Antisolvent Method Research Articles

Solution-Mediated Polymorphic Transformation of L-Carnosine from Form II to Form I

In this study, L-carnosine was chosen as the model compound to systematically study solution-mediated polymorphic transformation by online experiment and theoretical simulation. Form II, a new polymorph of L-carnosine, was developed using an antisolvent crystallization method. The properties of form I and form II L-carnosine were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, polarizing microscope, thermal analysis, and Raman spectroscopy. In order to explore the relative stability, the solubility of L-carnosine form I and form II in a (water + DMAC) binary solvent mixture was determined by a dynamic method. During the solution-mediated polymorphic transformation process of L-carnosine in different solvents, Raman spectroscopy was employed to detect the solid-phase composition of suspension in situ, and the gravimetric method was used to measure the liquid concentration. In addition, the effect of the solvent on the transformation process was evaluated and analyzed. Finally, a mathematical model of dissolution–precipitation was established to simulate the kinetics of the polymorphic transformation process based on the experimental data. Taking the simulation results and the experimental data into consideration, the controlling step of solution-mediated polymorphic transformation was discussed.

Improved Pharmaceutical Properties of Honokiol via Salification with Meglumine: an Exception to Oft-quoted ∆pKa Rule.

Honokiol (HK), a BCS class II drug with a wide range of pharmacological activities, has poor solubility and low oral bioavailability, severely limiting its clinical application. In the current study, incorporating a water-soluble meglumine (MEG) into the crystal lattice of HK molecule was performed to improve its physicochemical properties. The binary mixture of HK and MEG was obtained by anti-solvent method and characterized by TGA, DSC, FTIR, and PXRD. The SCXRD analysis showed that two HK- molecules and two MEG+ molecules were coupled in each unit cell via the ionic interaction along with intermolecular hydrogen bonds, suggesting the formation of a salt, which was further confirmed by the XPS measurements. However, the ∆pKa value between HK and MEG was found to be less than 1, which did not follow the oft-quoted ∆pKa rule for salt formation. After salification with MEG, the solubility and dissolution rate of HK exhibited 3.50 and 25.33 times improvement than crystalline HK, respectively. Simultaneously, the powder flowability, tabletability and stability of HK-MEG salt was also significantly enhanced, and the salt was not more hygroscopic, and that salt formation did not compromise processability in that regard. Further, in vivo pharmacokinetic study showed that Cmax and AUC0-t of HK-MEG salt were enhanced by 2.92-fold and 2.01-fold compared to those of HK, respectively, indicating a considerable improvement in HK oral bioavailability.

Synthesis of H2TiO3-PVC lithium-ion sieves via an antisolvent method and its adsorption performance

H2TiO3 is the most promising and highly selective lithium-ion sieve. In this study, HTO-PVC-x (x = 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30) lithium-ion sieves were prepared via an antisolvent method using PVC as the matrix. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results showed that Li2TiO3 was preferentially indexed to a C2/c monoclinic structure. LTO-PVC-x had a spherical size of 300 μm and an enormous specific surface area. The morphology and size of HTO-PVC-x obtained by HCl elution were consistent with those of LTO-PVC-x, indicating good separation and recycling properties. HTO-PVC-15 had a higher adsorption performance and adsorption capacity at a lower initial Li+ concentration. The adsorption behaviour of HTO-PVC-15 is in accordance with the Langmuir isothermal model and pseudo-second-order model, which belongs to the chemical adsorption process. It reached 96% of its equilibrium adsorption capacity within 2 h. Simultaneously, it maintained high adsorption selectivity and cycling performance and a low Ti4+ dissolution rate. Thus, HTO-PVC-15 has immense potential to be used for salt lake brine adsorption applications.

