Antioxidant Activity Of Methanolic Extracts Research Articles

Effects of Cultivation Temperature on Phenolic Compound Content and Antioxidant Capacity in the Leaves and Stems of the Vegetable Gynura bicolor (Roxb. ex Willd.) DC

The leafy vegetable Gynura bicolor (Roxb. ex Willd.) DC. is cultivated in Taiwan and is popular because of its abundant antioxidant components. In this study, the effects of cultivation temperature on the antioxidant levels and antioxidant activity of methanolic extract from G. bicolor leaves and stems were studied. In cultivated plants, total phenolics were the most abundant components of the methanol extract. The levels of antioxidant compounds from the aboveground portions were highest when cultivated at 25 °C, followed by those when cultivation at 20, 30, and 35 °C. The antioxidant capacity of the leaf extract was highest when G. bicolor was grown at 25 °C, scavenging 69% of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical. The antioxidant capacity was lower in stems, scavenging 26% to 41% of the DPPH. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to explore the correlation between phenolic compound levels and antioxidant capacity under different cultivation temperatures. The PCA confirmed that growth at 25 °C resulted in the highest levels of phenolic compounds in the leaves G. bicolor.

Decoding Variation among the Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Some Finger Millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.] Landraces Grown in Maharashtra, India

Background: The profiles of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacities of ten finger millet landraces harvested from the northern Western Ghats of Maharashtra were investigated. Methods: The antioxidant activity of methanol extracts of ten landraces were assessed using H2O2, FRAP and Phosphomolybdenum assays. Result: Results of the H2O2 scavenging assay exhibit variation in their inhibition activity (59 -90.12 %). The highest H2O2 scavenging activity was shown by T1, followed by T2, T3, T5, T8, T10 and T29 (90.12, 82, 79.8, 82.9, 79 and 85.78 respectively) when compared the control sample T had significantly lower activity (55.87%). While the reducing power was in the range of 1.02-1.76 mM of Fe (II)/gm and the reducing capacity was in the range of 73.86-158.71 equivalents of ascorbic acid in µg/gm of extract. The highest reducing power was shown by T2, T15 and T8 as 1.98, 1.94 and 1.89 mM of Fe (II)/gm respectively; while lower values were recorded in T19 (0.89 mM of Fe (II)/gm) and T1 (1.02 mM of Fe (II)/gm). The total antioxidant activity of the methanolic extract was calculated as ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE) per gram. Based on the results, T2, T5, T8 and T10 had a high reducing potential (158.71, 143.2, 149.5 and 152.65 AAE of a sample, respectively) with reducing capacities ranging from 73.86 to 158.71 AAE. A total of seventeen phenolic compounds were identified in the extracts including seven ûavonoids, with catechin, Iso –orientin and Iso-vitexin being the predominant flavonoids. Ten phenolic compounds were identified in the extracts, with p-hydroxybenzoic acid, genistic acid and gaillic acid being the predominant ones. In conclusion, based on the antiradical activities, the landraces T2, T5, T8, T10 and T29 could be potential cultivars and certainly effective sources of natural antioxidants for applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Phytochemical Profiling and In vitro Antioxidant Activity of Methanolic Extracts from Fadogia cienkowskii Leaves

This study assessed the phytochemicals in the methanolic extract of Fadogia cienkowskii leaves and ascertained their antioxidant qualities In vitro, taking into account the plant's extensive usage in traditional medicine. Standard procedures were followed in the qualitative and quantitative phytochemical examination as well as the In vitro antioxidant activities of the extracts. The methanolic extracts of F. cienkowskii leaves produced a yield of 4%. The main phytochemical components found in the plant were phenolics (tannins and flavonoids), saponins, protein, and carbohydrates. The amount of total phenols in the dried plant extract was 2.085± 0.35 μg garlic acid equivalent (GAE)/mg, tannins in the extract was 0.755±0.17 μg GAE/mg, flavonoid contents in the extract was 3.646± 0.45 μg GAE/mg, and flavonols in the extract was 0.868± 0.20μg quercetin equivalent/mg. At a dosage of 10,000μg/ml, the extract demonstrated a noteworthy dose-dependent ability to scavenge DPPH radicals, effectively blocking 96.56 ± 0.46 % of DPPH, in contrast to ascorbic acid, which inhibited 89.10 ± 3.73 % at the same concentration. At a concentration of 2500μg/ml of extract, the extract demonstrated the highest level of superoxide anion (O2) inhibitory action, at 71.91±0.66% of the radical, in comparison to quercetin, which exhibited 68.23 ± 0.41% at 250μg/ml. The extract's ability to scavenge Nitric Oxide (NO) was concentration-dependent, with 250µg/ml of it being more effective than α-tocopherol. These results consequently imply that the leaf extract of F. cienkowskii likely mediates its medicinal potentials through the efficient scavenging of free radicals. Therefore, the plant can be used to create safe and natural antioxidant compounds because it has the potential to scavenge free radicals and contains sufficient concentrations of phytochemicals.

