Antioxidant Nature Research Articles

Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of essential oil of leaves and flowers of Alternanthera sessilis red from Sabah

In the present study, chemical composition and antioxidant activity of essential oil from the aerial parts of Alternanthera sessilis red has been investigated. The chemical composition of essential oil of A. sessilis red was determined by GC-MS analysis. Determination of antioxidant nature of A. sessilis red was carried out by 1,1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method using butylated hydroxytoulene (BHT)as the positive control. The major components of essential oil of leaves, as analyzed by the GC-MS were found to be 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexamethyl-3,3-bis[trimethylsilyl)oxy]trisiloxane (15.43%), S,S-dioxide trans-2-methyl-4-Npentylthiane (11.27%), didodecylphthalate (10.62%) and tetrahydro-2,5-dimethoxy furan (10.01%).However, the major components of essential oil of flower were 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexamethyl-3,3- bis[trimethylsilyl)oxy]trisiloxane (17.76%), trans-4-ethyl-5-octyl-2,2-bis(trifluromethyl)-1,3-dioxolane (11.12%) and tetrahydro-2,5-dimethoxy furan ( 9.10%).

Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Phenolic and Flavonoid Content in Moringa oleifera Lam and Ocimum tenuiflorum L.

Background:Number of secondary compounds is produced by plants as natural antioxidants. Moringa oleifera Lam. and Ocimum tenuiflorum L. are known for their wide applications in food and pharmaceutical industry.Objective:To compare phenolic and flavonoid content in M. oleifera Lam and O. tenuiflorum L. by quantitative and qualitative analysis.Materials and Methods:Phenolic and flavonoid content were studied spectrophotometrically and by paper chromatography in M. oleifera Lam. and O. tenuiflorum L.Results:Higher phenolic and flavonoid content were observed in Moringa leaf and flower. Ocimum flower showed higher phenolic content and low flavonoid in comparison to Moringa. Flavonoids such as biflavonyl, flavones, glycosylflavones, and kaempferol were identified by paper chromatography. Phytochemical analysis for flavonoid, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, reducing sugars, and anthraquinones were tested positive for Moringa and Ocimum leaf as well as flower.Conclusions:In the present study higher phenolic and flavonoid content, indicated the natural antioxidant nature of Moringa and Ocimum signifying their medicinal importance.SUMMARY Moringa oleifera Lam. and Ocimum tenuiflorum L. are widly grown in India and are known for their medicinal properties. Number of secondary metabolites like phenolics and flavonoids are known to be present in both the plants. The present study was conducted with an objective to qualitatively and quantitatively compare the phenolics and flavanoids in these two medicinally important plants.Quantitation of total phenolics and flavanoids was done by spectrophotometrically while qualitative analysis was perfomed by paper chromatography and by phytochemical tests. Our results have shown higher phenolics and flavanoid content in Moringa leaf and flower. However, higher phenolic content was absent in Ocimum flower compared to that of Moringa. Phytochemical analysis of various metabolites such as flavonoids, tanins, sapponins, alkaloids, anthraquinones revealed that both the plant extracts were rich sources of secondary metabolites and thus tested positive for the above tests. Various flavanoids and Phenolics were identified by paper chromatography based on their Rf values and significant colors. From the above study we conclude that Moringa and Ocimum are rich in natural antioxidants hence are potent source in pharmaceutical industry.

Use of Nigella sativa Linn. Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extract for Targeting the Angiogenesis Cascade

The aim of this study was to investigate the antiangiogenic effect of the Nigella sativa seeds extracts. Twelve extracts were prepared from the N. sativa seeds by supper critical carbon dioxide by varying extraction pressure and temperature. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 22 compounds, mainly thymoquinone (TQ), thymohydroquinone and androstane-3,17-diol. The extracts showed significant antioxidant activity, and cell viability study on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) indicated that two extracts (A3 and B3), prepared at higher temperature (60°C) and the lower pressures (2500 and 3000 psi), were the most potent anti-proliferative extracts; the median inhibitory concentrations were 41.5 ± 1.9 and 60.2 ± 2.2 μg/mL, respectively. The extracts down-regulated the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in endothelia cells causing inhibition of various events of the angiogenesis cascade including; cell proliferation, endothelial cell migration and differentiation on matrigel and consequently inhibited tube formation. The extracts also showed significant inhibition of angiogenesis in vivo by inhibiting the vascularization of the chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). The antiangiogenic activity observed could be due to the anti-oxidant nature of the extract. This study highlights the importance of N. sativa SCCO 2 oil as anti-angiogenic agent.

