compound in Plants, Protects Dopaminergic Neurons and Improves Motor Function and Skeletal Muscle Strength in Experimental Models of Parkinson's Disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the gradual loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), resulting in reduced dopamine levels in the striatum and eventual onset of motor symptoms. Linalool (3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol) is a monoterpene in aromatic plants exhibiting antioxidant, antidepressant, and anti-anxiety properties. The objective of this study is to evaluate the neuroprotective impacts of linalool on dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells, primary mesencephalic and cortical neurons treated with 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+), as well as in PD-like mice induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Cell viability, α-tubulin staining, western blotting, immunohistochemistry and behavioral experiments were performed. In MPP+-treated SH-SY5Y cells, linalool increased cell viability, reduced neurite retraction, enhanced antioxidant defense by downregulation of apoptosis signaling (B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), cleaved caspase-3 and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP)) and phagocyte NADPH oxidase (gp91phox), as well as upregulation of neurotrophic signaling (brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF)) and nuclear factor-erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) pathway. In MPP+-treated primary mesencephalic neurons, linalool enhanced the expressions of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), Sirtuin 1 (SirT1), and parkin. In MPP+-treated primary cortical neurons, linalool upregulated protein expression of SirT1, γ-Aminobutyric acid type A-α1 (GABAA-α1), and γ-Aminobutyric acid type B (GABAB). In PD-like mice, linalool attenuated the loss of dopamine neurons in SNpc. Linalool improved the motor and nonmotor behavioral deficits and muscle strength of PD-like mice. These findings suggest that linalool potentially protects dopaminergic neurons and improves the impairment symptoms of PD.

A comparative study of anti-anxiety properties of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Ocimum sanctum in animal models

Background: Anxiety transcends a natural emotion, evolving into a pathological condition with the potential to trigger cascading cardiovascular and psychiatric disorders. Although conventional allopathic medicine offers treatment options, concerns regarding their side effects and long-term efficacy remain prevalent. Medicinal plants contain natural compounds that may be promising sources of therapeutic drugs. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to compare the anxiolytic potential of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Ocimum sanctum (OS). The growing appeal of plant-based therapies for anxiety stems from perceived advantages in safety and tolerability compared to synthetic drugs. Materials and Methods: The anxiolytic activity of aqueous and ethanolic extract of OS is evaluated with an elevated plus maze test. A total of 36 Wistar albino rats (150–200 g) were used and randomly divided into six groups of six animals each. The effects of the test drug at different doses, 100 and 200 mg/kg, were compared with the standard anxiolytic drug diazepam at 2 mg/kg body weight and the control group using distilled water at 0.5 mL/kg body weight. Results: The behavioral changes suggested reduced anxiety and openarm exploration in plus-maze indicates reduced anxiety in animals treated with OS extracts. The changes are significantly (P < 0.001) comparable with the standard drug diazepam. Conclusion: The ethanolic extracts of OS are more significant than aqueous extracts for evaluating anti-anxiety activity in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, ethanolic extracts are more likely to contain a wider range of bioactive compounds, which are thought to be responsible for the anti-anxiety effects of OS.

Evaluation of In-vitro Antioxidant and In-vivo Antidepressant properties of Flax seed Extract (Linum usitatisimum, L.)

Flax seed (Linum usitatisimum, L.) extract have been used for the treatment of numerous diseases. Despite of its health benefits, its action was not much studied on neurotic disorders like depression and anxiety. Thus the objective of the presentresearch work was to explorein-vitro antioxidant activity and in-vivo anti-depressive and anti-anxiety property of seed extract. The extraction method were optimized to yield the highest contents of biochemical compounds and antioxidant activities, further extract was evaluated for phytochemicals. The antioxidant potential of the extract was assessedusing DPPH.In-vivostudy was done by dividing mice into 5groups and each group have six mice thus the total number of mice for the study is 30, initially they were trained to consume 2% sucrose solution for 3 weeks.The first group was normal control, the remaining four were exposed to stress and were fed with either: 10ml water per kg p.o, imipramine (antidepressive drug)15 mg/kg body weight, diazepam(anti-anxiety drug) 25mg/kg body weight and flaxseed extract in dosages of (40 mg, 60 mg, 80mg per kg body weight) for the time period of 30 days.Results for in-vivo activity indicate that flaxseed extract of 80 mg/kg body weight and imipramine groups had significantly increased sucrose consumption, decreased duration of immobility during Forced Swim Test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) thus indicating significant antidepressive activity of the extract. Similar results were seen for anti-anxiety effect, evaluation was done using photoactometer and elevated plus maze method.

