Anti-inflammatory Research Articles

Formulation and Evaluation of Capsaicin Transemulgel for the Treatment of Arthritis

Capsaicin (CAP)is a non-narcotic analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug used to relieve pain and inflammation associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Transemulgel is a new approach with combination emulsion and gel base having special characteristics dual controlled release for the treatment of various conditions arthritis. The present research work, a novel transemulgel with CAP (F1-F6) was formulated by using different concentration of gellan gum (GG) and xanthan gum (XG) as gelling agents with oil in water emulsion base. No significant drug-excipient interactions were observed in FT-IR studies. To evaluate various characterizations of transemulgel such as pH, spreadability, viscosity, gelation time, drug content, Invitro drug release of gel was examined in phosphate buffer pH-7.4 by Franz diffusion cell technique. The optimized transemulgel of (F5) showed pH of 5.8 ± 0.52 and viscosity of2840 ± 0.65cps. The percentage of drug content in the formulated transemulgel (F1-F6) was observed in the range of 84 to 96%w/w respectively. The optimal transemulgel spreadability was found to be 22.23 ± 0.25g·cm/s. The percentage of cumulative drug release from the formulations (F1-F3) were found to be in the range between 72.85 to 62.18% w/w and the batches (F4-F6) were observed in the range 76.85 to 70.66%w/w at the end of 6h.By considering all the investigated data while increase in concentration of GG and XG were influenced rheological properties, drug content efficiency, the Invitro drug release of transemulgel. The present investigate suggest that the CAP loaded transemulgel can be a promising topical delivery to relieve pain, inflammation and provided greater bioavailability to improve therapy. Keywords: Topical delivery, Transemulgel, Capsaicin, Xanthan gum, Gellan gum, Emulsion, Arthritis

Cannabis for Chronic Pain: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Challenges

Chronic pain represents a complex and debilitating condition that affects millions of people worldwide, significantly compromising their quality of life. The conventional approach to treating this type of pain often relies on the use of opioid analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs. While these agents are effective in the short term, they present several limitations, including the risk of dependence, severe side effects, and, in some cases, ineffectiveness in reducing pain. In this context, medical cannabis has emerged as a promising therapeutic alternative, given its potential ability to relieve pain effectively with a favorable safety profile. This work aims to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date review of the existing literature on the effects of medical cannabis in the treatment of chronic pain. Cannabis sativa contains several pharmacologically active compounds, the most prominent of which are delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), which interact with the body’s endocannabinoid system, thereby modulating the pain response. Clinical evidence has shown that cannabinoids can significantly reduce the intensity of chronic pain, particularly in cases of neuropathy, multiple sclerosis, arthritis, and other painful conditions that are unresponsive to conventional treatments. However, the full integration of medical cannabis into clinical practice faces significant obstacles, including the need for standardized dosing, long-term safety data, and regulatory frameworks. These issues, alongside concerns over adverse effects and drug interactions, must be addressed to unlock the full therapeutic potential of cannabinoids, particularly for chronic pain patients, who endure both physical suffering and the added burden of stress.

Removal of Primamycin La from Milk Sample Using ZnCl2-Activated Biochar Prepared from Bean Plant as Adsorbent: Kinetic and Equilibrium Calculations

In this study, porous biochar (PvBC) was obtained by the pyrolysis of bean (phaseolus vulgaris) plant at 600 °C, and then activated biochar (PvBCZn) was synthesized by ZnCl2 activation at an equal biomass ratio (1.0:1.0). Some analytical techniques (SEM-EDX (scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy), TGA/DTA (Thermogravimetric/Differential Thermal Analysis), BET (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller), FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) and XRD (X-ray diffraction)) were used to characterize both PvBC and PvBCZn. In addition, their antibiotic sensitivity, water solubility, moisture content and swelling behavior were investigated in detail. Furthermore, both PvBC and PvBCZn were used for the adsorption of primamycin la, an anti-inflammatory drug used in veterinary medicine whose active ingredient is oxytetracycline, in a milk sample. The effect of both pH and adsorbent dosage on the adsorption capacity was investigated. Based on adsorption studies, while the maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) of PvBCZn was found to be 188.48 mg/g, that of PvBC was found to be 122.49 mg/g. According to these results, PvBCZn is an excellent adsorbent for the removal of primamycin la from milk samples. The Langmuir isotherm model and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model were more suitable to describe the adsorption behavior of primamycin la. The PvBCZn adsorbent exhibited rapid removal exceeding 75% in the first 20 min and reached equilibrium after about 50 min. In addition, studies on the desorption and reusability of PvBCZn were carried out under the same optimum experimental conditions. The qmax value of PvBCZn was found to be 171.40 mg/g even in the fifth cycle, confirming the idea that it is a potential adsorbent for the removal of primamycin la. At the same time, the antimicrobial activity of PvBCZn against Escherichia coli bacteria increases its potential to be used in both purification systems and hygiene products.

