Anti-implantation Effect Research Articles

Phytochemical screening, molecular docking, antifertility investigations, and ADME potential of various extracts of Pandanus odoratissimus leaves.

The purpose of this study was to explore the molecular docking characteristics and antifertility impacts of petroleum ether extract (PEEPO) and chloroform (CHEPO) derived from Pandanus odoratissimus (PO) leaves. TriposSybyl-X 2.1 for molecular docking and Swiss ADME for ADME predictions were used. Antifertility activity was determined by using two invivo animal models, with a focus on estrogenic/antiestrogenic activity and anti-implantation effects. The findings showed that at different doses (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg), PEEPO had more anti-implantation effect than CHEPO. After taking either extract orally for up to 4,000 mg/kg, no acute toxicity was found. Furthermore, both extracts substantially raised blood oestrogen levels while lowering serum cholesterol and LDL levels, improving their antiimplantation and estrogenic activities, whether given alone or in combination with ethinyl estradiol. Molecular docking scores suggested strong interactions between phytochemicals in the extracts and estrogen receptors. ADME studies highlighted four phytochemicals present in PO leaves, showing high gastrointestinal absorption, blood-brain barrier permeability, and negative Log Kp values, indicating their potential as antifertility agents. The phytochemicals in both PEEPO and CHEPO demonstrated promising antifertility potential and interactions with estrogen receptors. Isolation of these phytochemicals could lead to the development of effective herbal antifertility formulations.

Fertility regulatory potential of Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre methanolic root extract in female albino mice: An insight into the phytochemicals present and role of the extract in contraception

People from some parts of the world traditionally depend on different herbal medicines for fertility regulation. The Mishing women of Assam, India have been using the dry root powder of Persicaria hydropiper for years as a birth control medicine. The present study was designed to investigate the chemical composition of methanolic extract from the dry roots of P. hydropiper as well as to study its anti-implantation effect. P. hydropiper roots were collected from paddy fields and the methanolic extract was prepared using dry powdered roots. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis of the methanolic root extract was performed for phytochemical analysis. The estrous cycle of the female mice was monitored by observation of the cells in the vaginal smear. The estrogenic and anti-implantation effect was observed using routine histological procedures with Haematoxylin & Eosin staining performed in mice. Total serum cholesterol level was also measured. The GCMS analysis revealed the presence of stigmasterol and 3-deoxyestradiol, which are known to possess antifertility properties. The extract (1000 mg/kg bodyweight dose) altered the duration and sequence of the estrous cycle of cyclic females with a prolonged metestrous of 2 days, followed by an early estrous. There was hyperplasia in the endometrial epithelium and even shedding of the same on high duration treatment on day 6. There was a significant (p < 0.05) rise in total cholesterol levels in the treated groups. The highest rise was observed in the day 1 group (from 67.91 ± 1.98 to 147.53 ± 3.20 mg/dl) while the lowest change was there in the day 2 group (from 78.76 ± 2.04 to 103.26 ± 2.34 mg/dl). The presence of compounds like stigmasterol and 3-deoxyestradiol with profound antifertility properties possibly has an influence on the molecular pathway for embryo implantation. The changes in uterine histoarchitecture in the form of uterine hyperplasia on treatment with the extract point out towards the effect of the estrogenic compounds. Such implantation preventing results provides support to the traditional belief and opens the door for new drug discovery for reproduction regulation. A detailed molecular study is necessary in this regard.

Reproductive toxicity of folpet through deregulation of calcium homeostasis in porcine trophectoderm and luminal epithelial cells during early pregnancy

Folpet, a fungicide, is utilized even in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. The LD50 of folpet in mammals, birds, and fish is relatively high. Recently, several negative effects of folpet on the respiratory system and cornea have been reported. However, there is no study on the negative effects of folpet on maternal–fetus interactions. In the present study, we used porcine trophectoderm (pTr) cells and porcine luminal epithelial (pLE) cells to investigate the toxic effects of folpet during implantation. Folpet treatment decreased cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis with cell cycle arrest. In addition, the ERK, JNK, and AKT signal pathways were activated by folpet treatment. Folpet treatment induced calcium overload in pTr and pLE cells mediating antimigratory and antiadhesive effects in both cell lines. Co-treatment with calcium chelates decreased the anti-implantation effect of folpet. Overall, our results demonstrated potential reproductive toxicity of folpet in pig.