Zhi Zi Chi decoction (Gardeniae fructus and semen Sojae Praeparatum) attenuates anxious depression via modulating microbiota-gut-brain axis in corticosterone combined with chronic restraint stress-induced mice.

The microbiota-gut-brain axis plays a critical role in neuropsychiatric disorders, particularly anxious depression, and attracts more attention gradually. Zhi Zi Chi decoction (ZZCD) consisting of Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis and Glycine max (L.) Merr, is a classic formula in clinic and widely applied in anxiety and depression treatment. However, the underlying mechanisms of regulating microbiota-gut-brain axis in the treatment of anxious depression by oral administration of ZZCD remain elusive. In this project, we clarified the origin and preparation methods of the Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis and Glycine max (L.) Merr and examined the chemical ingredients of ZZCD by liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer. Then, corticosterone combined with chronic restraint stress was applied to establish an anxious depression model. After treated with ZZCD standard decoction, based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 16S rRNA technology, high-throughput sequencing, quantitative RT-PCR and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), the multiple associations between nucleus accumbens and intestinal flora in anxious depression mice were determined to clarify the mechanism of ZZCD in the treatment of anxiety and depression disorder. We found various substances with antidepressant and antianxiety properties in ZZCD such as rosiridin and oleanolic acid. ZZCD could alleviate depressive and anxiety behaviors in anxious depression mice via regulating the disturbance of gut microbiota. Meanwhile, the bioactive compounds of ZZCD might directly active on neurodevelopment and neuroimmune-related genes. Furthermore, the secretion of prolactin and estrogen, and interfering with mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathways were mainly involved in the multi-target therapeutic effects of ZZCD against anxiety and depression. These findings suggested that ZZCD exerts antidepressant effects pleiotropically through modulating the microbiota-gut-brain.

The relationship between anesthesia and melatonin: a review.

Introduction: This comprehensive review delves into the intricate and multifaceted relationship between anesthesia and melatonin, aiming to provide essential insights for perioperative clinical anesthesiologists and stimulate interest in related research. Anesthesia and surgery have the potential to disrupt melatonin secretion, leading to sleep disorders, postoperative neurocognitive dysfunction and other symptoms. In comparison to previous reviews, this review provides a comprehensive summary of the various aspects linking melatonin and anesthesia, going beyond isolated perspectives. It explores the potential benefits of administering melatonin during the perioperative period, including alleviating anxiety, reducing pain, enhancing perioperative sleep quality, as well as demonstrating immunomodulatory and anti-tumor effects, potentially offering significant advantages for cancer surgery patients. Recent Findings: Anesthesia and surgery have a significant impact on melatonin secretion, the hormone crucial for maintaining circadian rhythms. These procedures disrupt the normal secretion of melatonin, leading to various adverse effects such as sleep disturbances, pain, and postoperative neurocognitive dysfunction. However, the administration of exogenous melatonin during the perioperative period has yielded promising results. It has been observed that perioperative melatonin supplementation can effectively reduce anxiety levels, improve pain management, enhance the quality of perioperative sleep, and potentially decrease the occurrence of postoperative delirium. In recent years, studies have found that melatonin has the potential to improve immune function and exhibit anti-cancer effects, further underscoring its potential advantages for patients undergoing cancer surgery. Summary: In summary, melatonin can serve as an adjuvant drug for anesthesia during the perioperative period. Its administration has demonstrated numerous positive effects, including anti-anxiety properties, sedation, analgesia, improved postoperative sleep, and the potential to reduce the incidence of postoperative delirium. Furthermore, its immune-modulating and anti-tumor effects make it particularly valuable for cancer surgery patients. However, further studies are required to determine the optimal dosage, long-term safety, and potential adverse reactions associated with melatonin administration.

