Anti-inflammatory Effects Of Ethanol Extract Research Articles

In-vitro Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Quisqualis indica Linn. Leaves Extract

Aim: In this study antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect of ethanolic extract of Quisqualis indica leaves was evaluated.
 Study Design: In-vitro analysis of Quisqualis indica leaf extract.
 Place and Duration of Study: Molecular Biology laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, G.B Pant Engineering College, Pauri, between July 2015 and July 2016.
 Methods: Non-enzymatic and enzymatic assays such as DPPH (1, 1diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl), FRAP assay, superoxide dismutase SOD (EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (EC 1.11.1.6), for radical scavenging activity of ethanolic extracts of Quisqualis indica Linn. plant leaves had done. For estimation of anti-inflammatory action, two methods were employed: protein denaturation method and membrane stabilization method.
 Results: Ethanolic extract of leaves on higher concentration had better antioxidant potential when compared with reference standard ascorbic acid. They exhibited strong antioxidant radical scavenging activity values for ethanolic extract of leaves. Results of anti-inflammatory method suggested better potential values for ethanolic extract and compared with standard drug diclofenac sodium respectively. A significant relationship between antioxidant, anti-inflammatory capacity and total phenolic content was examined, indicating that phenolic compounds are the major contributors for the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of this plant.
 Conclusion: Ethanolic extract of Q. indica exhibited strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity and this can be used for designing novel drug inhibitors with better efficacy.

Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Carica Papaya Leaves and Indomethacin in Cotton Pellet Induced Granuloma in Animal Model

Background: Anti-inflammatory effect can be exerted by Carica papaya.
 Objective: The purpose of the present study was to see the anti-inflammatory effect of ethanolic extract of Carica papaya leaves and indomethacin in carrageenan induced rat paw edema animal model.
 Methodology: This was an animal study carried out in the Department of Pharmacology at Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period from July 2014 to June 2015 for a period of one (01) year. The leaves of Carica Papaya collected from Botanical garden, Mirpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The animals were divided into four groups. The animals were divided into four groups. In all the animals granuloma were induced by implantation of autoclaved cotton pellet on the 1st day and they treated as follows: Group I were served as control that was received normal saline. Group II were received ethanolic extract of Carica Papaya leaves. Group III were received ethanolic extract of Carica Papaya leaves. Group IV were received indomethacin. On the 15th day animals were anesthetized, implanted pellets were dissected out, dried at hit air oven and the final weights were measured.
 Result: The experiment was carried out on 48 Long Evan Norwegian rats. Rats were divided in 4 groups of six animals each. The mean increase of weight of cotton pellet was 48.06±1.02, 24.48±0.36, 22.42±0.56 and 18.02±0.43 in group I, II, III and IV respectively. The inhibition of granuloma formation was 49.06%, 53.35% and 62.51% in group II, III and IV respectively.
 Conclusion: In conclusion the ethanolic extract of Carica Papaya leaves has effects on cotton pellet induced granuloma formation in experimental rat.
 Journal of Current and Advance Medical Research 2019;6(1):2-5

Anti-genotoxic and anti-inflammatory effects of ethanol extract of stoechospermum marginatum (c. agardh) kutzing in rat