Contraceptive Activity of Vitex doniana Stem Bark Methanol Extract in Female Albino Rats

Aims: The acceptability and accessibility of modern contraceptive drugs are limited especially in northern Nigeria. These contraceptives also have numerous side effects hence there is need to search for safe natural alternatives from medicinal plants. This research was aimed at evaluating the contraceptive effect of stem bark methanol extract of Vitex doniana in female albino rats.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Science, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology Aliero, Kebbi State, Nigeria. Between August 2019 to July 2020.&#x0D; Methodology: Vitex doniana stem bark was extracted with methanol and the extract was subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening. Acute toxicity (LD50) of V. doniana stem bark extract was determined using up and down method and anti-fertility effect was evaluated via (anti-ovulation, anti-implantation and serum hormonal assay).&#x0D; Results: The results for phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, glycoside, balsam and volatile oil. The LD50 of the extract was estimated to be greater than 5000 mg/kg as no mortality or any sign of toxicity are recorded within 14 days. The anti-fertility studies, methanol stem bark extract of Vitex doniana showed anti-ovulation activity through alteration of estrous cycle, changes in the histology of ovarian corpus luteum and decreasing number of follicles of extract treatment groups compared to control. Serum hormonal assay showed significant decrease (P&lt;0.05) in oestrogen and progesterone level respectively in the extract treated groups compared to control group. Also, anti-implantation effect was observed in drug treated group (levenogesterel) and group treated with 400 mg/kg of V. doniana stem bark as there was no evidence of conception.&#x0D; Conclusion: The present study revealed that methanol stem bark extract of Vitex doniana is relatively nontoxic at acute dose and possess a moderate amount of antifertility agent.

Does ulipristal acetate emergency contraception (ella®) interfere with implantation?

BackgroundUlipristal acetate (UPA) 30 mg (ella®, HRA-Pharma, Paris, France) acts as an emergency contraceptive (EC) by delaying ovulation. Because it is a selective progesterone receptor modulator, an additional effect on interfering with implantation has been suggested. ObjectiveThis review discusses the evidence for, and against, an anti-implantation effect of UPA-EC. Sources of evidencePrimary research on the effect of UPA, at a relevant dose, on endometrium, implantation, efficacy and pregnancy outcome. ResultsUPA-EC does not appear to have a direct effect on the embryo. Changes in endometrial histology are small and not consistent, varying among studies. While UPA-EC affects the profile of gene expression in human endometrium, the findings vary between studies, and it is not clear that these changes affect endometrial receptivity or prevent implantation. UPA at pharmacological concentrations does not appear to have any inhibitory effect on embryo attachment in in vitro systems of human endometrium. UPA-EC is not more effective at preventing pregnancy than chance alone if used after ovulation and does not increase miscarriage rates. ConclusionsAn anti-implantation effect of UPA is highly unlikely at the dose used for EC. Maintaining the warning on the FDA-approved label that “it may also work by preventing implantation to the uterus” might deter some women from using EC, leaving them no option to prevent unwanted pregnancy after unprotected sexual intercourse.

Phytochemical screening and anti-implantation activity of Asparagus africanus root extract in female Sprague–Dawley rats

Asparagus africanus Lam., Asparagaceae, is used traditionally as medicinal plant for treatment of various gastrointestinal disorders and for birth related applications. This study aimed to evaluate anti-implantation potential, screening for bioactive phytochemicals and to determine its toxicity. Thirty healthy rats were distributed into five groups (n = 6). Pregnant rats were orally administered vehicle and aqueous extract A. africanus at three different doses thrice daily for seven days. Misoprostol 300 µg/kg bw was used as positive control. All rats were laparotomized 24 h after the last dose and number of live fetuses, implantations and resorption sites were enumerated, and ovaries were harvested for histopathology. The phytochemical analysis was carried out using LC/MS. Acute toxicity was investigated, the animals were randomly grouped into five groups (n = 3); control, four different doses of aqueous extract A. africanus at a single dose treatment and rats were observed for 14 days. Prenatal study demonstrated that 300 mg/kg bw of extract and misoprostol were significantly increased the percentage of anti-implantation as compared to untreated rats. Histopathology of ovaries showed a dose dependent toxicity. LC/MS revealed the presence of steroidal saponins; asparasaponin II, sarsasapogenin, spirostans, and stigmasterol. The mean weight gain of rats treated with 2000 mg/kg bw of aqueous extract was significantly reduced (p = 0.032) compared to control group. In conclusion, the aqueous extract A. africanus has anti-implantation effect in female rats and is safe up to 2000 mg/kg bw. In addition, it contains some potential steroidal saponins, which could be used to explain its anti-implantation activity, however this finding needs further pharmacological studies to confirm the antifertility activities.