Formulation And Evaluation of Betulinic Acid Loaded Transdermal Patches

Many disorders, including cardiovascular diseases, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, fungal diseases, depression, anxiety, and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), skin cancer, female sexual dysfunction, post-menopausal bone loss, and urine incontinence, can now be treated with transdermal delivery systems. A naturally occurring pentacyclic triterpenoid, betulinic acid possesses antiretroviral, antimalarial, and anti-inflammatory qualities. More recently, it has been shown to have anticancer potential through topoisomerase inhibition. The goal of the current study was to create transdermal patches with a controlled release action that included several polymers and an anti-inflammatory medication, such as betulinic acid..The solvent evaporation approach was successfully used to create the betulinic acid transdermal patch. Betulinic acid transdermal patches for transdermal medication administration were assessed. A calibration curve was acquired, a transdermal film was made, and the drug's bioavailability constraints were addressed. Keywords: Controlled DDS, Transdermal DDS, Betulinic acid, Transdermal Patch, solvent evaporation method.

Preparation and Evaluation of Wound Healing Gel Using Extract of Psidium guajuva Leaves and Tridax Daisy Leaves

Wounds are physical injuries that results in an opening or breaking of the skin. Proper healing of wounds is very essential for the restoration of disrupted anatomical continuity and disturbed functional status of the skin. Wound healing is a complex but generally orderly process. Sequential waves of specialized cell types first clear the inciting injury and then progressively build the scaffolding to fill in any resulting defect. The antibacterial potential of the crude leaves extracts of Psidium guajava Linn. against some bacteria associated with surgical wound, burns, skin and soft tissue infections were investigated under different conditions. Tridax procumbens (L.) is a spreading annual herb found throughout India. The plant is a native of tropical America and naturalized in tropical Africa, Asia, and Australia. Local people known it as “Ghamara,” in English popularly called “coat buttons” and is dispensed for “Bhringraj” by some of the practitioners of Ayurveda. The plant has many pharmacological applications such as hepatoprotective activity, anti-infl ammatory, wound healing, anti-diabetic activity, hypotensive effect, immunomodulating property, bronchial catarrh, dysentery, and diarrhea and to prevent falling of hair promotes the growth of hair, and antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The leaf juice possesses antiseptic, insecticidal and parasiticidal properties, as a remedy against conjunctivitis and is used also to check hemorrhage from cuts, bruises and wounds insect repellent. Keywords: Preparation, Evaluation, pharmacological effect, Wound Healing Gel, Antiseptic.

Targeting Cytokine-Mediated Inflammation in Brain Disorders: Developing New Treatment Strategies.

Cytokine-mediated inflammation is increasingly recognized for playing a vital role in the pathophysiology of a wide range of brain disorders, including neurodegenerative, psychiatric, and neurodevelopmental problems. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) cause neuroinflammation, alter brain function, and accelerate disease development. Despite progress in understanding these pathways, effective medicines targeting brain inflammation are still limited. Traditional anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory drugs are effective in peripheral inflammatory illnesses. Still, they face substantial hurdles when applied to the central nervous system (CNS), such as the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and unwanted systemic effects. This review highlights the developing treatment techniques for modifying cytokine-driven neuroinflammation, focusing on advances that selectively target critical cytokines involved in brain pathology. Novel approaches, including cytokine-specific inhibitors, antibody-based therapeutics, gene- and RNA-based interventions, and sophisticated drug delivery systems like nanoparticles, show promise with respect to lowering neuroinflammation with greater specificity and safety. Furthermore, developments in biomarker discoveries and neuroimaging techniques are improving our ability to monitor inflammatory responses, allowing for more accurate and personalized treatment regimens. Preclinical and clinical trial data demonstrate the therapeutic potential of these tailored techniques. However, significant challenges remain, such as improving delivery across the BBB and reducing off-target effects. As research advances, the creation of personalized, cytokine-centered therapeutics has the potential to alter the therapy landscape for brain illnesses, giving patients hope for better results and a higher quality of life.