Stoechospermum marginatum C Agardh Kutzing is belongs to brown algae distributed from Indian Ocean to Australian ocean It was obtained from the Gulf of Mannar near Mandapam coast ordm acute N ordm acute E Tamilnadu There was no novel scientific record as like in our present study so far Therefore in the present imperative pragmatic study revealed about the anti genotoxic and anti inflammatory activities of ethanol extract of S marginatum in rats For the anti genotoxicity the reference genotoxin NQO was adapted to induce genotoxic damage in terms of micronuclei in rat bone marrow cells via micronuclei assay scored using light microscopy Acute inflammatory study was carried out by inducing paw edema through carrageenan injection in rat right hind paw Subsequently the chronic inflammation experiments were also carried out by stimulating granulomatous tissue mass around the cotton pellets implanted subcutaneously in the dorsal region of the rats The pragmatic results showed that NQO enhanced the MnPCEs frequency about plusmn which was fold higher than that of the control value plusmn MnPCEs PCEs Ethanol extract of S marginatum alone treated group did not shown any changes in the frequency of MnPCEs plusmn P gt However pretreatment with ethanol extract of S marginatum plus NQO treated groups were observed to be significantly reduced the frequency of MnPCEs ranging from about to Similarly paw volume in the control group was observed to be enhanced about plusmn to plusmn at time interval of hrs Standard drug of diclofenac and ethanol extract of S marginatum were also observed to be decrease the paw volume significantly based on the dose with time interval Therefore this imperative study concluded that the anti genotoxic and anti inflammatory activities of ethanol extract of S marginatum were significantly exhibited dose dependent effects as equally as standard drug of diclofenac

Lipopolysaccharide로 유도된 RAW 264.7 세포에서 유색미 에탄올 추출물의 항염증 작용

Lipopolysaccharide로 유도된 RAW 264.7 세포에서 유색미 에탄올 추출물의 항염증 작용

Bioassay-guided isolation and UHPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS quantification of potential anti-inflammatory phenolic compounds from flowers of Inula montana L

Ethnopharmacological relevanceFlowers of Inula montana L. (Asteraceae), commonly known as “Arnica de Provence”, are used in the traditional medicine of Provence in France with the same indication as Arnica montana, for the relief of bruises, as an anti-inflammatory agent. Aims of the studyThe aim of our study is to evaluate its anti-inflammatory properties and to justify its traditional uses. Its potential valorization is evaluated in order to propose Inula montana as an alternative to Arnica montana. Materials and methodsBio-guided fractionation of ethanolic extract allowed the isolation of compounds responsible of the inhibition of NO production. The fractionation was realized using chromatographic techniques and structure elucidation was conducted by ESI-MS and NMR spectral data. Anti-inflammatory effect of ethanolic extract, different fractions and isolated pure compounds was studied in vitro on immortalized mouse macrophages RAW 264.7. An analytical UHPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS method was developed for the identification of these compounds in the herbal drug. This UHPLC-DAD method was validated and was used to compare the phenolic profile and content in plant material from the two collection sites: Bonnieux and Merindol. ResultsEleven compounds were identified by UHPLC-MS. Chlorogenic acid (1), Luteolin (2), Nepetin (3), 3,5-O-Dicaffeoylquinic acid (4), 1,5-O-Dicaffeoylquinic acid (5), Nepitrin (6), Hispiduloside (7) and Jaceosid (8) were isolated and identified by NMR. Compounds 9, 10 and 11 were confirmed to be 6-Hydroxykaempferol 3,7-dimethyl ether, Hispidulin and Chrysosplenol C, respectively by comparing retention times and MS/MS data with those of the authentic substances. Six compounds: 1 and 4–8 are reported for the first time in Inula montana L. Compounds 2–8 showed promising anti-inflammatory activity with the release of NO with IC50 value < 7 µM. The UHPLC-DAD method of quantification of three major bioactive compounds (1, 3 and 5) was validated. ConclusionFlowers extracts and isolated compounds present promising anti-inflammatory activity which provides a scientific basis for the traditional use of Inula montana and may be proposed in the same indications as Arnica montana. The developed and validated simple, accurate and rapid UHPLC method can be used for the quality control of the herbal drug.

Anti-inflammatory activity of Theobroma cacao L. stem bark ethanol extract and its fractions in experimental models