UPA and LNG in emergency contraception: the information by EMA and the scientific evidences indicate a prevalent anti-implantation effect

Rationale and objectives: Emergency contraceptives pills (ECPs) are described as drugs that work by either inhibiting or delaying ovulation without affecting implantation. In our opinion, as we aim at demonstrating, both EMA documents and the experimental papers indicate that they prevalently inhibit embryo-implantation.LNG-ECPs: literature: LNG-ECPs never prevent ovulation when are taken in the most fertile days (EMA-EPAR on ellaOne® p. 9, first table). Conversely, they prevent the formation of an adequate corpus luteum. When they are taken pre-ovulatory ovulations occur regularly, but pregnancies do not appear. Taken after ovulation, they seem ineffective in preventing pregnancies.UPA-ECPs: literature: EllaOne® prevents ovulation only when is taken in the first fertile day. Thereafter, its anti-ovulatory effect drops sharply and becomes insignificant (8%) 36 h before ovulation, in the most fertile days (Brache); its decreasing anti-ovulatory effect cannot explain a consistently high effectiveness in preventing pregnancies (≥80%) that does not decrease depending on which of the 5 d it is taken after unprotected intercourse. Besides, ovulation occurs regularly in 91.7% of women taking ellaOne® weekly, for eight consecutive weeks (EMA-CHMP-Assessment Report ‘EMA/73099/2015’: study HRA2914-554, p. 7). Lastly, Lira-Albarrán administered ellaOne® to women in the most fertile pre-ovulatory days: they had normal ovulation, but their endometrium, evaluated through samples obtained in the implantation window, became inhospitable: the expression of 1183 genes was exactly the opposite of that observed in the receptive pro-gestational endometrium. This agrees with information by EMA-CHMP-Assessment Report ‘EMEA/261787/2009’ (p. 8): after UPA administration ‘the proteins necessary to begin and maintain pregnancy are not synthesized’.Conclusions: Emergency Contraceptives work prevalently by preventing embryo-implantation. People shall receive correct information.

2-Methoxyoestradiol impairs mouse embryo implantation via F-spondin.

The anti-implantation effects of high oestradiol (E2) concentrations could be mediated by E2 metabolites. Herein, we examined whether 2-methoxyoestradiol (2ME) impairs embryo implantation via its target protein F-spondin. Mice on Day 3 of pregnancy were treated with E2 concomitantly with the cathecol-O-methyl transferase inhibitor OR486 and the number of implanted embryos was recorded 5 days later. The effect of 2ME or 4-methoxyoestradiol (4ME) on embryo implantation was also investigated. Plasma and uterine levels of 2ME were measured 0.5, 1 or 3h after E2 treatment while the mRNA for spondin 1 (Spon1) and F-spondin were determined in the uterus 3, 6, 12 or 24h after 2ME treatment. Finally, the effect of a neutralising F-spondin antibody on the anti-implantation effect of 2ME was explored. OR486 blocked the anti-implantation effect of E2; 2ME, but not 4ME, affected embryo implantation. The 2ME concentration was increased after 0.5 and 1h in plasma and 3h in uterine fluid following E2 treatment. 2ME increased levels of Spon1 at 12 and 24h although F-spondin was increased at 12h. F-spondin antibody blocked the effect of 2ME on embryo implantation. We conclude that 2ME impairs mouse embryo implantation via activation of F-spondin in the uterus.