Inhibitory and Curative Effects and Mode of Action of Hydroxychloroquine on Botrytis cinerea of Tomato.

Gray mold is an important disease of crops and is widespread, harmful, difficult to control, and prone to developing fungicide resistance. Screening new fungicides is an important step in controlling this disease. Hydroxychloroquine is an anti-inflammatory and anti-malarial agent, which has shown marked inhibitory activity against many fungi in medicine. This study evaluated the inhibitory activity of hydroxychloroquine against several phytopathogenic fungi, finding a half-maximal effective concentration of 113.82 μg/ml against the hyphal growth of Botrytis cinerea, with significant in-vivo curative effects of 92.37% or 78.37% for gray mold on detached tomato leaves or fruits at 10.0 or 200.0 mg/ml, respectively. Ultrastructural studies indicated that hydroxychloroquine induced collapse of hyphae, with a wrinkled surface, unclear organelle boundaries, and organelle disintegration. Transcriptomic assays revealed that hydroxychloroquine could affect the expression of metabolism-related genes. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics analyses indicated that hydroxychloroquine bound to glucose-methanol-choline oxidoreductase, with low free energy value of -11.4 kcal/mol. Cell membrane permeability assays and hyphal staining confirmed that hydroxychloroquine damaged the cell membrane, causing leakage of hyphal contents and disturbing cell function. Biochemical assays indicated that hydroxychloroquine reduced the concentration of soluble proteins and reducing sugars in the hyphae. In total, hydroxychloroquine disturbed amino acid metabolism, therefore inhibiting the production of biomacromolecules, damaging the cell membrane, and restraining the growth of hyphae, and hence inhibiting gray mold on tomato. This study will explore the use of medicine in the development of agricultural fungicides and their application in managing crop diseases, providing valuable background information.

Connections and Unmet Needs: Severe Asthma Biologics and Osteoporosis.

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease with the main anti-inflammatory drugs for better disease control being steroids or corticosteroids. The use of steroids in asthma patients, in particular in uncontrolled asthma patients, is associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis and fragility fractures. A single oral corticosteroid course increases the risk of osteoporosis and the continual use of inhaled corticosteroids is correlated over time to an increased risk for both bone conditions. With the use of new, available biologic therapies for asthma, perhaps even anticipating the times of their use in therapeutic management, in the current guidelines and with targeted strategies of prevention it may be possible to improve asthma management, preventing some comorbidities, such as osteoporosis.

POSTERIOR SCLERITIS: REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND FIRST CASE REPORT FROM YEMEN

A rare inflammatory eye illness that involves the posterior regions of the sclera. Posterior scleritis is very rare in children and more common in women. Ocular pain, headaches, and vision loss are some of its frequently vague clinical manifestations. Rheumatic conditions including systemic lupus erythematous (SLE), anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)-associated vasculitis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are frequently linked to the scleritis pathogenesis. A comprehensive clinical eye exam is necessary to diagnose posterior scleritis because it can mimic many other ocular disorders. Laboratory tests may reveal underlying systemic disorders, such as rheumatic disease and inflammatory markers. A precise diagnosis is aided by imaging, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and B-scan ultrasonography. Treatment includes non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), topical corticosteroids for moderate disease, and systemic corticosteroids for severe disease. For refractory instances, biologic therapy has grown in importance. To treat this potentially blinding condition, a multidisciplinary strategy combining rheumatology and ophthalmology is essential. This case report focuses on a 9-year-old boy who has posterior scleritis and no history of rheumatic disorders or other infections or non-infectious diseases. Peer Review History: Received 6 September 2024; Reviewed 8 November; Accepted 21 December; Available online 15 January 2025 Academic Editor: Dr. Nuray Arı, Ankara University, Turkiye, ari@ankara.edu.tr Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10