Ethnopharmacological relevanceThe stem bark of Theobroma cacao L. have been used for the treatment of inflammation, toothache, measles and malaria in ethnomedicine. However, the anti-inflammatory activity of Theobroma cacao stem bark has not been fully elucidated. AimThe anti-inflammatory activity of Theobroma cacao stem bark ethanol extract and its fractions was investigated in this study. Materials and MethodsThe anti-inflammatory effect of ethanol extract of Theobroma cacao stem bark (EETc) and its dichloromethane (DCMF), ethylacetate (EAF) and aqueous (AQF) fractions was investigated in erythrocytes membrane stabilizing assay and carrageenan-induced paw oedema. The anti-inflammatory activity of the EAF and EETc was investigated in carrageenan induced-granuloma air pouch models. ResultsThe extract and fractions showed significant membrane stabilizing action on rat erythrocytes cell membrane. The oral administration of DCMF, EAF and AQF (250 mg/kg) significantly inhibited paw oedema induced by carrageenan (41.3%, 55.0% and 45.0%, respectively) compared to control group. The EAF (62.5, 125 and 250 mg/kg) and EETc (250 mg/kg) significantly inhibited exudates formation in carrageenan air pouch by (63.8, 71.5, 74.5, 64.3%) at 24 h and by (69.4%, 75.7%, 77.1% and 68.4%) at 72 h respectively. The EETc and EAF significantly reduced neutrophil counts, protein, nitrite, Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and malondialdehyde (MDA) but increased reduced glutathione (GSH) levels compared to control in pouch exudates. The HPLC fingerprint of EAF revealed presence of caffeic acid, rutin, ferulic acid and morin. ConclusionEthanol extract of Theobroma cacao and its ethylacetate fraction demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity partly by reducing neutrophil migration and inflammatory mediator production.

Anti-inflammatory Effects of Ethanol Extract of Chinese Medicinal Plants in Yanjin on LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophages

Anti-inflammatory Effects of Ethanol Extract of Chinese Medicinal Plants in Yanjin on LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophages

Multiple mechanistic action of Rosmarinus officinalis L. extract against ethanol effects in an acute model of intestinal damage

The high levels of oxidative stress and inflammation can be present in the etiology of degenerative intestinal pathologies associated with ethanol ingestion. The Rosmarinus officinalis L. has exhibited several physiological and medicinal activities. In this investigation, we intended to clarify, for the first time, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of ethanolic extract of Rosmarinus officinalis L. (eeRo) against an acute damage induced by ethanol, specifically in the small intestine of rats. The rats were treated three times, at every 24 h, with eeRo at 500–1000 mg/kg or vehicle, oral gavage. All groups got a single dose of ethanol (2 ml/kg), oral gavage, after 36 h of fasting and 1 h after the last dose of eeRo or vehicle administration. We performed the mensuration of oxidative stress profile in lipid peroxidation in serum and intestine; Na+/K+ ATPase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activities assays only in intestine; and anti-inflammatory evidences of eeRo in myeloperoxidase activity assay only in the intestine. The eeRo was able to protect the animals against the lipid peroxidation in serum and intestine. It prevented the reduction in Na+/K+ ATPase and catalase levels induced by ethanol in the intestine. In addition, eeRo increased the superoxide dismutase activity when compared to control and protected the intestine against elevations in myeloperoxidase activity caused by ethanol. Our results suggested that eeRo exerted a significant intestinal protective effect by antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Thus, the eeRo represented a promising agent against intestinal lesions induced by ethanol.

Total phenolic, flavonoid contents and in-vitro anti-inflammation evaluation of ethanol extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx, Malus domestica and their 1:1 extracts blend on protein denaturation

Abstract: Hibiscus sabdarifa and Malus domestica are well known and widely used herbs, which contains several interesting bioactive constituents and possesses health promoting properties. The aim of this study is to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, evaluate and compare the anti-inflammatory effects of ethanol extracts of the two extracts and a 1:1 blend of the extracts against the denaturation of proteins in vitro. The respective extracts were analyzed for their contents of polyphenols and flavonoids. The test extracts and reference drug ( Ibuprofen ) of varying concentrations were also incubated with egg albumin under controlled experimental conditions and subjected to determination of absorbance to assess the anti-inflammatory property. The results obtained exhibited a concentration-dependent inhibition of protein denaturation by both extracts, the 1:1 blend as well as the reference drug. The EC 50 for extracts as well as those for the blend and the reference drug were determined by the dose-response curve using Graphpad Prism 5.0 software.