ANTIFERTILITY ACTIVITY AND CONTRACEPTIVE POTENTIAL OF THE HYDROALCOHOLIC RHIZOME EXTRACT OF TRILLIUM GOVANIANUM IN FEMALE WISTAR RATS

Objective: Trillium govanianum is used in several traditional containing steroids and sex hormones for the management of inflammation, menstrual disorders, sex-related disorders, and antiseptic. The present study was aimed to investigate the antifertility potential of hydroalcoholic rhizome extract of T. govanianum and to explore the possible mechanism of action. Methods: Anti-implantation activity of T. govanianum rhizome extract (125 and 250 mg/kg; p.o.) was performed in female Wistar rats with proven fertility, and its estrogenic/antiestrogenic effect was evaluated in ovariectomized females. 17-α-ethinylestradiol (1 μg/rat/day; s.c.) or plant extract was administered for 11 days after which animals were sacrificed. Percentage inhibition of implantation sites, serum estrogen levels, changes in body and uterus weight, and morphological alterations in the uterus and ovaries were evaluated. Results: T. govanianum treatment resulted in increased uterus weight and induced dose-dependent anti-implantation effect, with 100% implantation inhibition at 250 mg/kg dose. Anti-implantation effects of T. govanianum were associated with endometrial thickening and significantly elevated serum estrogen levels. Moreover, estrogenic/antiestrogenic studies revealed that T. govanianum possessed strong estrogenic effect; however, the effect was saturable. Conclusion: T. govanianum possesses antifertility activity which can be attributed to its strong estrogenic potential and uterine thickening. Moreover, it could find a clinical application as a safer and efficacious birth control herbal remedy.

HANSRAJ (Adiantum capillus-veneris) -A REVIEW

Hansraj(Adiantum capillus-veneris) is an herbal plant used in Unanisystem of medicine since ancient time. Leaf, roots, stem of the plant are mainly used in the treatment ofkidney stone, diabetes, fungal infection, thyroid and respiratory disorder. This review article is presented to compose all the new information on its phytochemical and pharmacological activities. Studies indicate Hansraj(Adiantum capillus-veneris) possessesantioxidant, wound healing action, anti-microbial and anti-fungal, anti-diabetic, antipyretic activity, it is contraindicated in pregnancy due to its anti-implantation effect. Most common use of Hansraj (Adiantum capillus-veneris) in hair problem because it prevent from alopecia and dandruff. These results are very motivating and indicate this herb should be more explore to confirm these results and reveal other potential and protective effect. Clinical trials using Hansraj (Adiantum capillus-veneris) for a variety of conditions should also be conducted.&#x0D;

Molecular cues to the anti-implantation effect of nano-puerarin in rats.

Puerarin, a selective oestrogen receptor modulator, intercepts implantation in rats, albeit at unacceptably higher doses. We developed poly lactic-co-glycolic acid-encapsulated nano-puerarin (PN) and mapped the molecular pathway underlying its anti-implantation effects. Smooth-surfaced and spherical PN having a mean diameter of ∼147nm was obtained with good yield, efficient encapsulation, and optimum drug loading. In culture, PN slowly and steadily released puerarin, which was readily taken up by the decidual cells. PN exerted a dose-dependent anti-implantation effect. As marked by attenuated expression of stromal cell desmin, alkaline phosphatase, IGFBP1, and decidual prolactin-related protein, the anti-implantation effect of PN seemed secondary to compromised decidualization. Using in vivo (pregnant and pseudopregnant rats) and in vitro (endometrial stromal cell culture) treatment models, we document that PN enforced inhibition of uterine expression of Hbegf and Hoxa10 and their downstream signalling molecules, Cyclin D3 (CCND3)/CDK4. PN also efficiently ablated the Ihh-Nr2f2-Bmp2 signalling pathway and invited the loss of uterine potential for decidualization. There was a dose-dependent up-regulation of RHOA and its effector protein kinase, ROCK1, leading to the promotion of MLC phosphorylation and actin-myosin interaction. PN also down-regulated the stromal cell activation of ERK½ and expression of MMP9. These effects acting together stabilized the stroma and inhibited the stromal cell migration. Central to this array of events was the adversely altered endometrial expression of oestrogen receptor subtypes and repression of progesterone receptor that indulged endless proliferation of luminal epithelia and distorted the precisely choreographed stroma-epithelia crosstalk. Thus, PN dismantles the endometrial bed preparation and prevents implantation.