Nitric oxide triggers a concentration-dependent differential modulation of superoxide dismutase (FeSOD and Cu/ZnSOD) activity in sunflower seedling roots and cotyledons as an early and long distance signaling response to NaCl stress

Dark-grown sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seedlings exhibit modulation of total superoxide dismutase (SOD;EC 1.15.1.1) activity in roots and cotyledons (10,000g supernatant) in response to salt stress (NaCl; 120 mM) through a differential, zymographically detectable, whole tissue activity of FeSOD and Cu/ZnSOD. Confocal laser scanning microscopic imaging (CLSM) has further shown that NaCl stress significantly influences differential spatial distribution of Cu/ZnSOD and MnSOD isoforms in an inverse manner. Dual action of nitric oxide (NO) is evident in its crosstalk with FeSOD and Cu/ZnSOD in seedling roots and cotyledons in control and NaCl− stress conditions. Cu/ZnSOD activity in the roots of 2 d old NaCl− stressed seedlings is enhanced in the presence of 125–1000 µM of NO donor (sodium nitroprusside; SNP) indicating salt sensitivity of the enzyme activity. Quenching of endogenous NO by cPTIO treatment (500, 1000 µM) lowers FeSOD activity in roots (-NaCl). Cotyledons from control seedlings show an upregulation of FeSOD activity with increasing availability of SNP (125–1000 µM) in the Hoagland irrigation medium. Quenching of NO by cPTIO provides evidence for an inverse correlation between NO availability and FeSOD activity in seedling cotyledons irrespective of NaCl stress. Variable response due to NO on SOD isoforms in sunflower seedlings reflects its concentration-dependent biphasic (pro- and antioxidant) nature of action. Differential induction of SOD isoforms by NO indicates separate intracellular signaling pathways (associated with their respective functional separation) operative in seedling roots as an early salt stress mechanism and in cotyledons as an early long-distance NaCl stress sensing mechanism.

ПРОДУКТИ ПЕРЕРОБКИ ЗАРОДКІВ ВІВСА ТА КУКУРУДЗИ ЯК ПЕРСПЕКТИВНА СИРОВИНА В ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ ХЛІБОБУЛОЧНИХ ВИРОБІВ

The results of investigating chemical, textural composition and functional-technological properties of extraction cakes of oat germs and press-cake of corn germs are presented in the article. It is found that the additives under research are finely dispersed powders with the increased content of nutritive fibers (23,3 і 24,5 %), proteins (23,0 і 20,0 % respectively), amino acid score of which is presented by a sufficient content of lysine, valine, leucine, threonine, phenylalanine, tyrosine. The specific feature of vitamin content of additives is concluded in a high amount of vitamins Е, В 1 , В 9 , РР, but that of mineral content – in a large amount of potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron. Also the additives under research contain substances with antioxidant nature: hydroxycinnamic acids and tannins. Extraction cakes of oat germs and press-cake of corn germs are characterized by the sufficient parameters of water-absorbing and water-holding abilities, low activity of proteolytic and amylolytic enzymes that allows to recommend them for further development of the technology of functional bakery products with the increased nutritive and biologic value.

Low temperature synthesis of high quality BNNTs via argon supported thermal CVD

The anti-oxidant nature of Argon gas prevents the formation of water vapors and oxidation of as produced catalysts. These facts have made it possible to synthesize high quality boron nitride nanotubes via Argon supported thermal chemical vapor deposition at a relatively lower temperature of 900°C. The synthesized sample is the combination of straight, nearly straight and curve like morphologies of boron nitride nanotubes with diameter in the range of 20–80nm. Internally, each tube has bamboo like structure whereas the external part has lattice fringes with an interlayer spacing of~0.34nm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy shows B 1s and N 1s peaks at 191.4 and 398.7eV for hexagonal boron nitride nature of the synthesized nanotubes whereas, the recorded Raman spectrum reports a high intensity peak at 1372(cm−1) that corresponds to E2g mode of vibration in hexagonal boron nitride.