Anti-inflammatory effect of ethanolic extract of spine, skin and rind of Jack fruit peel – A comparative study

The present study was conducted to identify the chemical constituents and evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of crude ethanolic extracts of spine, skin and rind of jack fruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) peel. Polyphenol and flavonoid contents were assessed using Folin’s Ciocalteu reagent and aluminium chloride methods which revealed 316, 355 and 382 mg tannic acid equivalent/g of polyphenol and 96.7, 131.6 and 164.6 mg quercetin equivalent/g of flavonoid in spine, skin and rind, respectively. Anti-inflammatory activity of all three extracts was comparable to diclofenac in vitro and in vivo studies. Skin exhibited maximum anti-inflammatory activity, rind had preferential inhibition on Cyclooxygenase-2 and spine and skin inhibited both Cyclooxygenase-1 and 2 in vitro.

EFEK ANTIINFLAMASI EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN KERSEN (Muntingia calabura L.) PADA MENCIT (Mus musculus)

Leaf cherry ( Muntingia Calabura L) empirically been used by the public as an anti-inflammatory drug. Cherry leaf contains flavonoids are thought to have antioxidant effects. This study has been tested antiinflammatory effect of ethanol extract of leaves of cherry ( Muntingia Calabura L) in mice ( Mus musculus ). A total of 15 mice were divided into 5 groups of 3 animals. Group I (control) are given Na.CMC 1% w/v, Group II, III, and IV (treatment) were given cherry leaf extract ethanol concentration of 1% w / v, 3% w / v, and 5% w / v, as well as groups V (comparison) given Diclofenac Sodium 0.195 mg / 30 gBW. Before treatment all groups karagen induced with 1% w / v in intraplantar. Antiinflammatory effect was measured using pleytismometer. The results were analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA method. The results showed that the ethanol extract of cherry leaf has anti-inflammatory effects and the concentration of 3% and 5% w / v has an effect no different to that diclofenac sodium.

Anti-inflammatory effects and anti-oxidant capacity of Myrathius arboreus (Cecropiaceae) in experimental models.

Inflammation is involved in various diseases; search for safe treatments is warranted. Anti-inflammatory effects of ethanol extract of Myrathius arboreus (EEMa) were studied in carrageenan-induced model, formaldehyde sub-acute-induced model, and in 48 h lipopolysaccharide-induced air pouch model of inflammation. EEMa membrane-stabilizing activities and anti-oxidant capacity were determined in vitro. In the carrageenan model EEMa (125, 250, or 500 mg/kg), indomethacin (5 mg/kg), or vehicle 3 mL/kg was administered orally in rats (n=5). After 1 h, 0.1 mL of 1% carrageenan was injected into the right hind paw of rats. Change in edema sizes was measured for 3 h with plethysmometer. One-tenth milliliter (0.1 mL) of 2.5% formaldehyde was injected into the rat paw on the first day and the third day to induce sub-acute inflammation; changes in the edema sizes were determined, and percentages of inhibitions were calculated. Anti-inflammatory effects of EEMa were further examined in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced air-pouch based on leukocytes count, volume of exudates, levels of malondialdehyde, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, nitric oxides, and tumor necrosis factor released into the inflammatory fluids. EEMa-free radicals scavenging activities were studied in DPPH and reducing power tests. Membrane-stabilizing activities of EEMa were evaluated in the red blood cell lysis induced by thermal and hypotonic solution. EEMa (250, 500 mg/kg) produced significant (p<0.001; p<0.05) inhibition of inflammation when compared with vehicle. Also, EEMa (250, 500, or 1000 μg/mL) significantly stabilized membrane and produced free radical scavenging activities. M. arboreus possesses anti-inflammatory and the anti-oxidant properties that might benefit translational medicine.

Ethanol Extract of Potentilla supina Linne Suppresses LPS-induced Inflammatory Responses through NF-κB and AP-1 Inactivation in Macrophages and in Endotoxic mice.