Effects of anti-inflammatory agents on clinical outcomes in people with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised control trials

Abstract Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterised by chronic inflammation, which is strongly linked to risk of cardiovascular disease. Anti-inflammatory agents present a novel strategy to reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease in people with CKD, but their effects on clinical outcomes are uncertain. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to assess the efficacy and safety of anti-inflammatory agents in CKD (PROSPERO CRD42021238755). Medline, Embase and Cochrane databases were searched up to March 2023 for randomised controlled trials of anti-inflammatory agents in CKD with at least 100 patient-years follow up per treatment arm. The primary study outcome was major adverse cardiovascular events ([MACE], defined as myocardial infarction [MI], stroke, or cardiovascular death). Other outcomes included CKD progression, malignancy and infection. Results Nine trials of 12 042 participants and six different anti-inflammatory classes were identified. Overall, anti-inflammatory agents did not reduce the risk of MACE (RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.81–1.24), although there was significant heterogeneity across studies (P-heterogeneity = 0.001; I2 = 72%). Anti-inflammatory agents did not have a clear effect on the composite kidney outcome (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.55–1.22), although there were few events and some trials suggested improvements in the rate of decline in kidney function. Infections were increased with anti-inflammatory agents compared with placebo (RR 1.35, 95% CI 1.01 -1.82). Conclusion There is currently insufficient evidence to support the use of anti-inflammatory agents to reduce cardiovascular risk or CKD progression in people with CKD, and further dedicated studies in this population are warranted. The potential increased risk of infection with anti-inflammatory agents is an important consideration in the evaluation of these therapies in CKD.

Evaluating the effects of c-phycocyanin from cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis as an anti-inflammatory agent on stimulated human chondrocyte cells

ABSTRACT Inflammation is a critical defence mechanism in higher animals but uncontrolled inflammation is implicated in many diseases and can lead to chronic conditions, posing significant challenges to healthcare and the global economy. Conventional therapies often come with limitations and adverse effects, underscoring the need for safer and more effective alternatives. This study investigates the efficacy of C-Phycocyanin (C-PC), a pigment derived from Spirulina platensis cultivated under optimal light conditions, as an anti-inflammatory agent. This research focused on its effects on nitric oxide secretion, which supports the body’s immune system by killing pathogens, and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) gene expression as an inflammatory indicator, in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-stimulated human chondrocyte cells (C28/I2). The Methyl Thiazol Tetrazolium (MTT) assay was employed to evaluate the metabolic activity of cells and confirm the non-toxicity of C-PC. The results demonstrated that C-PC maintained 99.32% cell viability in the C28/I2 in vitro model after seven days. Notably, C-PC treatment prevented cell death and promoted cell proliferation, increasing the number of viable cells by 12.34% during the same period. Additionally, it significantly reduced IL-1β gene expression and nitric oxide secretion by 70.24% and 91.25%, respectively, effectively reducing levels to those observed in unstimulated conditions. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and crystal violet staining showed that C-PC treatment restored normal morphology and protected the cells from inflammation-induced changes.

Anti-inflammatory effects of moxifloxacin and levofloxacin on cadmium-activated human astrocytes: Inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine release, TLR4/STAT3, and ERK/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Cadmium is a non-essential element and neurotoxin that causes neuroinflammation, which leads to neurodegenerative diseases and brain cancer. To date, there are no specific or effective therapeutic agents to control inflammation and alleviate cadmium-induced progressive destruction of brain cells. Fluoroquinolones (FQs), widely used antimicrobials with effective blood-brain barrier penetration, show promise in being repurposed as anti-inflammatory drugs. Therefore, we aimed to test the efficacy of repurposed FQs for the treatment of cadmium-induced inflammation using cultures of U-87 MG human astrocytes and primary human astrocytes. Both FQs abrogated cadmium-induced interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 release from human astrocytes in a concentration and time-dependent manner, although levofloxacin had a stronger inhibitory effect than moxifloxacin. The downregulation of inflammatory cytokine release occurred with a concomitant reduction in cadmium-induced elevations in p65 nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) 1/2 phosphorylation. Additionally, levofloxacin treatment significantly alleviated cadmium-induced activation of phosphorylated NF-κB translocation and toll-like receptor (TLR)-4/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 signaling. Transcriptome analysis revealed that modulation of inflammation-related pathways was the most enriched after FQ treatment. Our data suggest that FQs, particularly levofloxacin, attenuate the inflammatory process mediated by cadmium in human astrocytes. These effects may be mediated, at least in part, by inhibition of immune pathways regulated by TLR4, STAT3, ERK MAPK, and NF-κB.