HSP27 modulates survival signaling in endosulfan-exposed human peripheral blood mononuclear cells treated with curcumin.

Endosulfan, a well-known organochlorine pesticide, induces apoptosis and depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Thus, for the amelioration of its effect, antioxidant and antiapoptotic potential of curcumin was evaluated. For ascertaining the attenuating effect of curcumin, various biochemical indices of cell damage such as cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, apoptosis (phosphatidylserine externalization, DNA fragmentation, and cytochrome c) in human PBMC was evaluated following endosulfan exposure (0-100 µM). To assess the role of HSP27 on endosulfan-induced apoptosis, the expression of HSP27 was examined. Curcumin (25 µM) increased cell viability significantly. As evident from the restoration of GSH, antiapoptotic potential was directly proportional to their antioxidant nature of curcumin. The present study indicates that the beneficial effect of curcumin on endosulfan-induced cytotoxicity is related to the induced synthesis of HSP27, emphasizing its antioxidant and therapeutic potential as well as underscoring the mechanism of pesticide-induced toxicity at cellular level. Taken together, these findings suggest that curcumin protects against endosulfan-induced immunotoxicity in human PBMC by attenuating apoptosis.

Identification by hydrophilic interaction and reversed-phase liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry of peptides with antioxidant capacity in food residues

HILIC- and RP-HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF identification of bioactive peptides with antioxidant capacity in peach by-products was carried out. Peach seeds contain more than 40% of proteins (as dried and defatted basis) and could constitute a cheap source of bioactive peptides. Extracted proteins were digested using four different commercial enzymes. Five assays based on different antioxidant mechanisms were employed for a reliable evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of the extracts. Thermolysin enzyme originated the extract with the most favorable antioxidant capacity. Probably due to a synergic effect among antioxidant peptides, it was not possible to find a peptide fraction with a higher antioxidant capacity than the whole extract. Eighteen peptides were identified in the whole hydrolysate when combining HILIC- and RP-HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF. A high percentage of hydrophobic amino acids were observed within their sequences which is a characteristic feature of the antioxidant nature of peptides.

Gallic acid attenuates dextran sulfate sodium-induced experimental colitis in BALB/c mice.

Gallic acid (GA) is a polyhydroxy phenolic compound that has been detected in various natural products, such as green tea, strawberries, grapes, bananas, and many other fruits. In inflammatory bowel disease, inflammation is promoted by oxidative stress. GA is a strong antioxidant; thus, we evaluated the cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory role of GA in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced mouse colitis model. Experimental acute colitis was induced in male BALB/c mice by administering 2.5% DSS in the drinking water for 7 days. The disease activity index; colon weight/length ratio; histopathological analysis; mRNA expressions of IL-21 and IL-23; and protein expression of nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) were compared between the control and experimental mice. The colonic content of malondialdehyde and the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activity were examined as parameters of the redox state. We determined that GA significantly attenuated the disease activity index and colon shortening, and reduced the histopathological evidence of injury. GA also significantly (P<0.05) reduced the expressions of IL-21 and IL-23. Furthermore, GA activates/upregulates the expression of Nrf2 and its downstream targets, including UDP-GT and NQO1, in DSS-induced mice. The findings of this study demonstrate the protective effect of GA on experimental colitis, which is probably due to an antioxidant nature of GA.