In this study, we investigated the antiinflammatory effects of ethanol extracts of Potentilla. supina Linne (EPS) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages and septic mice. EPS suppressed LPS-induced nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2 , TNF-α, interleukin-6 and interleukin-1β at production and mRNA levels in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. Consistent with these observations, EPS attenuated the expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 by downregulation of their promoter activities. Molecularly, EPS reduced the LPS-induced transcriptional activity and DNA-binding activity of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and this was associated with a decrease of translocation and phosphorylation of p65 NF-κB by inhibiting the inhibitory κB-α degradation and IKK-α/β phosphorylation. Furthermore, EPS inhibited the LPS-induced activation of activator protein-1 by reducing the expression of c-Fos and c-Jun in nuclear. EPS also suppressed the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase, such as p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase. In an LPS-induced endotoxemia mouse model, pretreatment with EPS reduced the mRNA levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2 and proinflammatory cytokines and increased the survival rate of mice. Collectively, these results suggest that the antiinflammatory effects of EPS were associated with the suppression of NF-κB and activator protein-1 activation and support its possible therapeutic role for the treatment of endotoxemia. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Ethanol Extract of Corylopsis coreana Uyeki Flos.

Background:Corylopsis coreana Uyeki (Hamamelidaceae) is a medicinal plant cultivated in Northeast Asia. Previously, we have reported that an ethanol extract of Corylopsis coreana Uyeki flos (ECCF) contains four active compounds with antioxidant activity.Objective:The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial spectrum against infectious bacteria and anti-inflammatory effect of ECCF in a mouse model of acute local inflammation.Materials and Methods:In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility was evaluated using standard plate assay technique. Antimicrobial activities (minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC; μg/mL) were determined with the serial dilution method. In vivo anti-inflammatory activity was studied using a mouse model of carrageenan-induced air pouch inflammation.Results:The ECCF showed antimicrobial activities against general bacteria and drug-resistant bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus ATCC 9341, Mycrobacterium smegmatis ATCC 9341, Mycrobacterium smegmatis ATCC 9341, Salmonella typhimrium KCTC 1925, and nine methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains, with MIC values ranging from 250 to 1000 μg/mL. In in vivo mouse model, inflammatory morphologic changes observed in the air pouch membrane were restored to its normal condition by the ECCF treatment. Moreover, the ECCF significantly reduced exudate volumes, protein contents, inflammatory cell counts, and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in the exudates recovered from air pouches of the mouse model. Flavonoids in the ECCF were found to contain bergenin, quercitrin, and quercetin with reported anti-inflammatory activity via suppressing tumor necrosis factor-α production.Conclusion:To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to demonstrate the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities of ECCF. Our results suggest that the ECCF might potentially serve as an alternative or complementary medicine for treating inflammatory diseases caused by microbial infection.SUMMARY ECCF showed antimicrobial activity against infectious bacteria and multidrug-resistant strains.ECCF exhibited anti-inflammatory activity in a carrageenan-induced air pouch mouse model.ECCF contained several active constituents such as bergenin, quercitrin, and quercetin. Abbreviations used: Corylopsis coreana CCF: Uyeki flos, ECCF: ethanol extract of CCF

Anti-inflammatory Effects of Ethanol Extract of Various Korean Compositae Herbs in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 Macrophages

Objective : This study was designed to evaluate candidate materials as anti-inflammation agent from extracts of various Korean Compositae herbs in Hwaak mountain. Among Korea medicinal herbs, Ainsliaea acerifolia (AA) belongs to the Compositae family, has been used for the treatment of rheumatic arthritis. However, AA has not been previously reported to have an anti-inflammatory effect. Therefore, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of AA and its underlying molecular mechanisms in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. Methods : Cell viability was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Nitric oxide (NO) was measured with Griess reagent and pro-inflammatory cytokines were detected by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kits in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Protein expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and p65 subunit of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) were determined by Western blot analysis. Results : Among 8 extracts of Korean Compositae herbs tested, AA showed the inhibition of NO production without cytotoxicity. Consistent with the observation, AA reduced the expression levels of iNOS and COX-2 proteins in LPSsimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages in dose-dependent manner. In addition, AA inhibited the productions of TNF-α and IL-6 in LPS-simulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. However, AA did not inhibit activation of p65 NF-κB in LPSsimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Conclusion : These results suggest that down-regulation of iNOS, COX-2 protein expression and TNF-α and IL-6 production by AA are responsible for its anti-inflammatory effects.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Ethanol Extracts from Ulva pertusa Kjellman on LPS-induced RAW 264.7 Cells and Mouse Model

