Antioxidant Activity Of Methanolic Extracts Research Articles

Chemical compositions and antioxidant activities of four different mushroom species collected from Turkey

Many researchers agree that edible mushrooms have beneficial effects on human health. The aim of this study is to investigate the chemical composition and antioxidant activities of methanol extracts obtained from Coprinus comatus, Hydnum repandum, Agaricus impudicus ve Sarcodon imbricatus collected from Yuvacık-İzmit, Kastamonu, and Uzungöl-Trabzon. Spectrophotometric analysis showed that the total phenolic (64.69 mg GAEs/g) and flavonoid (1.73 mg QEs/g) content of S. imbricatus was higher than that of the others. In line with its superiority in phytochemical composition analyzes, S. imbricatus extract showed the highest activity in -carotene bleaching, DPPH free radical scavenging and reducing power assays (836.0, 89.0 and 267.0 mg TEs/g extract, respectively). Metal chelating test resulted in the superiority of A. impudicus (1282.0 mg TEs/g). Relative antioxidant capacity index (RACI) value of S. imbricatus was quite high compared to other extracts (0.90). Apart from the metal chelating assay, there was a high correlation between the antioxidant activities of the extracts and their RACI values. Pearson correlation analysis showed that the correlation between the phenolic/flavonoid contents of the extracts and their antioxidant activities was over 0.9. The antioxidant activity of A. impudicus was brought to the literature for the first time with this study. When the data obtained from the current study were evaluated as a whole, it was concluded that S. imbricatus could be a rich source for new and alternative antioxidant compounds.

Identification of the Phytoconstituents in Methanolic Extract of Adhatoda Vasica L. Leaves by GC-MS Analysis and Its Antioxidant Activity.

Adhatoda vasica L. is a medicinal plant, known as Malabar nut in English, belonging to the family Acanthaceae. It has been used traditionally to treat respiratory disorders like severe coughs, colds, chronic bronchitis, asthma, tuberculosis, and other illnesses. The multifunctional range of bioactives found in it has piqued the interest of pharmaceutical companies, who are looking for more evidence-based ways to develop new formulations. To analyse the A. vasica leaves by GC-MS technique and evaluation of its antioxidant activity. Methanolic extract of A. vasica L. (MEAV) leaves was analyzed by GC-MS for identification and characterization of its bioactives and traditional therapeutic claims. A widely anticipated 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method was used to determine the antioxidant activity of MEAV. The major compounds revealed in MEAV leaves are: 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (3.06%); 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one (5.35%); 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (16.82%); 2-butylphenol (6.85%); 3,4-dihydroxy-5-methyl-dihydro-furan-2-on (2.5%); 2(OR 3)-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methoxyphenol (3.52%); megastigmatrienone 3 (1.02%); tetradecanoic acid (1.52%); vomifoliol (0.58%); oxalic acid, cyclobutylhexyl ester (6.03%); hexadecanoic acid (6.06%); 4-ethyl-2-oxo-2,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[B]pyridine-3-carbonitrile (10.08%); phytol (2.01%); and vitamin E (3.18%). A significant reduction in free radicals against DPPH was observed, which revealed the antioxidant potential of MEAV. MEAV consists of both polar and nonpolar components. GC-MS analysis was used to identify these compounds. The current work validates that the antioxidant activity of MEAV is attributed to the presence of compounds such as vitamin E and terpenes. This work validates the antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of A. vasica attributed to the presence of compounds like vitamin E and terpenes.

Phytochemical screening and in-vitro antibacterial and DPPH free radical scavenging activities of methanol extract of root of Combretum album Pers.

The objective of the study was to investigate in-vitro antibacterial and antioxidant activities of methanolic extract of Combretum album Pers. root. In brief antibacterial efficacies of methanol extract and its petroleum ether fraction (MePET), chloroform fraction (MeCH), ethyl acetate fraction (MeEA) and water fraction (MeAQ) were determined by agar well diffusion assay along with Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs). In-vitro antioxidant efficacies were evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging method. Preliminary phytochemical assay, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy analyses were employed to detect the plausible active ingredients. Methanol extract showed broad spectrum antibacterial activity having highest inhibition zone against Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 2940 (21.67±0.58 mm) and MICs ranged from100 µg/ml to 250 µg/ml. The scavenging activity of methanol extract of root of C. album was concentration dependant and IC50 value was 136.08 µg/ml. The lowest MIC (5 µg/ml) was noted with MeCH against B. subtilis (MTCC 441). MeCH showed highest antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 12.98 ?g/mL and MePET, MeEA, MeAQ and Ascorbic acid presented antioxidant potential with IC50 values of 16.10, 15.07, 17.44 and 13.40??g/mL respectively. Preliminary phytochemical tests and FT-IR analysis revealed presence of various phytochemicals and functional groups like hydroxyl, carboxylic acids, amidines, amines, aromatics and esters. Three compounds were elucidated from bioactive TLC fraction of MeCH in GC-MS analysis supported by presence of various functional groups in MeCH as detected in FT-IR analysis. It is concluded that methanolic extract of C. album root is a potential antibacterial and antioxidant agent where presence of N-[5-[4-pyridinyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]-benzamide (compound 1), pyruvic acid (compound 2) and methyloacetone (compound 3) are responsible as possible active ingredients.