Growth, structure and optical properties of organic–inorganic hybrid CH3NH3HgI3 crystal

Single crystals of CH3NH3HgI3 were prepared by the anti-solvent method, and crystal structures and optical properties of CH3NH3HgI3 crystal were investigated. The results show that CH3NH3HgI3 crystal belongs to the monoclinic structure and the space group is P121/n1. Its structure is a one-dimensional chain composed of [HgI4]2- tetrahedron that is formed by the central Hg+ and four I-, while C and N are connected by covalent bonds and exist around the chain structure in the form of CH3NH3+ ions; CH3NH3HgI3 is dissociated to CH3NH3I and HgI2 from 176.72 °C, and thermally decomposed from 260 ℃ to 354 ℃. The fluorescence effect of CH3NH3HgI3 is very weak which is not suitable as a luminescent material. However, the UV–vis-NIR spectra of CH3NH3HgI3 crystal shows that the cut-off wavelength of CH3NH3HgI3 is 431 nm, corresponding to 2.877 eV of band-gap. CH3NH3HgI3 has some similar structure and properties to those of HgI2 that has potential application as an UV detector material.

Effect of anti-solvents on the performance of solar cells based on two-dimensional Ruddlesden–Popper-phase perovskite films

The anti-solvent method is one of the main methods used to prepare two-dimensional (2D) Ruddlesden–Popper (RP)-phase perovskite (PVK) films. To investigate the effect of anti-solvent type on the performance of solar cells based on RP-phase PVK films, three kinds of solvents, toluene (TL), ethyl acetate (EA) and chlorobenzene (CB), were used to prepare 2D RP-phase PVK of GA2MA4Pb5I16. The results display that solar cells based on a 2D PVK layer formed with CB present better performance than those with TL and EA. The results of several investigations show that PVK films formed with CB present lower trap density, longer lifetime, no pinholes and smoother surfaces compared with those formed with TL and EA. This demonstrates that CB is the optimal anti-solvent for the preparation of 2D RP PVK solar cells.

Augmented catalytic effect of nano‐bi‐transition metal ferrite NiZnFe2O4 for nano‐nitrotriazolone thermolysis

The present research aims to study the thermolysis behavior of nano‐nitrotriazolone (nNTO) with and with catalyst bi‐transition metal ferrite (NiZnFe2O4‐NZF). Synthesized NTO via consecutive reaction method was modified to nanosize by using solvent–antisolvent method, while co‐precipitation method was used for the preparation of ferrite. Their physico‐chemical characteristics have been investigated in detail by using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), field emission gun scanning electron microscope (FEG‐SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Raman, and ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) analytical techniques. The catalytic performance was studied briefly using simultaneous thermal analyses. The average crystalline size of NZF is found between 12 and 25 nm, while NTO and nNTO are found between 15 and 40 nm. The nNTO derived from NTO showed higher crystallinity and less agglomeration, while NZF has nanoparticles with polyhedral shape. The thermal results are depicted that this catalyst worked superior to enhance thermolysis of nNTO than its mixture with NTO and it was evaluated by the various kinetic model. The kinetic mean values revealed that nNTO + NZF activation energy decreased in the range of 100–150 kJ mol−1. According to the obtained results, such kind of catalyst has been used for the preparations of explosive energetic formulations that are widely applicable in rocketry development.

Temperature-Dependent Luminescence and Anisotropic Optical Properties of Centimeter-Sized One-Dimensional Perovskite Trimethylammonium Lead Iodide Single Crystals.

Low-dimensional hybrid halide perovskite materials with self-trapped exciton (STE) emissions and anisotropic properties are highly attractive for their great potential in many applications. However, to date, reports on large one-dimensional (1D) perovskite single crystals have been limited. Here, centimeter-sized 1D single crystals of trimethylammonium lead iodide (TMAPbI3) with typical STE emission are synthesized by an antisolvent vapor-assisted crystallization method. Thermal quenching and antiquenching with a high relative sensitivity of photoluminescence (PL) are observed and studied via temperature-dependent photoluminescence spectroscopy. Further analysis indicates that the temperature-dependent PL behaviors are influenced by the self-trapping of the free exciton and the migrations between self-trapped excitons and intermediate nonradiative states. The TMAPbI3 single crystal also exhibits a linearly polarized emission and a large birefringence that is higher than those of commercial birefringent crystals. This 1D perovskite with high structural anisotropy has promise for applications in versatile optical- and luminescence-related fields.