Comparison of Antioxidant Activity of Methanol Extract of Young and Old Leaves of Avocado (Persea americana Mill.)

Avocado plants (Persea americana Mill.) are widely grown in tropical and subtropical regions. Avocado leaves contain natural antioxidants for traditional medicine. This study aims to determine the total phenolic content, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activity values of young and old avocado leaves, and analyze the relationship between total phenol content and total flavonoids to the antioxidant activity value of avocado leaf methanol extract (Persea americana Mill.). The macerated avocado leaf extract was quantitatively tested for antioxidant activity using the DPPH method and the total phenolic and flavonoid contents were calculated using the Follin-Ciocalteu and Follin-Ciocalteu methods, respectively.The results showed that the highest total phenolic content of old avocado leaves was 1.682,27mg GAE/100g dry weight. The highest total flavonoid content of avocado old leaves was 3.858,96mg QE/100g dry weight. Antioxidant activity of methanol extract of young avocado leaves has a value of IC50 321.32 ± 80.43 ppm and avocado old leaves amounted to 288.54 ± 33.06 ppm. Total flavonoid content was more influential on antioxidant activity, with a correlation coefficient of 0.856

Testing Antioxidant Activity of Pineapple (Ananas Comossus Merr.) Rinds Using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry Method

Pineapple (Ananas comossus Merr.) is one of the plants that is widespread in tropical and subtropical areas. This plant content vitamin C and antioxidant activity. This study was conducted to identify the class of secondary metabolite compounds and determine the antioxidant activity of pineapple fruit peel. Antioxidant activity testing on pineapple fruit peel was conducted using UV-Vis spectophotometric method with wavelength of 514 nm. The identification of secondary metabolite compounds showed that the methanol extract of pineapple fruit peel contains alkaloid, flavonoid, phenol, tannin and saponin compounds. Antioxidant activity of methanol extract of pineapple fruit peel carried out by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryldhydrazyl) method shows IC50 value of 92.87 ppm with strong category, while vitamin C as a comparison has IC50 value of 9.31 ppm with very strong category. This is due to the pineapple fruit peel containing high levels of vitamin C. In addition, pineapple fruit peel contains secondary metabolites, especially flavonoids, phenols and tannins which are a class of polyphenolic compounds.

Hoslundia opposita vahl; a potential source of bioactive compounds with antioxidant and antibiofilm activity for wound healing

BackgroundBiofilms and oxidative stress retard wound healing. The resistance of biofilms to antibiotics has led to a search for alternative approaches in biofilm elimination. Antioxidants work synergistically with antibacterial agents against biofilms. Hence recent research has suggested plants as candidates in the development of new alternatives in biofilm treatments and as antioxidants due to the presence of phytocompounds which are responsible for their bioactivities. Hoslundia opposita Vahl is one of the plants used by traditional healers to treat wounds and other infections, this makes it a potential candidate for drug discovery hence, in this study, we investigate the antibiofilm and antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of hoslundia opposita Vahl from Uganda. We also identify phytochemicals responsible for its bioactivity.Methodthe plant was extracted by maceration using methanol, and the extract was investigated for antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) assay. The antibiofilm activity using microtiter plate assay (MTP) assay where the Minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration required to inhibit 50% or 90% of the biofilm (MBIC50 and MBIC90) and Minimum biofilm eradication concentration required to remove 50% or 90% of the biofilm (MBEC50 and MBEC90) were measured. It was further analysed for its phytochemical composition using quantitative screening, as well as Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Liquid chromatography mass-spectrometry (LC-MS).ResultsH. Opposita Vahl extract showed good antioxidant activity with of 249.6 mg/mL. It inhibited the growth of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus biofilms with MBIC50 of 28.37 mg/mL and 10 mg/mL, respectively. It showed the ability to eradicate P. aeruginosa and S. aureus biofilms with MBEC50 of 23.85 and 39.01 mg/mL respectively. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, and phenols. GC-MS analysis revealed 122 compounds in the extract of which, 23 have evidence of antioxidant or antibiofilm activity in literature. The most abundant compounds were; 1,4- Citric acid, Tetracontane-1,40-diol (43.43.3%, 1, Olean-12-en-28-oic acid, 3-hydroxy-, methyl ester, (3.beta) (15.36%) 9-Octadecenamide (12.50%), Squalene (11.85%) Palmitic Acid 4TMS (11.28%), and alpha Amyrin (11.27%). The LC-MS identified 115 and 57 compounds in multiple reaction mode (MRM) and scan modes respectively.ConclusionH. opposita Vahl showed antibiofilm and antioxidant activity due to bioactive compounds identified, hence the study justifies its use for wound healing. It can be utilised in further development of new drugs as antibiofilm and antioxidants.