The preventive effect of dexmedetomidine on anesthesia complications in strabismus surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis

ObjectiveDexmedetomidine is a medication that has analgesic, sedative, and anti-anxiety properties. In the clinical, it is often used to prevent common complications associated with strabismus surgery, including postoperative delirium, postoperative nausea and vomiting, postoperative pain, and oculocardiac reflex. However, its effectiveness and side effects of the present studies are different. The sample sizes of the present studies on the prevention of complications of dexmedetomidine are small. Therefore, this study evaluates the efficacy of dexmedetomidine in preventing anesthesia-related complications in strabismus surgery through a systematic review and meta-analysis.MethodsLiterature was retrieved from 10 commonly used databases and randomized controlled trials published up to May 2022 were sought. The included studies compared the intervention effects of dexmedetomidine versus placebo on anesthesia-related complications in surgery. The occurrence rates of postoperative delirium, postoperative nausea and vomiting, postoperative pain, and oculocardiac reflex in patients undergoing strabismus surgery were evaluated. Statistical analyses and forest plots were generated using Review Manager and STATA software. Binary outcomes were measured using relative risk (RR) with a 95% confidence interval for each outcome. The Cochrane risk of bias tool was used to assess the bias and risk in the studies that met the inclusion criteria.ResultsA total of 13 articles were ultimately included in the analysis, comprising 1,018 patients who underwent strabismus surgery. The dexmedetomidine group, compared to the placebo group, demonstrated significant reductions in the incidence of postoperative delirium (RR = 0.73, P = 0.001), severe postoperative delirium (RR = 0.45, P = 0.005), postoperative nausea and vomiting (RR = 0.48, P < 0.0001), and the need for supplemental analgesia postoperatively (RR = 0.60, P = 0.004). Additionally, subgroup analysis revealed that intravenous administration of dexmedetomidine significantly reduced the incidence of oculocardiac reflex (RR = 0.50, P = 0.001). In contrast, intranasal administration of dexmedetomidine did not have a significant effect on the incidence of oculocardiac reflex (RR = 1.22, P = 0.15). There was a significant difference between the subgroups (P = 0.0005, I2 = 91.7%).ConclusionAmong patients undergoing strabismus surgery, the use of dexmedetomidine can alleviate postoperative delirium and reduce the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting, as well as postoperative pain. Moreover, intravenous administration of dexmedetomidine can lower the occurrence rate of the oculocardiac reflex.

Anxiolytic activity of methanolic extract of Cardia dichotoma leaves in rats

The present study aimed to evaluate the methanolic extract of Cordia dichotoma (MECD) leaves (MECD) for anxiolytic activity in rats. Elevated plus maze test (EPM) and light and dark test were used to evaluate the antianxiety property of MECD. Diazepam (2 mg/kg) and methanolic extract of Cordia dichotoma (50,100, and 200n mg/Kg, p.o.) were administered daily for 21 days. EPM and light and dark tests were assessed on the 7th, 14th, and 21st days. On the 21st day, animals were killed, and the striatum was excised for the estimation of various biochemical parameters like malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) as well as histopathological study. In this study, the (MECD) demonstrated a significant and dose-dependent increase in time spent in the open arm of the elevated plus maze (EPM) test and the time spent in the light compartment in the light &amp; dark test. It also significantly decreased the MDA level and increased CAT, GSH, and SOD levels (p &lt; 0.001) in the MECD-treated group compared to the control group. Furthermore, MECD significantly restored histological abnormalities, revealing reduced stress-induced damage. It is suggested that MECD possessed an anxiolytic effect via modulation of endogenous enzymes in experimental-induced anxiety in rats.