Effect of Doxorubicin and Some Boron Compounds on Erythrocyte Fragility In Rats

Objective: Doxorubicin is a potent antineoplastic agent used in chemical treatment of cancer. However due to their cardiotoxic effects, its use is limited and currently subject for extensive research. Cardiomyopathy caused by doxorubicin still remains as a major concern for this potent drug. This study was aimed to contribute to this issue which needs novel preventive treatment for this side effect. Materials and Methods: Boron and boron containing molecules are subject of medical research due to their properties such as antioxidant nature. They are tested in various diseases and experimental setups. In this study Boric acid, Potassium tetraborate, Amonium biborat tetrahidrat was given to male rats at 10 mg/kg/day for 6 weeks. All study groups (n=8 each) received Doxorubicin and Boron containing compounds via intraperitoneal route. Following 6 weeks blood was withdrawn and erythrocyte osmotic fragility test was applied. Results: Erythrocyte fragility values of all doxorubicin containing groups increases and become significant at 0.5, 0.6, 0.7 and 0.8% NaCl concentrations (p<0.05). Among doxorubicin groups no significant difference was observed. Results of this study suggests that doxorubicin increases erythrocyte osmotic fragility and boron containing molecules are not sufficient to recover this untoward effect on erythrocytes at the applied dosage. Conclusion: Possible mechanisms of this result and testing in a dose dependent manner can be tested in future studies.

Development of fermented Hericium erinaceus juice with high content of L‐glutamine and L‐glutamic acid

SummaryFermented plant beverages (FPB) with a high content of desirable principle components are served as functional foods from several years. Hericium erinaceus is famous for its antimicrobial, antioxidant, antihypertensive and antidiabetic nature. Accordingly, the current study was aimed to produce fermented H. erinaceus juice with a high content of L‐glutamine (Gln) and L‐glutamic acid (GA) through lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from fermented Thai foods. LAB isolates were screened and identified the potent protease‐producing bacteria Enterococcus faecalis (G414/1) that facilitate the production of Gln and GA through protein hydrolysis. Box–Behnken design (BBD) and response surface methodology (RSM) were adapted for the optimisation of conditions for the increased production of Gln and GA during fermentation of H. erinaceus. We succeeded with an optimum concentration of cofactor (CaCl2), pH and temperature for improved protease activity and subsequent Gln and GA production. The ability of isolated E. faecalis strain to produce Gln and GA was demonstrated in this study. Further, upstream processes like strain improvement and media optimisation will direct the way to produce enriched H. erinaceus based FPB.

Analgesic, antipyretic, nephritic and antioxidant effects of the aerial parts of Bassia eriophora (Family: Chenopodiaceae) plant on rats

ObjectiveTo study analgesic, antipyretic, renal and antioxidant effects of the aerial parts of Bassia eriophora (Family: Chenopodiaceae) (B. eriophora), a wild plant in Saudi Arabia. MethodsAlcoholic extract (90%) of the aerial parts of B. eriophora was tested for analgesic, antipyretic, nephritic and antioxidant activities, to show their therapeutic potential. For analgesic effect, hot plate and writhing methods were used while for antipyretic effect, rectal temperature method was used. The renal protective effects and antioxidant properties were determined through CCl4-intoxicated animal method. ResultsAnimals treated with dose of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight, after 90 min showed significant analgesic effect (8.10 ± 0.18 and 8.10 ± 0.12) respectively, comparable to indomethacin (9.18 ± 0.22) in hot plate method, while in writhing method, the percentage reduction accounted for 55.14% and 68.38% at the dose of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight respectively. The antipyretic effect using rectal temperature method after 90 min, at the dose of 500 mg/kg body weight was 35.66 ± 0.13, comparatively more effective than indomethacin (35.10 ± 0.22). The significant reduction of CCl4 on elevated creatinine, urea, uric acid, Ca, Na and K as well as increase on the depleted total protein after administration of the plant extract, indicated the safe use in kidney dysfunctions. The normalization of changed CCl4 intoxication, malondialdehyde and nonprotein sulfhydryls levels designated antioxidant nature of this plant. The histopathological evaluation of the kidney also revealed that B. eriophora alcoholic extract may prevent the occurrence of kidney lesions. ConclusionsB. eriophora may have analgesic, antipyretic and antioxidant activities, and may be safely used in renal toxicity conditions. Furthermore, pharmacological and clinical studies were required before therapeutic use.