Crystallization of citicoline sodium by anti-solvent assisted with ultrasound

Citicoline sodium tend to agglomerate during the crystallization process which can't be well solved by changing some conventional crystallization conditions. To solve this problem, an ultrasonic-assisted crystallization method was developed in this paper. The effects of ultrasound on the crystal metastable zone widths (MSZWs), induction time, crystal habit, and particle size distribution (PSD) were studied experimentally. The dynamic method was used to determine the solubility of Citicoline sodium in ethanol–water binary mixed solvents. The induction time and the MSZWs were measured under ultrasound and silent conditions. Moreover, the crystallization process was optimized using ultrasonic-assisted anti-solvent crystallization method. The influence of ultrasound on crystal habit during the crystallization process could be observed by optical microscope. Ultrasound optimized products can be characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), laser particle size analyzer, X-ray powder diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. The experimental results showed that the MSZWs and the induction time could be reduced by the application of ultrasonic irradiation. The agglomeration and crystal habit of Citicoline sodium could be improved by optimizing the crystallization process with ultrasound. After optimization, the mass yield was increased to 95 %, the median particle size DV (50) was about 10 μm and the PSD was narrower.

Preparation of astragaloside IV (AS-IV) nanoparticles via SAS process for anticancer efficacy: Optimization based on Box-Behnken Design

Despite significant advances in drug formulation, the clinical application of most active pharmaceutical ingredients from traditional Chinese herbs remained a significant challenge due to their poor solubility. To address this crucial issue, astragaloside-IV (AS-IV) was selected as a model drug to prepare nanoparticles with a large specific surface area via a constant, steady, and well-organized supercritical antisolvent (SAS) method. Initially, the optimal range of nanoparticle nucleation was determined by a single-factor investigation under altered critical conditions. Under the optimized conditions obtained from the Box-Behnken Design model analysis (AS-IV solution flow rate (F): 0.85 mL/min, Temperature (T): 42 ℃, Pressure (P): 120 bar), the SAS process resulted in nanospheres with smooth surface and narrow particle size distribution. After the SAS process treatment, AS-IV with altered physical states presented improved solubility and enhanced in vitro antiproliferative effects compared to untreated AS-IV, illustrating the potential application of the SAS method in promoting the bioavailability of low water-soluble drugs.

Fabrication of colloidal stable gliadin-casein nanoparticles for the encapsulation of natamycin: Molecular interactions and antifungal application on cherry tomato

Natamycin was encapsulated in gliadin-casein nanoparticles (G-C NPs) to control black rot in cherry tomato against Alternaria alternata. The G-C NPs with a mean particle diameter of 211 ± 4 nm were prepared using an anti-solvent method. The composite NPs showed better stability against neutral pH, ion, and storage than gliadin NPs. The quenching of gliadin by natamycin was static with a constant of 5.99 × 10−12 M−1∙S−1, and was spontaneous with a free energy of −23.5 kJ∙M−1 at 298 K. Both hydrophobic stacking and hydrogen bonds between natamycin and gliadin were found as the major driven force in the formation of the complex. The NPs kept the antifungal activity of natamycin with improved photostability. The NPs coatings exhibited better results than natamycin in controlling black rot on cherry tomato. This study shows the potential of the G-C NPs as all-natural delivery systems for natamycin in post-harvest treatments.

Ethyl Cellulose/SiO<sub>2</sub> Composite Microencapsulated Red Phosphorus: An Efficient Flame Retardant for Epoxy Resin

At present, the shell structures of the microencapsulated red phosphorus (RP) are mostly derived from petroleum materials and possess certain toxicity, which may do potential harm to the human beings and environment during preparation process. To solve this problem, the bio-based ethyl cellulose (EC) was selected as the shell material for microencapsulated RP in this work. Meanwhile, combining the anti-solvent and sol-gel methods in one pot, the EC/SiO2 shell structure was prepared by one step for the first time. The characterization results verified the fabrication of the integrated EC and EC/SiO2 shell structures. Meanwhile, the thermogravimery analysis indicated that the EC/SiO2 shell structure significantly improved the thermal stabilty and char-forming ability of pristine RP. The flame retardance of RP, EC coated RP (RP@EC) and EC/SiO2 coated RP (RP@EC/SiO2) on epoxy resin (EP) was investigated by cone calorimeter tests. The results showed that EP blending with 7 wt% RP@EC/SiO2 (EP/RP@EC/SiO2) decreased the heat release rate (HRR) and total heat release rate (THR) of neat EP by 55.65% and 30.11%, respectively. The char residuals after cone calorimeter tests were tested by scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction. The results showed that EP/RP@EC/SiO2 composites fabricated char residuals with continuous structures during the burning process, and the amorphous SiO2 in the char residuals was supposed to further improve the thermal insulation property. The compact and thermostable char residuals formed during cone calorimeter tests led to the superior flame retardance of RP@EC/SiO2.

Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Cuprous Halide Scintillators for Flexible X-ray Imaging.

Recently, organic-inorganic hybrid scintillators have received more and more attention because of their merits of easy preparation, good stability, and nontoxicity. Considering the high cost of traditional inorganic scintillators, here we describe experimental investigations of a low-cost zero-dimensional scintillator comprising organic-inorganic hybrid cuprous halide and its capabilities for sensitive X-ray detection and flexible X-ray imaging. This scintillator is synthesized using a facile antisolvent diffusion method with large scalability (50 g). The crystal structure shows an unreported plane rhombus cuprous halide core, which also demonstrates outstanding photoluminescence with a high quantum yield (99.5%), excellent radioluminescence with an efficient internal light yield (25 000 photon/MeV), and sensitive X-ray response with a low detection limit (40.4 nGy/s). The organic-inorganic hybrid chemical feature allows the fabrication of a flexible film based on this scintillator for fine-resolution X-ray radiography. These advantages endow our organic-inorganic hybrid scintillator with promising potential in wearable and portable medical devices.

Single-Step Self-Assembly of Zein-Honey-Chitosan Nanoparticles for Hydrophilic Drug Incorporation by Flash Nanoprecipitation.

Zein- and chitosan-based nanoparticles have been described as promising carrier systems for food, biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. However, the manufacture of size-controlled zein and chitosan particles is challenging. In this study, an adapted anti-solvent nanoprecipitation method was developed. The effects of the concentration of zein and chitosan and the pH of the collection solution on the properties of the zein–honey–chitosan nanoparticles were investigated. Flash nanoprecipitation was demonstrated as a rapid, scalable, single-step method to achieve the self-assembly of zein–honey–chitosan nanoparticles. The nanoparticles size was tuned by varying certain formulation parameters, including the total concentration and ratio of the polymers. The zein–honey–chitosan nanoparticles’ hydrodynamic diameter was below 200 nm and the particles were stable for 30 days. Vitamin C was used as a hydrophilic model substance and efficiently encapsulated into these nanoparticles. This study opens a promising pathway for one-step producing zein–honey–chitosan nanoparticles by flash nanoprecipitation for hydrophilic compounds’ encapsulation.

Invitro and in-vivo evaluation of optimized sustain release nanoparticulate tablet of vildagliptin

The objective of the present investigation was to evaluate pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic parameters of optimized nanoparticulate sustain release tablet of Vildagliptin prepared by using Anti-solvent method containing polymer HPMC K15M and Sodium Alginate in a ratio of 1:0.75. The optimized nanoparticulate tablet test formulation demonstrated favorable in-vitro drug release characteristics. The nanoparticulate formulation was orally administered to rat and blood samples were used to determine pharmacokinetic parameters, which were compared with pharmacokinetic parameters of the marketed tablet formulation. The relative bioavailability of Nanoparticulate tablet was found to be increased about 1.2 times in comparison to that of the marketed tablet. The results for invitro drug release and in vivo antidiabetic activity for 24 hours were also found very significant. As per results obtained from in vitro and in vivo studies, nanoparticulate tablet of Vildagliptin may prove to be a potential contender for secure and efficient sustained drug release over an absolute phase of time which can decrease dosing frequency.