Phytochemical Constituents, Anti-Diabetic and Antioxidant Activities of Methanol Extracts of Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) Kostel Leaves and Stem Bark

Phytochemical Constituents, Anti-Diabetic and Antioxidant Activities of Methanol Extracts of Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) Kostel Leaves and Stem Bark

Phytochemical contents and bioactivity of four endemic Salvia seeds from Turkey: a comparative study to chia seed

AbstractRecently, the importance of medicinal plants such as Salvia species has been increasing both in medicine and in industrial branches, which includes food, feed, and cosmetic raw materials. On the other hand, chia seed is a functional food that has recently increased industrial importance due to its superior nutritional value, phytochemical components, and therapeutic effects. In our study, the antioxidant activity of methanol extracts from the seeds of endemic Salvia cadmica Boiss var. cadmica, and Salvia caespitosa Montbret & Aucher ex Benth., Salvia pisidica Boiss. & Heldr. ex Benth., and Salvia potentillifolia Boiss. & Heldr. ex Benth. collected from Burdur-Antalya/Turkey were determined via 1,1-diphenyl,2-picryl hydrazyl radical scavenging activity, cupric (II) reducing antioxidant capacity, b-carotene/linoleic acid bleaching and total phenolic, and total flavonoid content tests and compared with that of chia seed. Antimicrobial activity was determined according to minimum inhibitory concentration values, on S. aureus, E. coli, S. enterica, L. monocytogenes, C. albicans strains, but it was found negligible. Phenolic and fatty acid contents of the seed extracts were also determined by HPLC and GC–MS, respectively. S. pisidica and S. potentillifolia were found to be highly active. The major fatty acid composition of the chia seed was linolenic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid while the others were linoleic, oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids. Despite fatty acid ratios of chia seed being more favorable; 1,1-diphenyl,2-picryl hydrazyl radical scavenging activity, cupric (II) reducing antioxidant capacity, total phenolic content, and antimicrobial activity of S. pisidica seed extracts and total flavonoid content and inhibition of β-carotene bleaching of S. potentillifolia seed extracts was higher than that of chia seed. These findings suggest seed extracts of these Salvia species are richer in phytochemicals and they are more active as antioxidants when compared to chia seed.

Leaves of Allium cepa and Xylopia aethiopica fruits as potent sources of natural antioxidant for stabilization of viscera FISH oil during accelerated storage

The present study investigated the antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts of two local plants and their capacities to preserve the quality of viscera fish oil during storage. The total phenolic, total flavonoids and tannins contents were analyzed by colorimetry, the preliminary antioxidant tests done and identification of phenolic compounds by HPLC-DAD (Diode Array Detector) and ESI-MS. After these evaluation, the plant extracts were added in viscera fish oil at concentration 200–1000 ppm. The oxidative stability of these fish oil samples was evaluated by measuring their qualities indices during 16 days at 70 °C. Here, oils were collected at the day 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16. The total phenolic, flavonoids and tannins contents in Xylopia aethiopica fruits were 15.62 g Eq acid galic/100g of dry extract, 10.85 mg Eq quercetin/100g of dry extract and 0.79 mg Eq cathechin/100 mg of dry extract. Those of Allium cepa leaves were 6.85 g Eq acid galic/100g of dry extract, 1.50 mg Eq quercetin/100g of dry extract and 0.11 mg Eq cathechin/100 mg of dry extract. All the methanolic extracts exhibited antioxidant activity. The results recorded after FRAP assay revealed the low IC50 (12.87 mg/mL) in Allium cepa extract compared to that of Xylopia aethiopica extract (44.90 mg/mL). These local plants contain many classes of phenolic compounds and they can be used in oil and fat industries as alternative of synthetic antioxidants.

Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antifungal Activity of Essential Oils and Crude Extracts of <em>Dittrichia viscosa maritime</em> (L.), an Aromatic and Medicinal Plant from Northern Morocco

Dittrichia viscosa, a perennial herb belonging to the Asteraceae family, was collected in a coastal site located in northern Morocco. This study focused on exploring the phytochemical composition and biological activities of essential oils (EOs) and solvents (methanol and acetone) extract of leaves, stems, and flowers. Total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid (TFC) contents were determined, and the result showed a high level of TPC and TFC in leaves with the values of 127.61 mg GAEs/g and 117.82 mg CEs/g, respectively. HPLC-MS analysis highlighted 18 phenolic acids and flavonoids, with notable quantities of apigenin 7-glucoside (2233 μg/g) and chlorogenic acid (1429 μg/g). GC‒MS analysis of EOs allowed the identification of 27 biologically active compounds, dominated by decanoic acid (20.98%) and toluene (19.66%). Regarding the biological activities, antioxidant activity was evaluated through the DPPH test, while antifungal activity was tested using the microdilution method. The most potent antioxidant effect was observed in the methanol extract of leaves, with a value of 0.18 mg/mL, while the weakest effect was noted in the acetone extract of flowers, registering a value of 1.63 mg/mL. Similarly, the antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts surpassed that of acetonic extracts in each part of D. viscosa. Concerning antifungal activity, the findings reveal that all extracts demonstrated important capacity against the tested pathogens. The methanolic extract displayed high efficacy compared to the acetonic one, with MFC values ranging between 1.94-3.38 mg/mL and 2.88-4.75 for Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and Trichophyton rubrum, respectively. However, for Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis, the MFCs were higher (7.5-8.5 mg/mL). Regarding EOs, the MFCs were more favorable for the three human pathogenic fungi, ranging between 1.88 and 3.35 µL/mL, compared to F. oxysporum, which has an MFCs of 3.5 µL/mL. In summary, the findings demonstrated that D. viscosa could be considered a useful alternative and reliable source of bioactive compounds for the pharmaceutical and agricultural industries.

Estimation of Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Methanolic Extracts of Leaf, Bark and Fruit ofAverrhoa bilimbi Linn

Estimation of Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Methanolic Extracts of Leaf, Bark and Fruit ofAverrhoa bilimbi Linn

In Vitro Determination of Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition, Antioxidant Capacity and Phenolic Content of Various Natural Products (Bee and Herbal Products).

It is obvious that the oxidation process is an undeniable fact and when it comes to aging, one of the first solutions that come to mind is natural products. When it comes to natural products, both plants and bee products play an important, almost combative role against oxidation. For this purpose, natural products of both plant and animal origin were considered together in our study: Linden, green tea, aronia, wild grapes, myrtle, blueberries and basil, honey, pollen and propolis. Total phenolic content values of the extracts ranged between 49.28 and 3859.06 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g, and propolis, green tea, chestnut flower and aronia samples were found to have the highest values. When looking at the NOS inhibition potential, it was determined that propolis, pollen and aronia samples had the highest percentage inhibition values of 98.11, 92.29, 83.44, respectively. Antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts were investigated using iron(III) reducing/antioxidant capacity (FRAP), 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity test and NOS inhibition tests. The phenolic composition of methanolic extracts was tested using the RP-HPLC-UV (high-performance liquid chromatographic method with ultraviolet) method with 19 phenolic standards.

In vitro anti-helminthic, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of Aspilia silphioides leaves

In vitro anti-helminthic, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of Aspilia silphioides leaves

Phytochemical screening, antioxidant activity of selected methanolic plant extracts and their detoxification capabilities against AFB1 toxicity