(012) Cannamoms' &amp; the "Postpotum" Stage: Assessment of Cannabis Use and Potential Benefits for Mental Health, Sexual Function &amp; Pleasure, and Parenting Among Postpartum Mothers

Abstract Introduction Public opinion on cannabis continues to shift as more people emerge from the “green closet” in support of both recreational and medicinal use. ‘Cannamoms,’ a subgroup of cannabis users, represent moms who use cannabis to manage both physical and mental postpartum changes; these moms are attempting to diminish the stigma surrounding cannabis while making the case for how it can be beneficial for postpartum mental health, sex and parenting. For centuries, cannabis has been cited for its multiple benefits, including its anti-depressant and anti-anxiety properties (Zaske, 2018; Stoner, 2017) and its potential to improve sexual health, functioning and pleasure (Kasman et al., 2020; Wiebe &amp; Just, 2019; Testa et al., 2019; Lynn et al., 2019; Sun &amp; Eisenberg, 2017); though multiple studies exist on these topics alone, few have been carried out to investigate how cannabis has the potential to benefit postpartum moms specifically in these areas. Objective The purpose of this study is to investigate how cannabis has the potential to be beneficial for moms during the postpartum stage, specifically as it relates to improving mental health, sex and parenting. Methods Postpartum moms (participants) were invited to participate in two uncompensated Instagram surveys on May 8, 2021 and May 8, 2022. The survey included 3 poll questions, 4 question &amp; answer sections (Q&amp;A’s) and 1 personal interview. The survey assessed baseline demographics, cannabis use habits and the ways in which participants use cannabis to benefit their mental health, sex lives, and approaches to parenting. A meta-analysis of existing research was also performed to support study findings. Results A total of 107 participants between the ages of 18 and 45 were surveyed via Instagram polling, Q&amp;As and personal interviews. Participants reside in the United States and represent multiple racial &amp; ethnic groups (33% Caucasian, 24% Hispanic/Latinx, 25% Black/African American, 1% Native/American Indian, 1% Asian American/Pacific Islander, &amp; 13% Two or more races). 61% of participants endorsed regular use of cannabis, mostly through smoking cannabis flower (46%) or consuming cannabis edibles (36%). Of those participants, 75% agreed that cannabis improves their mental health (including symptoms of depression and anxiety); 89% agreed that cannabis improves their sex lives; and 89% agreed that cannabis improves their approach to parenting. Conclusions Cannabis use among postpartum mothers is associated with improved mental health, better sex and better parenting. These results suggest a need for more research on the potential benefits of safe &amp; responsible cannabis use during the postpartum stage. Disclosure No

Multi-Omics Reveals the Effects of Cannabidiol on Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Phenotypes.

Introduction: Cannabidiol (CBD) has important pharmacological activity, which includes antispasmodic, antioxidant, antithrombotic, and antianxiety properties. CBD has been applied as a health supplement to atherosclerosis. However, CBDs effect on gut microbiota and metabolic phenotype is unclear. Materials and Methods: We constructed a high production of cardiovascular risk factors, such as trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) and phenylacetylglutamine (PAGln), in a mouse model using Clostridium sporogenes colonization. We used 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of flight mass spectrometry-based metabolomics to evaluate the effect of CBD on gut microbiota and plasma metabolites. Results: CBD decreased the levels of creatine kinase (CK), alanine transaminase (ALT), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and markedly increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Furthermore, CBD treatment increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria, which include Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136 and Blautia in the gut, but it decreased the levels of TMAO and PAGln in the plasma. Conclusion: CBD might have beneficial effects for cardiovascular protection.

A Brief Review on Murraya paniculata (Orange Jasmine): pharmacognosy, phytochemistry and ethanomedicinal uses.

Murraya paniculata (family-Rutaceae), popularly known as orange jasmine, is the most important evergreen plant. The Rutaceae family is economically significant due to its diverse edible fruits and essential oils. Murraya paniculata extracts (MPE) of leaf have been shown to include phenolic compounds, highly oxygenated flavonoids, flavanones, sesquiterpenoids, polymethoxy glycosides, and coumarins. Cyclocitral, methyl salicylate, trans-nerolidol, cubenol, isogermacrene, -cadinol, and cubeb-11-ene are all abundant in MPE. The usages of various parts of this plant, such as bark, leaves and flower, as a remedy for a variety of ailments as widely recorded in the traditional literature. The plant has anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, antibacterial, anti-implantation, anti-oxidative, cytotoxic, anti-diarrheal, antidepressant and anti-anxiety properties and many others. The goal of the review is to reignite interest in this potential plant, encouraging researchers to continue their research in order to uncover novel therapeutic compounds for the treatment and management of a range of infections. The current review provided a comprehensive overview of this traditional unique plant. The review paves a way for exploring its active chemical elements with substantial pharmacological values further for potential benefits of mankind.