Lipoxin A4: The Double-edge Sword in Mice Pregnancy

To evaluate the role for LXA4 in the pregnancy. We detected the changes of LXA4 and LXA4 biosynthetic enzymes in the mice's pregnancy, blocked LXA4 signaling pathway, managed LXA4 level, and treated LPS-induced mouse abortion model to systematically determine how LXA4 impact pregnancy. The concentrations of LXA4 in serum and uterus were lowest on Days 4.5 of pregnancy and in labor as compared to Day 12.5 of pregnancy (270.2 ± 33.2, 277.5 ± 23.7 versus 457.1 ± 40.9 pg/mL). Inhibition of the LXA4 signaling pathway did not affect pregnancy during the peri-implantation period of pregnancy, but induced abortion when administered after implantation of blastocysts. High levels of LXA4 interfered with implantation, but protected mice from aborting in response to LPS. LXA4 might be involved in the process of pregnancy, and LXA4 might act as the double-edge sword in pregnancy: the anti-implantation effect in the stage of peri-implantation and the anti-abortion affect after blastocyst implantation.

Postcoital administration of asoprisnil inhibited embryo implantation and disturbed ultrastructure of endometrium in implantation window in mice

Asoprisnil, a member of the selective progesterone receptor modulators, exerts high progesterone receptor selectivity, endometrial targeted advantages and significant anti-implantation effect in rats. The purpose of this study was to confirm the anti-implantation effect of asoprisil, investigate the ultrastructural changes of the peri-implantation endometrium in mice and explore the effect of asoprisnil on endometrial receptivity and its targeted contraceptive proficiency. Post-coitus mice were administered with different dosages (0.2, 0.1, 0.05 mg·g(-1)·day(-1)) of asoprisnil from day 1 of pregnancy to day 3. Then 3 animals in each group were killed on day 5 of pregnancy, and uteri were collected to examine the ultrastructural changes of endometria under a transmission electron microscope (TEM). A total of 80 animals were sacrificed on day 8 of pregnancy, and the uterine horns were examined for the presence or absence of nidation sites and the number of implantation embryos. The results showed that the implantation rate and the average number of implantation embryos in asoprisnil groups were statistically significantly decreased as compared with the vehicle control group (P<0.05). The TEM results revealed that, in vehicle control group, the tight junction between the luminal epithelia cells was short and straight, the gap was wide; the luminal epithelia cells were covered with plenty of short, clavate and neatly arranged microvilli; the endometril stromal cells were large with plenty of cytoplasm, and showed significant decidual change; there was more than one nucleus in stromal cells, and the karyotheca was integrity. In low dosage and high dosage asoprisnil groups, the tight junction was longer and more curve than in the vehicle control group; microvilli were uneven and asymmetrically distributed in luminal epithelia; the stromal cells were small and the decidual change was not significant; there were karyopyknosis and karyolysis in stromal cells; there were abnormal thick-wall vessels in the endometrium. It was suggested that asoprisnil changed the ultrastructure of the endometrium in implantation window, disturbed the endometrial receptivity and finally resulted in embryo implantation failure.

Spermicidal and Post-Coital Anti-Fertility Activity of Vitex Negundo Stem Bark

Four successive extracts of Vitex negundo stem bark were evaluated for spermicidal and post-coital anti-fertility activity in Swiss male albino mice and female albino Swiss wistar rats, respectively. The petroleum ether, chloroform, and methanol extracts at 20 mg.mL−1 showed significant reduction in motility and viability of sperms in in vitro studies. These extracts were evaluated for spermicidal activity in male mice. All the extracts at a dose of 200 mg.kg−1 body weight showed androgenic effect. Anti-implantation effect of petroleum ether, chloroform, and methanol extracts at 200 mg.kg−1 body weight (b.w.) was observed in the female rats. The estrogenic effect of extracts was supported by histological changes in the uterus of immature female albino rats.