Protective effect of Lepidium sativum seed extract against hydrogen peroxide-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in human liver cells (HepG2)

Context: Garden cress [Lepidium sativum (Brassicaceae)] has been widely used to treat a number of ailments in traditional medicine. The pharmacological and preventive potential of Lepidium sativum, such as anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antihypertensive, anti-ashthamatic, anticancer, and anti-oxidant, are well known.Objective: The present investigation was designed to study the protective effects of chloroform extract of Lepidium sativum seed (LSE) against oxidative stress and cytotoxicity induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in human liver cells (HepG2).Materials and methods: Cytotoxicity of LSE and H2O2 was identified by (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), neutral red uptake (NRU) assays, and morphological changes in HepG2. The cells were pre-exposed to biologically safe concentrations (5–25 μg/ml) of LSE for 24 h, and then cytotoxic (0.25 mM) concentration of H2O2 was added. After 24 h of the exposures, cell viability by MTT, NRU assays, and morphological changes in HepG2 were evaluated. Further, protective effects of LSE on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), lipid peroxidation (LPO), and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels induced by H2O2 were studied.Results: Pre-exposure of LSE significantly attenuated the loss of cell viability up to 48% at 25 µg/ml concentration against H2O2 (LD50 value = 2.5 mM). Results also showed that LSE at 25 µg/ml concentration significantly inhibited the induction of ROS generation (45%) and LPO (56%), and increases the MMP (55%) and GSH levels (46%).Discussion and conclusion: The study suggests the cytoprotective effects of LSE against H2O2-induced toxicity in HepG2. The results also demonstrate the anti-oxidative nature of LSE.

(228) - Response to CD34+ Cell Therapy Is Associated With Myocardial Scar Burden in Patients With Ischemic and Non-Ischemic Chronic Heart Failure

s S91 (SFN) by i.p. 1 day prior to surgery to induce Nrf2, with saline as vehicle control (n= 6 per group). After 2 hours of cold ischemia, donor hearts were transplanted into the recipients. Just after transplant, recipients received an additional single injection of SFN or saline. Following 24 hours of reperfusion, echocardiography was performed and donor hearts were harvested. Superoxide dismutase-2 (SOD2) and Caspase-3 activities were measured as markers of the Nrf2 pathway downstream enzyme and apoptosis respectively. P65 and phosphorylated P65 were measured by Western immunoblotting to assess NF-kB activation. Results: Compared to WT-Saline, KO-Saline demonstrated lower SOD2, increased Caspase-3, and increased P65 expression and phosphorylation. Among WT donors, SFN treatment rescued SOD2, decreased Caspase-3, and inhibited P65 phosphorylation compared to saline treatment. These SFN effects were absent on KO donors (Figure A). Echocardiography of donor hearts showed that the fractional area change (FAC) was significantly higher in WT-SFN than WT-Saline. KO-Saline and KO-SFN displayed similarly lower FAC than WT donors (Figure B). Conclusion: Our results suggest the anti-inflammatory potential of Nrf2 through inhibition of NF-kB activity during IRI. The Nrf2 pathway may be a promising pharmacological target to mitigate IRI-mediated inflammation, apoptosis, and impaired cardiac function through the anti-inflammatory property as well as its anti-oxidant nature in heart transplantation.

(229) - Metabolic Status Determines the Efficacy of CD34+ Stem Cell Therapy in Patients With Non-Ischemic Dilated Cardiomyopathy

s S91 (SFN) by i.p. 1 day prior to surgery to induce Nrf2, with saline as vehicle control (n= 6 per group). After 2 hours of cold ischemia, donor hearts were transplanted into the recipients. Just after transplant, recipients received an additional single injection of SFN or saline. Following 24 hours of reperfusion, echocardiography was performed and donor hearts were harvested. Superoxide dismutase-2 (SOD2) and Caspase-3 activities were measured as markers of the Nrf2 pathway downstream enzyme and apoptosis respectively. P65 and phosphorylated P65 were measured by Western immunoblotting to assess NF-kB activation. Results: Compared to WT-Saline, KO-Saline demonstrated lower SOD2, increased Caspase-3, and increased P65 expression and phosphorylation. Among WT donors, SFN treatment rescued SOD2, decreased Caspase-3, and inhibited P65 phosphorylation compared to saline treatment. These SFN effects were absent on KO donors (Figure A). Echocardiography of donor hearts showed that the fractional area change (FAC) was significantly higher in WT-SFN than WT-Saline. KO-Saline and KO-SFN displayed similarly lower FAC than WT donors (Figure B). Conclusion: Our results suggest the anti-inflammatory potential of Nrf2 through inhibition of NF-kB activity during IRI. The Nrf2 pathway may be a promising pharmacological target to mitigate IRI-mediated inflammation, apoptosis, and impaired cardiac function through the anti-inflammatory property as well as its anti-oxidant nature in heart transplantation.