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a secondary metabolite produced principally by Aspergillus parasiticus and A. flavus. It is one of the most potent and commonly occurring dietary carcinogen with its carcinogenic potential being linked to the formation of DNA adducts and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Plant extracts contain a plethora of biologically active phytochemicals that act against ROS. This study aimed to assess the phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts of some medicinal plants and investigate their detoxification potentials against AFB1. Phytochemical screening together with total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS+)) assays) were performed on nine methanolic plant extracts. Extracts were incubated with AFB1 for 24 and 48 h and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis done to assess their AFB1 detoxification activities. The TPC of the extracts ranged from 88.92 ± 6.54 to 210.19 ± 7.90 mg GAE/g, while TFC ranged between 4.01 ± 0.94 and 32.48 ± 1.02 mg QE/g. Radical scavenging activities of extracts varied from 4.18 ± 1.37 to 251.53 ± 9.30 μg/mL and 8.36 ± 1.65 to 279.22 ± 8.33 μg/mL based on DPPH and ABTS+ assays, respectively. Six of the plant extracts showed a time-dependent detoxification activity against AFB1 after 48 h ranging from 20.17 to 38.13 %. C. dentata bark extract showed the highest percentage of AFB1 reduction, with mean percentages of 43.57 and 70.96 % at 24 and 48 h, respectively. This was followed by C. asiatica leaves and A. melegueta seeds with a maximum of 40.81 and 38.13 %, respectively after 48 h. These extracts also possessed high TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activities compared to all the other extracts. Findings from this study demonstrate the abundance of bioactive compounds with antioxidant activity playing a role in potent AFB1 detoxification activity.

Evaluation of antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of Limonia acidissima leaves in alloxan-induced diabetic wister albino rats: a randomized controlled experimental study

Objectives: The present study was carried out to find graded-doses antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of methanolic extract of Limonia acidissima (MELA) leaves in rats. Materials and Methods: Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 groups (n=8): Normal control, Diabetic control (Alloxan-induced), and test groups where varying doses of MELA (100mg/kg, 200mg/kg, and 400mg/kg) or Metformin (100mg/kg) administered post-alloxan induction. Random blood sugar (RBS) levels were estimated at specific intervals over a 28-day period. Moreover, antioxidant markers (malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and reduced glutathione) were assessed on day 28. Histopathological examination of pancreatic tissue was conducted. Results: Overall, mean RBS levels decreased at all intervals. There was a significant decrease in median malondialdehyde, an increase in median superoxide dismutase, and reduced glutathione levels (all p-values<0.0001). The change in RBS (p-values<0.0001) and antioxidants (p-value>0.05) levels was greater in Group VI than in Group V. On histopathology, Groups VI and V demonstrated regeneration of necrotic β-cells in the islets, and this was more pronounced than Group IV. Conclusion: Results of our study suggested that MELA possesses dose-dependent significant antidiabetic and antioxidant activity.

Identification of Phytochemical Compounds and Antioxidant Activity in Methanol Extract of Basa Genep Seasoning

Basa genep is a basic spice in traditional Balinese cuisine used in making traditional food. The purpose of this study was to identify the densest type, content, and antioxidant activity of methanol extract of genep bases using an extraction method whose testing was carried out with a Uv-Vis spectrophotometer (Biochrom). The results found that base genep methanol extract had flavonoid levels of 1427.90±60.46 mg QE/100g, tannin levels of 3277.05±65.33 mg TAE/100g, total phenol levels of 2398.08±72.195 mg GAE/100g with IC50 values of 144.43±6.673 ppm including medium category

Sphagnum divinum Flatberg & K. Hassel ve Sphagnum girgensohnii Russow (Sphagnopsida)'nin Fitokimyasal İçeriklerinin ve Antioksidan Aktivitelerinin Belirlenmesi

This study aimed to explore the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity of methanol extracts from Sphagnum divinum and Sphagnum girgensohnii. Screening methods were employed to identify the phytochemical groups present in the methanol extracts of these two Sphagnum species, which have been relatively understudied for their antioxidant potential. The antioxidant properties of the extracts were evaluated using in vitro DPPH, CUPRAC, and phosphomolybdate assays. The experimental results revealed that the methanol extract of S. divinum exclusively contained phenols and tannins, while the methanol extract of S. girgensohnii contained phenols, tannins, and saponins. Alkaloids and flavonoids were not detected in either bryophyte. The methanol extracts of both S. divinum and S. girgensohnii exhibited DPPH scavenging activity exceeding 50% at all tested concentrations. An increase in DPPH scavenging ability was observed with increasing extract concentration. The DPPH scavenging activity of S. divinum methanol extract was consistently higher than that of S. girgensohnii methanol extract across all tested concentrations. These findings suggest that S. divinum and S. girgensohnii hold promise as potential sources of antioxidant compounds.