Arnebia preventing the expression of Muc1 protein decrease results in anti-implantation in early pregnant mice

Background The study was designed to explore the relationship between the anti-implantation activity of arnebia and the expression of Muc1 protein in the endometrium of early pregnant mice. Study design The aqueous extract of arnebia was administered to mice on Days 1–4 postcoitum, and the mice were sacrificed to asses the implantation rate on Day 8 postcoitum. On the night of Day 4 postcoitum and on the morning of Day 5 postcoitum, the treated mice were sacrificed to study the influence on endometrium. The extract of arnebia was administered to mice on Days 11–14 postcoitum, and the mice were sacrificed to asses abortion on Day 18 postcoitum. The reversible effect of arnebia on mice was also studied. Results The endometrium in the experimental group exhibited morphological changes compared with that in the control group. The expression of Muc1 protein was increased with the increasing doses of arnebia, while in control group, it increased a little. The experiments of pseudopregnancy and normal mice show the identical expression of Muc1. The anti-implantation effect of arnebia was reversible. Conclusion The arnebia may prevent embryo implantation by inhibiting the decrease of the Muc1 protein.

Anti-implantation effect of 2-[piperidinoethoxyphenyl]-3-[4-hydroxyphenyl]-2H-benzo(b)pyran, a potent antiestrogenic agent in rats

To investigate the anti-implantation effect and hormonal profile of 2-[piperidinoethoxyphenyl]-3-[4-hydroxyphenyl]-2H-benzo(b)pyran (K-1) in rats. In vivo assays for anti-implantation activity were performed in pregnant rats. Assays for estrogenicity/antiesrogenicity were performed in immature ovariectomized female rats. In vitro competitive binding of K-1 to human recombinant ERα, transient transfection assay using ERE-luciferase reporter, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity as a measure of estrogenicity and/antiestrogenicity in human endometrial carcinoma cells were performed. Research laboratory. Adult female rats for anti-implantation activity, immature ovariectomized female rats, and immature castrated/intact male rats. None. Number of implantations, uterine growth, luciferase reporter activity, ER binding affinity, and ALP activity. Compound K-1 given orally for 1-7 days post coitum at the dose of 100 μg/kg body weight prevented pregnancy in 100% of rats. K-1 was a potent antiestrogenic, and at 50 μg/kg, it could inhibit the effect of 1 μg E(2) in immature rats. Compound was devoid of uterotrophic, androgenic, or antigonadotropic activity. A high affinity binding to ERα was displayed by K-1, with a relative binding affinity of 5% of E(2). In human endometrial carcinoma cells, K-1 did not induce ERα-mediated transcriptional activation that is measured as luciferase reporter activity. K-1 antagonized the E-induced transcriptional activation significantly. K-1 also antagonized E-induced ALP activity in human endometrial cells. K-1 appeared to exert its antifertility action by virtue of its strong antiestrogenic activity.

Antiovulatory and Anti-Implantation Potential of the Methanolic Extract of Seeds of Abrus Precatorius in the Rat

To investigate the effect of the methanolic extract of seeds of Abrus precatorius on the estrous cycle, ovulation, and implantation of fetuses in Sprague-Dawley rats. Cyclic female rats were randomly classified into 4 groups (A through D). Treated rats in group A had daily vaginal smears for a total of 64 consecutive days while being fed A precatorius extract for the first 32 of those days. Treated rats in group B received a single oral dose of the extract on the day of proestrus and were killed the following morning so that shed ova could be counted. Treated rats in group C received A precatorius extract from postcoital day 1 to 10 and were killed on day 12 to assess for anti-implantation effect, whereas the treated dams in group D received the extract from the 6th to the 19th day of gestation. The control animals in all 4 groups received an equal volume of distilled water. The methanolic extract of A precatorius caused a reversible disruption in the estrous cycle of the regularly cyclic rats and completely blocked ovulation in all the treated rats. Despite successful mating of the female rats with male rats of proven fertility, uterine dissection on postcoital day 12 revealed neither implantation nor resorption sites in all the animals treated with A precatorius. The extract of A precatorius caused a decrease in mean body weight, mean crown-rump length, and mean tail length of fetuses of the treated rats. There is a need to continue the search for new antifertility agents that have minimal side effects and widespread acceptability in addition to being reversible, affordable, and accessible. In this study, methanolic extract of A precatorius seeds caused reversible alterations in the estrous cycle pattern and completely blocked ovulation in Sprague-Dawley rats. In addition, the extract demonstrated anti-implantation activity and the potential to affect gross fetal morphometry in rats.