Anxiolytic Potentiality of Tamarindus indica Flowers

Tamarindus indica (Fabaceae) have been using in traditional medicine to cure various diseases, including mental stress and anxiousness. The current study was aimed to evaluate phytochemical analysis and anxiolytic activity of Tamarindus indica flower extracts (n-Hexane, Ethyl acetate, Chloroform and methanol) using different animal models such as elevated plus-maze, mirror chamber, light/dark, hole board tests. The extracts had showed presence of different phytochemical constituents. The mice were given two different doses of these extracts to see whether they had any anti-anxiety effects in an elevated maze-plus experiment. The methanol extract showed prominent activity compared to other extracts. The methanol extract was used for further analysis using column chromatography and four fractions (F1-F4) were separated and their activity was tested and further to investigate the anti-anxiety properties. The fraction F3 had showed better anxiolytic activity and using preparative thin layer chromatography three fractions were isolated. The fraction (F3.2) was identified as flavonoid through phytochemical tests and Fourier transform infrared, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, data as showed 3570 (-OH Str, Ar-OH) and 1753(C=O Str). The fraction F3.2 has anti-anxiety properties (4.8±0.31 and 7.2±0.30 secs) elevated by elevated plus maze test. Fraction F3.2 at 80 mg/kg dose administered orally showed a considerable anti-anxiety effect on different anxiolytic activity tests. From the results of current study, there is a need to do a thorough investigation in finding out the mechanism of action whether it is either through the serotonergic or GABAergic pathway of fraction F3.2. The current study was may be first report about the flavonoids had showing anti-anxiety properties of Tamarindus indica flower extracts.

Saffron extract (Safr'Inside™) improves anxiety related behaviour in a mouse model of low-grade inflammation through the modulation of the microbiota and gut derived metabolites.

Treatment of anxiety and depression predominantly centres around pharmacological interventions, which have faced criticism for their associated side effects, lack of efficacy and low tolerability. Saffron, which is reportedly well tolerated in humans, has been recognised for its antidepressant and anti-anxiety properties. Indeed, we previously reported upon the efficacy of saffron extract supplementation in healthy adults with subclinical anxiety. However, the molecular aetiology remains unclear. In a rodent model of low-grade chronic inflammation, we explored the impact of a saffron extract (Safr'Inside™) supplemented at a physiological dose, which equated to 22 ± 1.2 mg per day human equivalent dose for a person of 60 kg. Behavioural tests (Open Field task, Y maze, Novel object recognition), caecal 16S rRNA microbial sequencing, caecal 1H NMR metabolomic analysis and 2DE brain proteomic analyses were completed to probe gut-brain axis interactions. Time occupying the centre of the Open Field maze (OF) was increased by 62% in saffron supplemented animals. This improvement in anxiety-related behaviour coincided with gut microbial shifts, notably Akkermansia, Muribaculaceae, Christensenellacae and Alloprevotella which significantly increased in response to saffron supplementation. Akkermansia and Muribaculaceae abundance negatively correlated with the neurotoxic metabolite dimethylamine which was reduced in saffron supplemented animals. Brain proteomic analysis highlighted several significantly altered proteins including ketimine reductase mu-crystallin which also correlated with dimethylamine concentration. Both dimethylamine and ketimine reductase mu-crystallin were associated with OF performance. This may be indicative of a novel interaction across the gut-brain axis which contributes to anxiety-related disorders.