Cytotoxic and anti-metastatic effects of Hypericum perforatum olive oil extract in colorectal cancer cells and human bone marrow derived stem cells

This study is aimed to investigate the effects of Hypericum perforatum olive oil extract on the cytotoxic and metastatic properties of human colorectal cancer cells and human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. In addition, ALDH3A1 and Vimentin expressions were evaluated by qRT-PCR and western blot analysis. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity of methanol extracts prepared with oil enrichment were measured using spectrophotometry-based methods. The cytotoxic effects of the extracts on SW-480 and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells were evaluated by MTT assay, resulting in IC50 values of 4.8 mg/ml and 4.9 mg/ml, respectively. It was determined that cell migration and colony formation were significantly reduced at the IC50 values determined for SW-480 and human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells.

Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm, and Antiquorum Sensing Potential of Methanol Extract and Essential Oil from Acanthus polystachyus Delile (Acanthaceae).

The evolution of microbes in response to conventional antimicrobials leads to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and multidrug resistance (MDR), and it is a global threat to public health. Natural products are possible solutions to this massive challenge. In this study, the potential of Acanthus polystachyus extracts was investigated for phytochemical composition and biological properties as antimicrobials. Gas chromatography-mass spectra (GC-MS) analysis of methanol extract (ME) and essential oil (EO) detected 79 and 20 compounds, respectively. The major compounds identified in ME and their abundance were β-sitosterol acetate (16.06%), cholest-5-en-3-yl (9Z)-9-octadecenoate (9.54%), 1-dodecanol (7.57%), (S)-(E)-(-)-4-acetoxy-1-phenyl-2-dodecen-1-one (6.03%), neophytadiene (5.7%), (E)-2-nonadecene (3.9%), hexanol-4-D2 (2.92%), and decane (2.4%). Most compounds have known bioactive functions. In EO, the major compounds were stearyl alcohol (25.38%); cis-9-tetradecenoic acid, isobutyl ester (22.95%); butyl 9-tetradecenoate (10.62%); 11,13-dimethyl-12-tetradecen-1-ol acetate (10.14%); ginsenol (3.48%); and diisooctyl phthalate (2.54%). All compounds are known to be bioactive. The antioxidant activity of ME and EO ranged from 48.3 to 84.2% radical scavenging activity (RSA) and 45.6 to 82% RSA, respectively, with dose dependency. The disc diffusion assay for the antimicrobial activity of ME revealed high inhibition against Acenetobacter baumannii (130.2%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (100.3%), and Staphylococcus aureus (87.7%). The MIC, MBC/MFC, and MBIC values for ME were 0.5-1.0, 2-4, and 0.5-1.0 mg/mL and for EO were 0.31-0.62, 1.25-2.5, and 0.31-0.62 μL/mL, respectively, indicating inhibition potential as well as inhibition of biofilm formation. The tolerance test values indicated bactericidal activity against most strains and bacteriostatic/fungistatic activity against A. baumannii, E. faecalis, and C. albicans. The antiquorum sensing activity of ME achieved by pyocyanin inhibition assay on P. aeruginosa showed a 51.6% inhibition at 500 μg/mL. These results suggest that ME and EO derived from A. polystachyus leaves are potent, valuable, cost-effective antioxidants and antimicrobials. Both extracts may effectively combat pathogenic and resistant microbes.

Phenolic Diversity and Antioxidant Activity of Artemisia abrotanum L. and Artemisia absinthium L. during Vegetation Stages

Over the past ten years, particular attention has been paid to Artemisia L. genus plants and their chemical composition. Artemisia abrotanum L. and Artemisia absinthium L., which are traditional medicinal, aromatic plants with a strong digestive activity that is determined by the various phytochemicals. The research aim was to determine the variation in polyphenols in the samples of different vegetation stages of two Artemisia species and to evaluate the antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts in vitro. Phytochemical analysis of the Artemisia samples was carried out using spectrophotometric methods and HPLC-PDA techniques, while antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and CUPRAC assays. Significant differences in the diversity of phenolic compounds were found among Artemisia species during vegetation stages. Chlorogenic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, and rutin were predominant among the phenolic compounds. The study provides valuable insights into the composition of phenolic compounds and flavonoids in Artemisia plants at different growth stages, shedding light on their potential pharmacological effects and antioxidant activities. These findings contribute to the knowledge of the quality and safety of herbal materials derived from Artemisia species.