Investigation into the crystal morphology and acidity of LLM-105 in recrystallization

ABSTRACT Sensitivities and compatibilities of the explosives are greatly influenced by their crystal morphology and acidity. In order to improve the crystal morphology and reduce the acidity, a molecular dynamics simulation of the recrystallization of LLM-105 (2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide) with nitric acid as solvent were carried out, and the influences of the process conditions on the acidity of LLM-105 in the process of recrystallization were investigated by the solvent–antisolvent method. The result shows that the nitric acid concentration, water bath temperature, undercooling, stirring speed and dropping mode have the significant effect on acidity. The LLM-105 crystal obtained from the recrystallization with the dropping mode by normal phase, HNO3 (85%) as solvent, water bath temperature of 70°C, anti-solvent temperature of 60°C, dropping rate of 12.5 ml/min and stirring speed of 330 r/min has the regular morphology (blocky and inclined prismatic) and good fluidity, with the acidity less than 0.05% (calculated by HNO3). By means of the mechanical sensitivity and differential heat analysis, the impact sensitivity and friction sensitivity of the LLM-105 crystal from the recrystallization were decreased by 58.4% and 20%, respectively, and the exothermic peak was increased by 14.6°C in comparison with the raw material.

Air‐Processed Carbon‐Based Cs0.5FA0.5PbI3–Cs4PbI6 Heterostructure Perovskite Solar Cells with Efficiency Over 16%

The preparation of low‐cost, high‐stability cell devices is the primary trend in the future development of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The hole transport layer (HTL)‐free carbon electrode‐based PSCs (C‐PSCs) based on methylamine (MA) free perovskites prepared in the ambient air environment is expected to realize this goal. In MA‐free perovskites represented by CsxFA1–xPbI3, although the increase of Cs content increases the bandgap, CsxFA1–xPbI3 with high Cs content has superior stability. Herein, a hot flow‐assisted (HFA) spin‐coating method to prepare Cs0.5FA0.5PbI3 films in the ambient air environment with a wide relative humidity operation window is proposed. Compared with the traditional antisolvent method that requires a dry processing environment, the HFA method can easily prepare high‐quality Cs0.5FA0.5PbI3 films in a high‐humidity ambient air environment. In addition, it is found that the presence of trace amount of Cs4PbI6 can not only passivate the defects of Cs0.5FA0.5PbI3 but also suppress the undesired phase transition. As a result, the in situ formed Cs0.5FA0.5PbI3–Cs4PbI6 heterostructure film corresponds to better stability and higher photovoltaic performance than the plain Cs0.5FA0.5PbI3 film. The efficiency of the assembled champion C‐PSCs is up to 16.30%, which is currently the highest efficiency for MA‐ and HTL‐free low‐temperature C‐PSCs.

Evaluation of the Humidification Effect of Street Trees Based on All-Inorganic Lead-Free K2CuBr3 Humidity Sensors

A suitable humidity environment is of great significance to the healthy and comfortable life of urban residents, and the humidification effect of street trees is crucial for effectively regulating microclimates in big cities. Therefore, evaluating the humidification capacity among species is a rewarding research aiming at providing bases for selecting appropriate street tree species. The leaves of trees generate water vapor through transpiration to slowly increase the environmental humidity, and humidity sensors with giant response, excellent linearity, and reliable repeatability are more conducive to analyzing and evaluating the subtle process in detail. Here, the antisolvent method was adopted to simplify the synthesis process of lead-free K2CuBr3, and the fabricated impedance-type humidity sensor based on K2CuBr3 microrods satisfied these requirements. The all-inorganic lead-free halide K2CuBr3 overcomes two drawbacks, including the toxicity of Pb and the moisture instability of most reported halide perovskites used in the field of humidity sensing. The impedance variation exceeds 106 Ω (162 Ω to 182 MΩ), with the relative humidity varying from 12 to 95%. In addition, the analysis of the corresponding complex impedance spectroscopy revealed the sensing mechanism. The intrinsic properties of K2CuBr3 are reflected at low humidity, and the proton transfer gradually dominates the sensing paths with increasing humidity. Furthermore, the K2CuBr3 humidity-sensitive layer is employed to evaluate the transpiration of street trees for the first time, and the successful evaluation of the humidification effect indicates more applications of lead-free halides.