Sake yeast induces the sleep-promoting effects under the stress-induced acute insomnia in mice

Sleep deprivation induces adverse effects on the health, productivity, and performance. The individuals who could not get enough sleep temporarily experience the symptoms of an induced acute insomnia. This study investigated the efficacy of sake yeast in treatment of acute insomnia in mice. The results of this study showed that sake yeast induced a significant dose-dependent wake reduction, a rapid eye movement (REM) and a non-REM (NREM) sleep enhancement during the first 6 h after the oral administration of sake yeast with locomotor activity and core body temperature decreases under the stressful environment in a new cage. In fact, the wake amounts at 3 h and 6 h were significantly reduced after the oral administration of sake yeast compared with the vehicle. The NREM sleep amounts at 3 h and 6 h significantly increased after the administration of sake yeast compared with the vehicle. The REM amount at 6 h significantly increased after the administration of sake yeast compared with the vehicle, but not at 3 h. The previous study suggested that the sleep-promoting effects of sake yeast could be referred from the activating effect of adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR). In summary, the sake yeast is an A2AR agonist and may induce sleep due to its stress-reducing and anti-anxiety properties. Further verification of the involvement of adenosine in the pathophysiology of insomnia is needed.

An updated review on Shankhpushpi- As Medhya Rasayana

Shankhpushpi is a plant and known as best brain tonic medicine which is classified under four Medhya Rasayana by Acharya Charaka. It is also included as main ingredient in many herbal extractives or decoction-based brain tonics or memory boosting formulations. Various Ayurvedacharya have named it as manglayakusuma, ksheerpushpi, medhya etc. Shankhpushi is also comes under convolvulacea family indicated as Convolvulus pluricaulis. The Charaka Samhita, which is an ancient book of Ayurveda described the use of paste (kalka) as Medhya Rasayana. There are so many experimental, pharmacological, clinical studies done on Convolvulus pluricaulis revealed the promising results as neuroprotective, memory enhancer, and antianxiety properties. The studies analysed its chemical composition like convolidine, convolvine, confoline etc. and may help to stimulate the brain activities. In addition, the studies have shown other properties like diuretic, antioxidant, hypolipidemic, hypotensive, antiulcer, antipyretic which helps to manage the various disorders. The various dosage forms like powder, paste, syrup is prepared by using whole plant or different parts of plant as indicated in classical texts. The present review study on Shankhpushpi basically focused on the experimental or clinical studies done in the management of various ailments.

Chimarrão, terere and mate-tea in legitimate technology modes of preparation and consume: A comparative study of chemical composition, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-anxiety properties of the mostly consumed beverages of Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.

Ethnopharmacological relevanceIlex paraguariensis St. Hil. (Aquifoliaceae) is a medicinal plant widely used by South American populations for centuries and is popularly attributed to stimulating and detoxifying properties. Nowadays, their consume traditionally occurs through three different beverages: chimarrão, terere and mate-tea. Aim of the studyAlthough its composition and properties are well studied, literature lacks work comparing the potential of their extracts obtained by a legitimate preparation mode of their popular beverages. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate changes in chemical composition, antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory efficacy and anxiolytic effect from lyophilized aqueous extracts obtained simulating the legitimate popular preparation mode of chimarrão, terere and mate-tea. Materials and methodsIn this work, were investigated differences related to preparation technology and dry material used through chemical composition analysis, with the lyophilized aqueous extracts obtained simulating the chimarrão, terere and mate-tea preparation. The chemical composition analysis comprises the total soluble phenolics content, chemical profiles by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS, and quantitative component detection by HPLC-UV/DAD. Moreover, evaluations of comparative antioxidant activity of the extracts (DPPH and ORACFL assays), anti-inflammatory efficacy and anxiolytic effect were performed in vivo. ResultsOur results showed that chimarrão extracts presented a richer composition in terms of phenolic compounds and purine alkaloids, and better antioxidant activity when compared to the other extracts. In pleurisy test, all products showed anti-inflammatory properties in the dose of 60 mg/kg. In the anxiolytic evaluation, although all extracts presented some effect, chimarrão and terere were better than mate-tea in general. No sign of toxicity was observed. ConclusionsOur findings support that the beverage made as chimarrão has the best composition and the most promising properties overall.