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Ethanol Extracts from Ulva pertusa Kjellman on LPS-induced RAW 264.7 Cells and Mouse Model

Anti-inflammatory effects of ethanolic extract of Rosmarinus officinalis L. and rosmarinic acid in a rat model of neuropathic pain.

Rosemary, Rosmarinus (R.) officinalis L. is a well-known plant with several useful properties such as analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-neurodegenerative. It has been used in folk medicine to alleviate rheumatic pain, stomachache and dysmenorrhea. Rosemary has several constituents such as rosmarinic acid which can be responsible for therapeutic properties been noted with rosemary. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential anti-inflammatory effects of R. officinalis and rosmarinic acid in a rat model of sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI)-induced neuropathic pain to verify usage of rosemary in folk medicine. Rats underwent CCI, were treated with either normal saline, ethanolic extract of aerial parts of R. officinalis (400mg/kg, i.p.) or rosmarinic acid (40mg/kg, i.p.) from the day of surgery (day 0) for 14days. The anti-inflammatory effects of R. officinalis extract and rosmarinic acid were evaluated by assessing the levels of some spinal inflammatory markers including cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), prostaglandin E2 (PGE-2), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP2) through western blotting and nitric oxide (NO) production via Griess reaction on days 7 and 14 post-surgery. CCI rats exhibited a marked expression in the levels of inflammatory markers (COX2, PGE-2, IL-1β, MMP2 and NO) on both days 7 (p<0.001) and 14 (p<0.001). Rosmarinic acid and ethanolic extract of R. officinalis were able to decrease amounts of mentioned inflammatory markers on both days 7 (p<0.001) and 14 (p<0.001). Our data support the traditional use of R. officinalis as an effective remedy for pain relief and inflammatory disorders. It also suggests that the ethanolic extract of R. officinalis and rosmarinic acid through modulating neuro-inflammation might be potential candidates in treating neuropathic pain and different neurological disorders associated with inflammation.

LPS로 유도된 RAW 264.7 세포와 마우스 귀 조직에 대한 주름까막살 에탄올 추출물의 항염증 효과

LPS로 유도된 RAW 264.7 세포와 마우스 귀 조직에 대한 주름까막살 에탄올 추출물의 항염증 효과

Anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory effects of ethanol extract from Houttuynia cordata poultice.

Houttuynia cordata (HC) has been commonly used as many traditional remedies in local areas of Japan. Although many pharmacological activities of HC have been reported, the mechanism underlying the effect of HC remains unknown. We conducted the interview survey in Japan to verify how HC was actually used. The interview survey revealed that HC poultice (HCP) prepared from smothering fresh leaves of HC was most frequently used for the treatment of purulent skin diseases including furuncle and carbuncle with high effectiveness. Ethanol extract of HCP (eHCP) showed anti-bacterial effects against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and showed an anti-biofilm activity against MRSA. eHCP showed dose-dependent inhibition of S. aureus lipoteichoic acid (LTA)-induced interleukin-8 and CCL20 production in human keratinocyte without any cytotoxicity. These results suggest that HCP is effective for skin abscess and its underlying mechanism might be the complicated multiple activities for both bacteria and host cells.

Studies on Anti-inflammatory Effect of Ethanol Extract from Rubus crataegifolius Leaf

Studies on Anti-inflammatory Effect of Ethanol Extract from Rubus crataegifolius Leaf