Biodegradable and Stimuli-Responsive Nanomaterials for Targeted Drug Delivery in Autoimmune Diseases.

Autoimmune diseases present complex therapeutic challenges due to their chronic nature, systemic impact, and requirement for precise immunomodulation to avoid adverse side effects. Recent advancements in biodegradable and stimuli-responsive nanomaterials have opened new avenues for targeted drug delivery systems capable of addressing these challenges. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of state-of-the-art biodegradable nanocarriers such as polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, and hydrogels engineered for targeted delivery in autoimmune therapies. These nanomaterials are designed to degrade safely in the body while releasing therapeutic agents in response to specific stimuli, including pH, temperature, redox conditions, and enzymatic activity. By achieving localized and controlled release of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents, these systems minimize systemic toxicity and enhance therapeutic efficacy. We discuss the underlying mechanisms of stimuli-responsive nanomaterials, recent applications in treating diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and inflammatory bowel disease, and the design considerations essential for clinical translation. Additionally, we address current challenges, including biocompatibility, scalability, and regulatory hurdles, as well as future directions for integrating advanced nanotechnology with personalized medicine in autoimmune treatment. This review highlights the transformative potential of biodegradable and stimuli-responsive nanomaterials, presenting them as a promising strategy to advance precision medicine and improve patient outcomes in autoimmune disease management.

Modulatory effect of quercetin on aspirin-induced hepatoxicity in Wistar rats

Objectives: Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid, is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug medication. Aspirin has been shown to have a wide range of pharmacological effects, such as antipyretic, antiplatelet and analgesic effects. Although there is little known about how aspirin causes hepatotoxicity at the cellular level, this does happen and there is a need to look into some hepatoprotective remedies. The aim of this study was to assess how quercetin (QE) affects aspirin-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty-five male adult Wistar rats divided into seven experimental groups were used in this study. These groups received different treatments: Some were given varying concentrations of QE (30 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg), while others received aspirin (50 mg/kg). In addition, there were control groups that did not receive either aspirin or QE, with normal saline and corn oil being administered instead. The administration of treatments lasted for 30 days, after which the experiment was concluded, and the rats’ livers were removed for histological examination. Simultaneously, blood serum samples were collected for the biochemical analysis of liver enzyme markers. The level of significance was set at 0.05, and the data collected was analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 29. Results: It was found that aspirin increased the level of liver enzyme markers in the serum after 30 days of administration resulting from damage to the liver cells, this effect was most significant at an aspirin concentration of 50 mg/kg and QE at a concentration of 60 mg/kg was most effective in exhibiting hepatoprotective potentials. Conclusion: The results suggest that aspirin 50 mg/kg could be hepatotoxic due to the lessening of antioxidant effects, and QE has a modulating effect on aspirin-induced toxicity.

Decoding nature: multi-target anti-inflammatory mechanisms of natural products in the TLR4/NF-κB pathway.

Natural products are valuable medicinal resources in the field of anti-inflammation due to their significant bioactivity and low antibiotic resistance. Research has demonstrated that many natural products exert notable anti-inflammatory effects by modulating the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways. The research on related signal transduction mechanisms and pharmacological mechanisms is increasingly being discovered and validated. However, there is currently a lack of comprehensive reviews focusing on the pharmacological mechanisms of natural products targeting the TLR4/NF-κB pathway for anti-inflammatory effects. In light of these considerations, this review comprehensively synthesizes recent research findings concerning the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, including the translocation of TLR4 activation to lysosomes within the cytoplasm, the assembly of protein complexes mediated by ubiquitin chains K63 and K48, and the deacetylation modification of p65. These discoveries are integrated into the classical TLR4/NF-κB pathway to systematically elucidate the latest mechanisms among various targets. Additionally, we summarize the pharmacological mechanisms by which natural products exert anti-inflammatory effects through the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. This aims to elucidate the multitarget advantages of natural products in the treatment of inflammation and their potential applications, thereby providing theoretical support for molecular pharmacology research on inflammation and the development of novel natural anti-inflammatory drugs.