ACTIVITY TEST OF GUAVA (&lt;i&gt;Psidium guajava&lt;/i&gt; L.) LEAF METHANOL EXTRACT AS CONTRACEPTION ANTIFERTILITY TO WHITE MICE (&lt;i&gt;Rattus norvegicus&lt;/i&gt;)

The aim of this research is to know about if the guava (Psidium guajava L.) leaf methanol extract on 10.5 mg/mL and 21.0 mg/mL dossages indicate a positive test as contraception antifertility to white mice (Rattus norvegicus). The sample is guava leaf from Mungkid, Magelang Central of Java Indonesia. The animals experiment are the white mice on 140-300 g for female, 200-250 g for male and about 3 months of age in average. The steps of this research are : (1) preparing sample, i.e. washing, drying on to indirect sunlight and make the sample into powder, (2) isolation the guava leaf powder in soxhlet instrument with hexane, (3) evaporation the sample with rotary evaporator until guava leaf hexane extract produced, (4) maseration the sample with methanol, (5) evaporation the sample with rotary evaporator until guava leaf methanol extract produced, (6) conducting contraception antifertility activity test to guave leaf methanol extract on 10.5 mg/mL and 21.0 mg/mL dossages to mice white. The results of this research are guava leaf methanol extract on 10.5 mg/mL and 21.0 mg/mL dossages indicate a negative contraception antifertility test to white mice but in these dossages have indicated that an antiimplantation effect (the total natality of fetus is less than the total implantation site in mice white). Keywords: Guava leaf, contraseption antifertility, methanol extract, white mice, implantation

Penelitian Antiimplantasi Ekstrak Etanol Daging Buah Burahol (Stelechocarpus burahol Hook F. &amp; Thomson) Pada Tikus Putih

We examined antiimplantation effect of ethanol extract from ripening burahol flesh (Stelechocarpus burahol Hook f. & Thomson) using doses 1g and 0.5g per Kg Body Weight (BW) on White Female Rats Wistar Strain. The ethanol extract was given orally on daily basis from diestrus phase until 7th day of pregnancy. Two parameter used in this investigation were number of implants and number of born fetus. The fetus were examined by observing their morphology to identify the existence of teratogenic effect. The result showed that the two doses reduced both the number of implants and born fetus significantly. In addition, the burahol flesh as an antifertility agent has two functions: as antiimplantation and abortifacient. Lastly morphological examination on the fetus did not show any teratogenic effect. Keywords: Burahol (Stelechocarpus burahol Hook f. & Thomson), antiimplantation.

English

&nbsp; This study was aimed at evaluating&nbsp;Graptophyllum pictum&nbsp;aqueous extract (GPAE) and ethanol extract (GPEE)&nbsp;in vitro&nbsp;for oxytocic and&nbsp;in vivo&nbsp;for anti-implantation activities. The oxytocic screening of the extracts was carried out on the isolated strip of gravid rat uterus in mid pregnancy and was compared with the activity of an agonist drug, oxytocin. GPEE exhibited oxytocic activity which is comparable to oxytocin while GPAE was found to reduce the normal contraction of the uterine strip. The anti-implantation investigation was done using three groups of eight week old virgin female Sprague-Dawley albino rats (eight rats/group). A selected dose (400 mg/kg) of GPEE was orally administered to a group of the rats. The same dose of GPAE was similarly administered to another group while the vehicle of administration (distilled water) was similarly administered to the third group as control. All administrations started on day one of pregnancy and were given daily for seven days. The rats were sacrificed on day 10 of pregnancy. Presence of foetus, implantation sites and number of corporal lutea in the autopsied rats were recorded and used to calculate the percentage anti-implantation effect. GPEE, GPAE and distilled water have percentage anti-implantation value of 93.8 &plusmn; 9.1, 16.8 &plusmn; 8.5 and 3.9 &plusmn; 5.4, respectively. The results support the use of this plant in folkloric medicine as a delivery aid and also suggest that the plant can be used very early in pregnancy as a contraceptive.&nbsp; &nbsp; Key words:&nbsp;Anti-implantation, oxytocic,&nbsp;Graptophyllum pictum, contraceptive.