Qualitative Phytochemical Analysis in Determination of Antioxidant Activity of Methanolic Extract of Oenothera biennis by GCMS – A Preliminary Research Study

Introduction and Aim: Oenothera biennis an important medicinal plant which belongs to Onagraceae family. It is used for various medicinal purposes in ayurvedic medicine and herbal remedy. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of phenol and flavonoid extract of plant of O. biennis and GC-MS analysis for active compound identification. Materials and Methods: Radical scavenging assay and reduction assay methods were used for antioxidant activity. The antioxidant capacity of methanolic plant extractHP-5 column was used for GCMS analysis. Results: The IC50 of DPPH radical scavenging activity of methanol leaves extract of O. biennis was 31.43µg/mL concentration, IC50value of superoxide radical scavenging activity was 37.71µg/mL concentration. The RC50 of phosphomolybdenum reduction of methanolic plant extract of O. biennis was 49.90µg/mL concentration and the RC50of Fe3+ reduction was 37.25µg/mL concentrations. Antioxidant compounds such as Phenol, 2, 6-bis(1,1-dimethyl)-4-[(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)methyl]-, Cromaril and Oleic acid were eluted by GCMS analysis. Conclusion: The data showed that the methanolic plant extract of O. biennis has significant antioxidant activity. The flavone compounds identified in GCMS could be responsible for antioxidant activity. Further research work needed to isolate active compounds to kill diseases.

Chemical compositions by using LC-MS/MS and GC-MS and antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts from leaf and flower parts of Scabiosa columbaria subsp. columbaria var. columbaria L.

The members of the Scabiosa genus are one of the traditional medicinal plants used in the treatment of many diseases, in particular the treatment of scabies. In this study, it was aimed to determine antioxidant activities and chemical composition of methanolic extracts of leaves and flowers of Scabiosa columbaria subsp. columbaria var. columbaria. The phenolic contents of both parts of the plant were analyzed by LC–MS/MS. A total of 6 phenolic compounds were determined and chlorogenic acid was the major compound in both flower and leaf parts of the plants, with 5936.052 µg/g and 8021.666 µg/g, respectively. 6 different methods were used to determine the antioxidant activity of the plant parts. Both leaf and flower parts of the plant showed high antioxidant activity in all tested methods and the antioxidant activity values of the leaf part were measured higher than those of the flower part for four tests. The methanol extracts of the plant parts was analyzed with GC–MS and number of the essential oil compounds in the leaf and flower parts were determined as 17 and 13, respectively. Linalool compound was also found to be common in both parts of the plant. The major compounds of the essential oils were identified as 4-Octadecenal (30.01%) in the flower and carvone (35.44%) in the leaf. In addition, terpene derivatives was determined as 90.32% of the highest essential oil group in the leaf, while this value was determined as 1.42% in the flower. For the flower, aromatics were determined as the main component group with 21.31%.

Phytochemical analysis, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of Cuscuta reflexa stem and its fractions

Phytochemical analysis, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of Cuscuta reflexa stem and its fractions

Methanolic Extract of Angelica glauca Edgew Root and Stem: A Possible Component of Herbal Medicines against Respiratory Infections