Bilayer TiO2/Mo-BiVO4 Photoelectrocatalysts for Ibuprofen Degradation.

Heterojunction formation between BiVO4 nanomaterials and benchmark semiconductor photocatalysts has been keenly pursued as a promising approach to improve charge transport and charge separation via interfacial electron transfer for the photoelectrocatalytic degradation of recalcitrant pharmaceutical pollutants. In this work, a heterostructured TiO2/Mo-BiVO4 bilayer photoanode was fabricated by the deposition of a mesoporous TiO2 overlayer using the benchmark P25 titania catalyst on top of Mo-doped BiVO4 inverse opal films as the supporting layer, which intrinsically absorbs visible light below 490 nm, while offering improved charge transport. A porous P25/Mo-BiVO4 bilayer structure was produced from the densification of the inverse opal underlayer after post-thermal annealing, which was evaluated on photocurrent generation in aqueous electrolyte and the photoelectrocatalytic degradation of the refractory anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen under back-side illumination by visible and UV-Vis light. Significantly enhanced photoelectrochemical performance on both photocurrent density and pharmaceutical degradation was achieved for the bilayer structure with respect to the additive effect of the constituent layers, which was related to the improved light harvesting arising from the backscattering by the mesoporous TiO2 layer in combination with the favorable charge transfer at the TiO2/Mo-BiVO4 interface.

Beyond analgesia: repurposing NSAIDs as a novel strategy in antivenom therapy against Naja nigricollis envenomation

ObjectiveThis study aimed to explore the potential of repurposing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as antisnake venom agents using experimental and computational approaches.Data descriptionVirtual screening of 20 NSAIDs alongside Varespladib was conducted to obtain three top-scoring drugs (celecoxib, ketorolac, and ketoprofen); the antisnake venom efficacy of the three NSAIDs was evaluated using a combination of in vivo, ex vivo, in vitro and in silico approaches. In vivo and ex vivo experiments in mice, demonstrated that all three drugs exhibited significant (p < 0.05) antisnake venom activity against Naja nigricollis venom in a dose-dependent manner. Ketorolac provided complete protection with a 100% survival rate at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, while celecoxib and ketoprofen showed survival rates ranging from 25 to 75%. The standard antivenom (ASV) also achieved a 100% survival rate at 0.6 mg/mL. Ex vivo results mirrored these findings, with ketorolac showing the highest survival rate (100%) and celecoxib exhibiting the lowest (50%). In vitro, the drugs demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) phospholipase A2 enzyme (PLA2) inhibition, with ketorolac achieving 96.65–99.86% inhibition at 1–0.0125 mg/mL. Molecular docking studies further supported these findings, revealing favorable binding affinities and interactions with key amino acid residues implicated in envenomation. In conclusion, these findings suggest that NSAIDs, particularly ketorolac, hold promise as potential antivenom therapies against Naja nigricollis envenomation, warranting further investigation in clinical studies.

Prevention of liver cancer in the era of next-generation antivirals and obesity epidemic.