IN VITRO EVALUATION OF SECONDARY METABOLITES AND HYDROXYL RADICAL SCAVENGING EFFICACY OF DIFFERENT EXTRACTS OF CYPERUS ROTUNDUS L. AND RUBIA CORDIFOLIA L.: PROTECTION AGAINST PHOTODAMAGES

An antioxidant is simply a molecule that prevent s another molecule from oxidizing. Overexposure to UV rays can lead to a significant reduction in the antioxidant supply, thus increasing oxidative stress. Herbal plants and their secondary metabolites have a long history to use in modern western medicine and in certain systems of traditional medicine and are the sources of important drugs. The antioxidant compounds, which are p resent in herbal plants in the form of secondary metabolites like phenolic acids, poly phenols and flavonoids scavenge free radical s such as peroxide and hydroperoxide. This study is aimed to investigate the secondary metabolites and antioxidant pot ential of ethanolic and acetone extracts of Cyp e rus rotundus L. and pet roleum ether and 80 % ethanolic extracts of Rubia cordifolia L. usi ng in vitro models in the reference of protection against photo damages. Different extracts of Cyp e rus rotundus L. and Rubia cordifolia L. were evaluated for their organoleptic properties, physicochemical properties, preliminary secondary metabolites analy sis and hydroxyl radical scavenging potential with the help of standard procedures . B oth extracts of Cyp e rus rotundus L. and Rubia cordifolia L. were found to be positive for many secondary metabolites like; flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins etc. Th e IC 50 values of ethanolic and acetonic extracts of Cyperus rotundus were observed at 87 µg/ml and 98.2 µg/ml respectively and the IC 50 values of pet ether and 80 % ethanolic extracts of Rubia cordifolia were observed at 100 µg/ml and 50 µg/ml respectively . Based on this , it may be concluded that, the herbal plants Cyp e rus rotundus L. and Rubia cordifolia L. are the rich source of secondary metabolites and have hydroxyl/free radical scavenging potential which shows antioxidant nature of the extracts against UV induced oxidative stress mediated photo damages.

Rutin potentially attenuates fluoride-induced oxidative stress-mediated cardiotoxicity, blood toxicity and dyslipidemia in rats

This study was undertaken to evaluate cardio protective effect of rutin against sodium fluoride (NaF)-induced oxidative stress-mediated cardiotoxicity and blood toxicity. Cardiac injury was induced by daily administration of NaF 600 ppm in distilled water for four weeks. The animals exposed to NaF exhibited a significant increase in levels of cardiac serum markers, lipid peroxidative markers, serum total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides and decrease in HDL levels. Decrease in hematological parameters, namely hemoglobin, red blood cells, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), MCH count and increase in white blood cells and erythrocyte sedimentation levels were also observed. Marked histopathological lesions and increased DNA fragmentation in cardiac tissues were observed. Activity of antioxidants-catalase, superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione contents were decreased (p < 0.01), whereas lipid peroxidation product (malondialdehyde) was increased. A significant decrease in body and heart weight was also observed. Treatment with rutin effectively ameliorated the alterations in the studied parameters of rat through its antioxidant nature. There was also significant improvement in hematological parameters. Thus, results of this study clearly demonstrated that treatment with rutin against NaF intoxication has a significant role in protecting F-induced cardiotoxicity, blood toxicity and dyslipidemia in rats.