Plants are identified to produce a variety of compounds to protect themselves against a diversity of pathogens. This study assessed the antibacterial, antioxidant potential and phytochemical screening of medicinal plant Angelica glauca (Choru) root and stem extracts against respiratory tract pathogens i.e., Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 1144, Streptococcus pneumoniae MTCC 655, Streptococcus pyogenes MTCC 442, Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 2474 and Klebsiella pneumoniae MTCC 4030. The plant material was collected from Tungnath 3,800m amsl of Garhwal Himalaya. Root and stem of the plants were washed, shade dried, grinded into fine powder and extracted in the organic solvents of different polarity (petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol and water). Antibacterial activities of prepared extracts were assayed using agar well diffusion and two-fold serial dilution method of MIC determination. Antioxidant potential was determined using DPPH assay and phytochemical analysis was performed using qualitative methods for different phytochemicals. Experimental outcomes revealed maximum antibacterial and antioxidant activity of methanol extract;also the maximum groups of phytochemicals were present in the methanolic extract. The methanol extract produced ZOIs of 11.0±0.54mm to 30.3±1.58mm diameters and MICs ranges were recorded between 3.12 mg/ml to 25 mg/ml against all the tested bacteria. Alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, steroids and saponins were present in the extracts of A. glauca. This study favors a good response towards using A. glauca as natural antioxidant in herbal medicines, either in pure form or as supplement with other herbal formulations already available in the market, to enhance their potential against respiratory tract diseases. In the present COVID-19 pandemic situation, use of A. glauca can be beneficial, as it’s methanolic extract showed promising antibacterial activity against bacterial pathogens of human respiratory tract. © 2021, Association of Pharmaceutical Teachers of India. All rights reserved.

Characterization and Biotechnological Potential of Two Native Marine Microalgae Isolated from the Tunisian Coast

Microalgae are attracting considerable interest worldwide. In the present study, two native microalgae strains isolated from Tunisian cost were identified as Chlamydomonas sp. and Navicula sp. We characterized their pigment and protein contents, as well as their carbohydrate and lipid productivity. The predominant fatty acids were found to be α-linolenic acid (C18:3n-3) and palmitoleic acid (C16:1n-7) for Chlamydomonas sp. and Navicula sp. strains respectively. Microalgae methanol extracts showed important in vitro antibacterial activity against all tested gram negative bacteria. Antioxidant activities of methanol extracts were investigated by determining radical scavenging activity according to DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) methods. MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay showed that the newly isolated microalgae were not toxic and have potential application in the fish feeds domain as a supplement in fish meal. Also, the biosorption of cadmium from aqueous solutions by microalgae living cells was evaluated. Large removal capacities were obtained with values ranging from 89.8% to 99.38%. These results are very promising as a starting point for a potential application of these new isolates for in situ bioremediation of heavy metals contaminating aqueous systems.

In Vitro Antioxidant Activities of Methanol Extracts of Three Achillea Species from Turkey

In this study, total phenolics and flavonoid compounds of methanol extract concentrations of three medicinal plant, Asteraceae (Compositae) L. genus that are grown in Turkey and belong to the genus Achillea, were determined with the goal of measuring their antioxidant activities. Antioxidant capacity was measured by widely used iron reducing power, DPPH radical scavenging activity and metal chelating capacity. The antioxidant activities of the achillea extracts used in the study were compared with the standard antioxidants (BHA, BHT and α-tocopherol), which were frequently used as antioxidant food additives. According to the free radical scavenging activity antioxidant results, all the extracts exhibited higher DPPH radical scavenging activity than the standards used. The extract from A.boissieri showed remarkable 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity (68.51% at 37.5 μg/mL) comparable with synthetic antioxidants. The ferric reducing antioxidant power was found to be moderate in methanolic extract of Achillea species, whereas the chelating capacity of the extracts were found to be lower as compared to the standards. In addition, total phenolic, flavonoid and flavonol content of all extracts were measured spectrophotometrically and the results were expressed as "gallic acid equivalent" or "quercetin equivalent". The total phenolic content was expressed as equivalents of gallic acid and the results were observed to range from 11.86 to 23.63 mg/g dry extract weight. The total flavonoid concentrations of Achillea extracts were expressed as quercetin equivalent. Flavonoid content ranged from 15.05 to 29.70 mg/g. Total flavonol concentrations of the extracts were determined to be between 5.92 and 7.20 mg/g in terms of quercetin equivalent. This study showed that Achillea L. species, which has been used for treatment in Anatolia for years, can be used as a potential natural antioxidant source.