Preventive interventions are expected to substantially improve the prognosis of patients with primary liver cancer, predominantly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma. HCC prevention is challenging in the face of the evolving etiological landscape, particularly the sharp increase in obesity-associated metabolic disorders, including metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Next-generation anti-HCV and HBV drugs have substantially reduced, but not eliminated, the risk of HCC and have given way to new challenges in identifying at-risk patients. The recent development of new therapeutic agents and modalities has opened unprecedented opportunities to refine primary, secondary, and tertiary HCC prevention strategies. For primary prevention (before exposure to risk factors), public health policies, such as universal HBV vaccination, have had a substantial prognostic impact. Secondary prevention (after or during active exposure to risk factors) includes regular HCC screening and chemoprevention. Emerging biomarkers and imaging modalities for HCC risk stratification and detection may enable individual risk-based personalized and cost-effective HCC screening. Clinical studies have suggested the potential utility of lipid-lowering, anti-diabetic/obesity, and anti-inflammatory agents for secondary prevention, and some of them are being evaluated in prospective clinical trials. Computational and experimental studies have identified potential chemopreventive strategies directed at diverse molecular, cellular, and systemic targets for etiology-specific and/or agnostic interventions. Tertiary prevention (in conjunction with curative-intent therapies for HCC) is an area of active research with the development of new immune-based neo/adjuvant therapies. Cholangiocarcinoma prevention may advance with recent efforts to elucidate risk factors. These advances will collectively lead to substantial improvements in liver cancer mortality rates.

Experimental Research Progress of mPGES-1 Inhibitor 2,5-Dimethylcelecoxib in Various Diseases.

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) plays a crucial role in inflammation. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications are commonly utilized to alleviate pain and address inflammation by blocking the production of PGE2 and cyclooxygenase (COX). However, selective inhibition of COX can easily lead to a series of risks for cardiovascular diseases. Hence, it is imperative to discover safer and more efficient targets for reducing inflammation. Research has demonstrated that mPGES-1 serves as the final enzyme that controls the rate of prostaglandin E2 synthesis. Moreover, it is only triggered by inflammation and could serve as a possible treatment target instead of COX in cases of inflammation. 2,5-dimethylcelecoxib (DMC) can effectively inhibit mPGES-1 expression, maintain the overall balance of prostaglandins, reduce the secretion of PGE2, and, most importantly, avoid the side effects of COX inhibitors. DMC has the ability to address illnesses through the stimulation of autophagy and apoptosis, as well as the regulation of the immune microenvironment and intestinal flora. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the advancements in DMC within experimental research and offers suggestions for potential avenues of future investigation.

Comparison of the Efficacy of Intra-Articular Cortevcosteroid Injection and Phonophoresis in the Treatment of Adhesive Capsulitis

Background: The term ‘frozen shoulder’ should be reserved for a well-defined disorder characterized by progressive pain and stiffness of shoulder which usually resolves spontaneously after about 18 months. The objectives of treatment are to relieve pain and thus restore motion and function of shoulder. Recommended treatment approaches are physical therapy, local and systemic corticosteroid, anti-inflammatory drugs, antidepressants, nerve blocks and manipulation under anesthesia. Objective: Compare the efficacy of intra-articular corticosteroid injection and phonophoresis in the treatment of Adhesive Capsulitis. Method And Material: : This randomized clinical trial was performed in the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh, over a period of six months. Study population was the patients of adhesive capsulitis disease attending the out- patient department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation during the study period. Meticulous history taking, clinical examination and relevant investigations were done. Eligible participants were allocated into two groups, group A-intra-articular corticosteroid injection and group B- phonophoresis by randomization with the help of lottery. Statistical Analysis: Statistical analysis was performed using the statistical program Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 16.0. Continuous variables (age, etc) were expressed as mean ± SD and comparison of socio- demographic variable of both groups was measures by chi-square test and outcome variables by t-test. A “p” value &lt;0.05 was considered as significant with 95% confidence interval. Result: The mean age of the patients in this study was 51.47 ± 6.30 years. Out of 74 patients 44 were female &amp; 30 were male and the ratio female: male ratio 1.46: 1. Out of 74patients 40.54% patients had right sided involvement and 59.45% patients had left sided involvement. Among 74 patients, service holder were 25 (33.80%), house wife 23 (31%), reteired (12.16%), labour 5(6.755), teacher 4(5.41%) and others 8(10.81%). Significant difference of VAS score and DASH score between Group A and Group B was found at week 2 and Week 6 follow up (P&lt;0.05). Significant difference was found at week 2 and week 6 follow up (P&lt;0.05) regarding ROM (flexion, abduction, internal rotation, external rotation) in Group A than Group B. Conclusion: Present study shown that intra-articular corticosteroid injection was more effective to reduce pain, improve ROM and disability in adhesive capsulitis.