Morin protects gastric mucosa from nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, indomethacin induced inflammatory damage and apoptosis by modulating NF-κB pathway

BackgroundDeregulation in prostaglandin (PG) biosynthesis, severe oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis contribute to the pathogenesis of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced gastropathy. Unfortunately, most of the prescribed anti-ulcer drugs generate various side effects. In this scenario, we could consider morin as a safe herbal potential agent against IND-gastropathy and rationalize its action systematically. MethodsRats were pretreated with morin for 30min followed by IND (48mgkg−1) administration for 4h. The anti-ulcerogenic nature of morin was assessed by morphological and histological analysis. Its effects on the inflammatory (MPO, cytokines, adhesion molecules), ulcer-healing (COXs, PGE2), and signaling parameters (NF-κB and apoptotic signaling) were assessed by biochemical, RP-HPLC, immunoblots, IHC, RT-PCR, and ELISA at the time points of their maximal changes due to IND administration. ResultsIND induced NF-κB and apoptotic signaling in rat's gastric mucosa. These increased proinflammatory responses, but reduced the antioxidant enzymes and other protective factors. Morin reversed all the adverse effects to prevent IND-induced gastric ulceration in a PGE2 independent manner. Also, it did not affect the absorption and/or primary pharmacological activity of IND. ConclusionsThe gastroprotective action of morin is primarily attributed to its potent antioxidant nature that also helps in controlling several IND-induced inflammatory responses. General significanceFor the first time, the study reveals a mechanistic basis of morin mediated protective action against IND-induced gastropathy. As morin is a naturally abundant safe antioxidant, future detailed pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies are expected to establish it as a gastroprotective agent.

D-Pinitol Protects Against Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the protective activity of D-Pinitol against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. The animals were divided into six groups, with each group consisting of six animals. Group I animals served as normal controls and received olive oil vehicle (1.0 ml/kg body weight intraperitoneally). Group II rats served as CCl4 controls, which received 30% CCl4 suspended in olive oil (3.0 ml/kg body weight intraperitoneally) twice a week for 4 weeks. Group III rats were treated with 30% CCl4 suspended in olive oil (3.0 ml/kg body weight intraperitoneally) twice a week for 4 weeks, followed by D-Pinitol (100 mg/kg body weight) given for 28 days intragastrically. Group IV rats received D-Pinitol alone at a concentration of 100 mg/kg body weight for 28 days intragastrically. At the end of the experimental period, serum marker enzymes and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels were significantly increased in group II animals. On the other hand, D-Pinitol treatment significantly decreased marker enzymes and LPO levels and increased the antioxidant level. CYP expression was also investigated. Therefore, the present study revealed that D-Pinitol acts as a protective agent by decreasing metabolic activation of xenobiotics through its antioxidant nature.

Carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzyme inhibitor property, antioxidant and phytochemical analysis of Cassia auriculata, Delonix regia and Vinca rosea Linn: an in vitro study

The study comprises the evaluation of antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of Cassia auriculata, Delonix rega and Vinca rosea belonging to Fabaceae family. Initially, In vitro α-Glucosidase inhibitor activity was performed as a preliminary screening for petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and aqueous extracts of three collected plants. In comparison with all the extracts, methanol extracts shown promising activity with IC50 values of 58.52μg/ml, 83.46μg/ml and 77.41μg/ml for C. auriculata, D. regia and V. rosea respectively. Hence, these three extracts were further selected for DPPH radical scavenging activity. C. auriculata resulted in 96% DPPH radical scavenging activity fallowed by D. regia (78%) and V. rosea (60%). Hence, methanol extract of C. auriculata was selected to evaluate α-amylase inhibitor potential, reducing power capacity and also quantified for total phenolic and total flavonoid content within them. Selected extract showed efficient α-amylase inhibitor activity, reducing power capacity and good amount of phenolics and flavonoids. HPTLC analysis identified five polyphenols and FT-IR analysis detected �OH functional groups in the extract. GC-MS analysis detected hydroquinone, myoionositol and bulletin. It can be concluded that these compounds within the methanol extract of C. auriculata might be accountable for antidiabetic and antioxidant nature of the plant. In future, bioactive compound could be isolated and used as a carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzyme inhibitor to treat type 2 diabetic individuals.