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING, IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTI PROTEASE ACTIVITIES OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF NILGIRIANTHUS HEYNEANUS NEES STEM

Objective: The aim of this study was focussed on phytochemical screening, in vitro antioxidant and antiprotease activities of methanolic extract of Nilgirianthus heyneanus stem.
 Methods: The stem of the plant was washed thoroughly, shade dried and coarsely powdered. The powdered material of Niligirianthus heyneanus stem was extracted with methanol using soxhlet apparatus. Preliminary phytochemical screening for carbohydrates, proteins, alkaloids, phytosteroids, flavonoids, glycosides, polyphenolics, saponins, tannins was done by following standard procedure. In vitro antioxidant activities of methanolic extract were assessed using DPPH, ABTS and total antioxidant capacity. In vitro anti-protease activity of the plant was analysed using trypsin as an enzyme and BAEE (N-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester) as a substrate.
 Results: The results showed that phytochemicals such as carbohydrates, proteins and amino acids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins and polyphenolics are present in the methanolic extract of Niligirianthus heyneanus stem. The in vitro antioxidant and antiprotease activities of Niligirianthus heyneanus stem clearly showed that the plant has antioxidant and antiprotease activity.
 Conclusion: From this work, it can be concluded that Niligirianthus heyneanus stem has the potential to be a strong antioxidant and protease inhibitor.

Antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of Eucheuma spinosum extracted using a microwave

Eucheuma spinosum is a widely cultivated red seaweed. The phenolic compounds contained in E. spinosum, especially flavonoids, can be used as a source of natural antioxidants. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant activity of E. spinosum extracted using a microwave with different extraction times (6, 8 and 10 minutes). The parameters measured included yield, phytochemical test, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and antioxidant activityt, namely 2,2 diphenyl-1-picrihydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The results showed that the E. spinosum extract with an extraction time of 10 minutes had the highest yield with a total phenolic content of 59.42 ± 27.36 mg GAE/g and a total flavonoid content of 65.48 ± 25.34 mg QE/g. The results of phytochemical screening showed that the extract contain triterpenoid compounds. The antioxidant activity of the E. spinosum extract showed the highest IC50 value of 46.52 ± 5.53 ppm using the DPPH method and the FRAP method was 58.92 ± 1.76 μM/g.

INVESTIGATION OF IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF BARK OF PRUNUS CORNUTA AND ROOT OF RUMEX OBTUSIFOLIUS

In the present research work, in vitro, the antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts of bark of Prunus cornuta and root of Rumex obtusifolius, respectively, was assessed by DPPH free radical scavenging method. Total phenolic content (TPC) of methanolic extracts was also determined by spectrophotometric method using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and calculated in ?g/mL gallic acid equivalent (GAE). DPPH scavenging activity results show that the root extract of Rumex obtusifolius (IC50 = 17.15) and bark extract of Prunus cornuta (IC50 = 27.32) shows good antioxidant potential. TPC of root extract was found to be 178.56 ?g/g GAE, and bark extract was 137.23 ?g/g GAE. Antioxidant effect (%) determined by using phosphomolybdate assay and superoxide anion radical scavenging percentage further supports the potential antioxidant activity.

Antioxidant and Understanding the Anticancer Properties in Human Prostate and Breast Cancer Cell Lines of Chemically Characterized Methanol Extract from Berberis hispanica Boiss. & Reut

The current research was conducted to investigate the chemical profile, antiproliferative, and antioxidant activities of methanol extracts obtained by two different methods including maceration and Soxhlet from Berberis hispanica Boiss. & Reut. Antiproliferative activities were evaluated by the MTT (3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay in four human cancer cell lines including prostate (LnCap and 22 RV1) and breast cancer (MDA-MB-231 and MCF7). The antioxidant power was evaluated by DPPH ((2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate), ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), and FRAPS (Ferric reducing antioxidant power) tests. The chemical composition was conducted by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after methylation. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were assessed using the Folin–Ciocalteu method. The phytochemical analysis showed that the tested extracts possessed inserting potentially active compounds. The MTT test revealed that both extracts (maceration and Soxhlet) reduced cell viability in all cell lines tested. In breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7, the IC50 values obtained by maceration were 16.55 ± 0.58 and 17.95 ± 0.58 µg/mL, respectively. These values were slightly lower than those obtained with the Soxhlet extract toward MDA-MB-231 (19.93 ± 0.74 µg/mL) and MCF-7 (20.22 ± 0.89 µg/mL). Regarding prostate cancer cells 22 RV and LnCap, the IC50 values obtained by maceration extract (22 RV: 11.75 ± 0.35 µg/mL; LnCap: 11.91 ± 0.54 µg/mL) were also slightly lower than those obtained with Soxhlet (22 RV: 13.47 ± 0.52 µg/mL; LnCap: 19.64 ± 1.05 µg/mL). The antioxidant activity showed that the studied extracts had considerable antioxidant activity (DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS) with particular attention to the extract obtained with maceration. The Berberis hispanica Bois. and Reut. can serve society as it provides potentially bioactive compounds that may find application in the medical sector to control such diseases.