Insight into the in vivo fate of intravenous herpetrione amorphous nanosuspensions by aggregation-caused quenching probes

Intravenous nanosuspensions are attracted growing attention as a viable strategy for development of intravenous formulations of poorly water-soluble drugs. However, only few information about the biological fate of intravenous nanosuspensions is currently known, especially amorphous nanosuspensions are not reported yet. In this study, the in vivo fate of herpetrione (HPE) amorphous nanosuspensions following intravenous administration was explored by using an aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) probe and HPLC methods. The ACQ probe is physically embedded into HPE nanoparticles via anti-solvent method to form HPE hybrid nanosuspensions (HPE-HNSs) for bioimaging. HPE-HNSs emit strong and stable fluorescence, but fluorescence quenches immediately upon the dissolution of HPE-HNSs, confirming the self-discrimination of HPE-HNSs. Following intravenous administration of HPE-HNSs, integral HPE-HNSs and HPE show similar degradation and biodistribution, with rapid clearance from blood circulation and obvious accumulation in liver and lung. Due to the slower dissolution and enhanced recognition by reticulo-endothelial system, 450 nm HPE-HNSs accumulate more in liver, lung and spleen than that of 200 nm HPE-HNSs. These results demonstrate that integral HPE-HNSs determine the in vivo performance of HPE-HNSs. This study provides insight into the in vivo fate of intravenous amorphous nanosuspensions.

Production and characterization of composite films with zein nanoparticles based on the complexity of continuous film matrix

Zein nanoparticles (ZNPs) can be fabricated by applying the “anti-solvent” method, in which, zein molecules interact with components existing in the bulk aqueous system and affect their final properties. In this study, bio-nanocomposite films with ZNPs incorporated into different polysaccharide-based matrices, Konjac glucomannan (KGM) or/and Chitosan (CS), were successfully fabricated employing anti-solvent and solvent casting methods. Physiochemical characterizations of both the composite film-forming solutions and the final composite films were systematically studied to evaluate the impact of the complexity of continuous film matrices on the functionality of ZNPs-incorporated composite films. The results showed that ZNPs can be uniformly embedded in the film matrices, significantly enhancing the overall physicochemical performance of the final composite films. The exitance of intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions among the film components, the changes in the crystallinity of the films, and a more compact and uniform microstructure were confirmed by preforming Fourier transform spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The active nanofiller effect of ZNPs and the synergism of KGM and CS, benefitted the most enhanced properties of KCZ composite film, which is not very sensitive to moisture, unlike KZ composite film, and not very rigid, unlike CZ composite film.

Effect of anionic carboxymethyl cellulose acetate butyrate on recrystallization and surface modification of energetic ion salt TKX-50 crystal

The energetic ion salt, TKX-50, has attracted great interests in the field of energetic materials due to its advantages of high enthalpy of formation, low sensitivity and low toxicity. However, the large aspect ratio and poor surface adhesion performance of its crystal are inconducive to the safe use and interfacial bonding for the preparation of composite energetic materials. To solve these problems, we introduced an anionic polymer, carboxymethyl cellulose acetate butyrate (CMCAB), as the crystal control agent and surface modifier for the recrystallization of TKX-50 by the anti-solvent method. The effects of CMCAB on the morphology, internal structure, surface elemental composition, mechanical sensitivity, specific heat capacity (Cp) and thermal stability of TKX-50 were investigated. It was found that the morphologies of the TKX-50 recrystallized in the anti-solvents containing CMCAB were better with lower aspect ratios and narrower particle size distributions. A discontinuous CMCAB coating layer was formed on the crystal surfaces due to the electrostatic interaction between CMCAB and TKX-50, resulting in the CMCAB@TKX-50 complex. The coating degree and surface modification were more significant with the increase of CMCAB concentration. The CMCAB coating reduced the friction sensitivity of TKX-50 by 12–38%, meanwhile, the impact sensitivities of CMCAB@TKX-50 prepared at different CMCAB concentrations remained at the low levels of 4–12%. The DSC analysis revealed that the Cp of CMCAB@TKX-50 was generally higher than that of TKX-50. The bigger the crystals of CMCAB@TKX-50, the greater the Cp and the higher the thermal stability. The peak decomposition temperature of the first stage, the activation energy (Ea) and pre-exponential factor (A) of CMCAB@TKX-50 were generally higher than those of TKX-50, suggesting better thermal stability and safety of CMCAB@TKX-50 than TKX-50. The CMCAB@TKX-50 prepared in our work not only shows superior safety performance, but also is well compatible with the traditional binder, cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB). The good dissolution properties of CMCAB make CMCAB@TKX-50 more suitable for the preparation of polymer-bonded explosives (PBX), which can promote the application of TKX-50 in PBX.