Identification and Isolation of an Intermediate Metabolite with Dual Antioxidant and Anti-Proliferative Activity Present in the Fungus Antrodia cinnamomea Cultured on an Alternative Medium with Cinnamomum kanehirai Leaf Extract.

The fungus Antrodia cinnamomea has been used as a folk medicine for various diseases, especially cancer. When A. cinnamomea is cultured on the original host, an endangered woody plant Cinnamomum kanehirai Hayata, the fungus produces more active ingredients, but its growth is slow. Here, C. kanehirai leaf ethanol extract (KLEE) was used as a substitute for C. kanehirai wood to culture A. cinnamomea on solid medium to shorten the culture period and produce active metabolites en masse. The antioxidant activities of methanol extracts from A. cinnamomea cultured on KLEE (MEAC-KLEE) were evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging effect, reducing power, and ferrous ion-chelating effect, and the effective concentration (EC50) values were 0.27, 0.74, and 0.37 mg mL−1, respectively. MEAC-KLEE exhibited specific anti-proliferative activity against a non-small-cell lung cancer cell line (A549) by Annexin V assay. A secondary metabolite (2,4-dimethoxy-6-methylbenzene-1,3-diol, DMMB) present in the extract (MEAC-KLEE) was purified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. DMMB exhibited moderate antioxidant activity against DPPH radicals and reducing power, with EC50 values of 12.97 and 25.59 μg mL−1, respectively, and also induced apoptosis in A549 cells. Our results provide valuable insight into the development of DMMB for nutraceutical biotechnology.

Antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts of fructus, calyx and flos of Senggani (Melastoma malabathricum L)

Antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts of fructus, calyx and flos of Senggani (Melastoma malabathricum L)

In Vitro Antioxidant and Anti-Convulsant Activity of Methanolic Extract of Sarasvata churna Using scPTZ and MES Models

Background: Sarasvata churna is an Ayurvedic formulation for treatment and management of epilepsy and other maniac disorders since thousands of years. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant potential, total phenolics and flavonoids content, acute-oral-toxicity and anticonvulsant activity of Sarasvata churna. Materials & Methods: In vitro antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of Sarasvata churna against Nitrous oxide, Peroxide, Phosphomolybdenum and Hydroxyl radicals was performed using Colorimetry against Ascorbic acid as standard along with estimation of total phenolic and flavonoids content. Acute oral toxicity was evaluated using OECD guidelines. Extract in carboxymethyl cellulose at doses of 50,75,100,125,150 and 200 mg/kg was screened for anticonvulsant activity using subcutaneous Pentylenetetrazole and Maximal Electroshock models in Swiss Albino Mice (n=6). Sodium valproate was used as standard. Results: IC50 value of methanolic extract in the Nitrous oxide, Peroxide, and Hydroxyl free radical scavenging assay was found to be 165mg/ml, 32.5mg/ml and 253.9mg/ml respectively as compared to 61.58μg/ml, 333.44μg/ml and 351μg/ml respectively of standard Ascorbic acid. In acute oral toxicity screening, animals did not show any signs of acute and delayed toxicity even up to a dose of 2000mg/kg. Extract offered a protection of 57.39% and 85.26% in scPTZ model (P<0.0001) and 74% and 96.38% in MES model (P<0.0001) at doses of 50 and 200mg/kg respectively as compared to standard at 95% Confidence interval (ANNOVA, Tukey test) indicating a dose-dependent protection. Conclusion: Sarasvata churna’s potentials are comparable with standard antioxidant Ascorbic acid and antiepileptic drug Sodium valproate. This preclinical and toxicity screening data can be beneficial in establishing the scientific basis for the use of Sarasvata churna in management of epilepsy.

Phytochemical constituents, antioxidant and antistaphylococcal activities of Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach., Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf. and Ramalina farinacea (L.) Ach. from Morocco.

The purpose of this work was to assess chemical composition, antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus isolates from catheter-associated infections and antioxidant activity of methanol extracts of three lichens collected from Morocco. The phytochemical analysis of the methanol extracts of these lichens was performed by HPLC-UV method, the predominant phenolic compounds were evernic acid, physodalic acid and usnic acid for Evernia prunastri, Pseudevernia furfuracea and Ramalina farinacea, respectively. Total phenolic compounds and total flavonoid content of all extracts were also determined. As a result, Pseudevernia furfuracea extract had the strongest effect and the highest phenolic compounds content. All extracts showed antibacterial activity against all tested strains (MIC values ranging from 0.078 to 0.625mg/mL), the strongest inhibition was obtained with the extract of Evernia prunastri.

Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Cedrela toona Roxb. Leaf Extracts

Antioxidant potency of fruits of Cedrela toona Roxb. crude methanol and its fractionated extracts (hexane, acetone and water) have been investigated, employing three different established in vitro testing systems, such as scavenging activity on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, reducing power assay and β-carotene method. The methanol extract of fruits of Cedrela toona Roxb. showed the best DPPH scavenging activity with the lowest EC 50 34 μg/ml, followed by the acetone (EC 50 39 μg/ml), hexane (EC 50 48 μg/ml) and water extract (EC 50 54 μg/ml). The reducing power of Cedrela toona Roxb. fruit extracts increased steadily with increasing concentrations and varied significantly with different concentrations. The methanol and acetone extracts appeared to possess the highest significant reducing activity among the extracts. The stronger reducing power in the methanol and acetone extracts was probably due to the concentration of antioxidant compounds like flavonoids and phenolics in the extract. In the β-carotene bleaching assay, the antioxidant activities of all the fruits extracts gradually increased with increasing concentration of the extracts and varied significantly with different concentrations. The water extract showed the lowest significant antioxidant activity, while the methanol extract showed the highest significant antioxidant activity. The high antioxidant activity of methanol extract tested using β-carotene model may be correlated with the high phenolic content of the methanol extract. In conclusion, antioxidant study suggested that fruits of Cedrela toona Roxb. are potential source of natural antioxidants. However, further investigations on in vivo antioxidant activities are highly recommended.
 In the present study, the antioxidant potency of Cedrela toona Roxb. crude methanol and its fractionated extracts (hexane, acetone and water) have been investigated, employing three different established in vitro testing systems, such as scavenging activity on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, reducing power assay and β-carotene method. There is no antioxidant study reported for Cedrela toona Roxb.Thus, antioxidant activity of Cedrela toona Roxb. was evaluated as it had not been determined previously.

The Measurement of Antioxidant Activity of Velvet Beans (Mucuna pruriens) and Velvet Beans (Mucuna pruriens) in Coffee Preparations

Antioxidant activity tests of methanol extracts of velvet beans (Mucuna pruriens) and velvet beans (Mucuna pruriens) in coffee preparations have been previously carried out by several researchers. This present study aims to examine the phytochemical and antioxidant activities of methanol extracts of Mucuna pruriens and Mucuna pruriens in coffee preparations. The methanol extract was tested for the phytochemical and antioxidant activities by applying DPPH (1,1-Dhiphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil) method. The results of the phytochemical test showed that the methanol extracts of the Mucuna pruriens and Mucuna pruriens in coffee preparations contained secondary metabolites of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, and tannins. The outcomes of the antioxidant activity test revealed that the methanol extracts of the Mucuna pruriens and Mucuna pruriens in coffee preparations had antioxidant activities, as indicated by the IC50 values of 42.09 ppm and 37.23 ppm. It was also revealed that the antioxidant content of Mucuna pruriens in coffee preparations was stronger than the content in the velvet beans alone.

In Vitro Cultures of Some Medicinal Plant Species (Cistus × incanus, Verbena officinalis, Scutellaria lateriflora, and Scutellaria baicalensis) as a Rich Potential Source of Antioxidants-Evaluation by CUPRAC and QUENCHER-CUPRAC Assays.

Comparative estimations of the antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts from biomasses of different types of in vitro cultures of Cistus × incanus, Verbena officinalis, Scutellaria lateriflora, and S. baicalensis and also from plant raw materials were performed. The antioxidant measurements were based on the modern assays—cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and quick, easy, new, cheap, and reproducible CUPRAC (QUENCHER-CUPRAC). The total extractable antioxidants (CUPRAC assay) ranged from 10.4 to 49.7 mmol (100 g)−1 of dry weight (DW) expressed as Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), and the global antioxidant response (QUENCHER-CUPRAC assay) ranged from 16.0 to 79.1 mmol (100 g)−1 DW for in vitro cultures, whereas for plant raw materials the total extractable antioxidants ranged from 20.9 to 69.5 mmol (100 g)−1 DW, and the global antioxidant response ranged from 67.2 to 97.8 mmol (100 g)−1 DW. Finally, the in vitro cultures could be regarded as an antioxidant-rich alternative resource for the pharmaceutical, health food and cosmetics industries.