anti-HIV Activity Research Articles

Synthesis and Anti-HIV Activity of Poly-Heterocyclic Compounds Containing Quinoline Moiety

Synthesis and Anti-HIV Activity of Poly-Heterocyclic Compounds Containing Quinoline Moiety

Properties of some bee products (pollen, roe milk and bee venom), apitherapy and their effects on Covid-19

The new type of coronavirus infection (COVID-19), caused by coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has led to a world pandemic due to severe acute respiratory syndrome. In addition to drug and vaccine studies for COVID-19, studies on various foods maintain to increase immunity and alternative treatment, and in this context, bee products are also being researched. Although many studies are showing that bee products have antimicrobial properties and immune-enhancing effects, there are limited studies on the effectiveness of these products against coronavirus. Some peptides in royal jelly are reported to be potent antibacterial and antifungal agents that may be beneficial for avoiding co-infections in COVID-19 patients. Positive results have been found Pollen, a fine and powder-like substance produced by flowering plants and collected by bees, in many studies investigating the effects of pollen on health such as antimicrobial, antiviral and anti-inflammatory. Bee venom; It is a yellowish-colored, bitter-sweet, pungent-smelling substance that is produced in the venom sac of bees, normally in liquid form, but dries up and crystallizes after contact with air. Melittin, the primary component of bee venom having more than 40 biologically and pharmacologically active compounds including phospholipase A2, histamine, epinephrine, free amino acids, peptide and apamin, has been stated to have antitumor, antimicrobial, anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) secreted from bee and snake venom is known to have strong anti-HIV activities. Melittin, phosphorylase A2 and hyaluronidan, which are the most significant components of bee venom, constitute 50% of bee venom. Moreover, researches on the relationship between bee venom and COVID-19 are limited. The target of this review is to bring together the studies on the health effects of royal jelly, bee pollen and bee venom, and to contribute to the existing studies.

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 5'-O-Fatty Acyl Ester Derivatives of 3'-Fluoro-2',3'-dideoxythymidine as Potential Anti-HIV Microbicides.

A number of 5′-O-fatty acyl derivatives of 3′-fluoro-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine (FLT, 1) were synthesized. These conjugates were evaluated for their potential as topical microbicides with anti-HIV activity against cell-free (X4 and R5), cell-associated, and multidrug-resistant viruses. Compared to FLT and 3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine (AZT), 5′-O-(12-azidododecanoyl) (5), 5′-O-myristoyl (6), and 5′-O-(12-thioethyldodecanoyl) (8) derivatives of FLT were found to be more active against both cell-free viruses (lymphocytotropic and monocytotropic strains) with EC50 values of 0.4 μM, 1.1 μM, and <0.2 μM, respectively, as well as cell-associated virus with EC50 values of 12.6, 6.4, and 2.3 μM, respectively. Conjugates 5, 6, and 8 exhibited >4 and >30 times better antiviral index than FLT and AZT, respectively. Conjugates 5 and 8 were significantly more potent than FLT against many multidrug-resistant strains. A comparison of the anti-HIV activity with the corresponding non-hydrolyzable ether conjugates suggested that ester hydrolysis to FLT and fatty acids is critical to enable anti-HIV activity. Cellular uptake studies were conducted using fluorescent derivatives of FLT attached with 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein through either β-alanine (23) or 12-aminododecanoic acid (24) spacers. The lipophilic fluorescent analog with a long chain (24) showed more than 12 times higher cellular uptake profile than the fluorescent analog with a short chain (23). These studies further confirmed that the attachment of fatty acids improved the cellular uptake of nucleoside conjugates. In addition, 5, 6, and 8 were the least cytotoxic and did not alter vaginal cell and sperm viability compared to the positive control, a commercial topical spermicide (N-9), which significantly decreased sperm and vaginal cell viability inducing the generation of proinflammatory cytokines.

Oxadiazole: A highly versatile scaffold in drug discovery.

As a pharmacologically important heterocycle, oxadiazole paved the way to combat the problem associated with the confluence of many commercially available drugs with different pharmacological profiles. The present review focuses on the potential applications of five-membered heterocyclic oxadiazole derivatives, especially 1,2,4-oxadiazole, 1,2,5-oxadiazole, and 1,3,4-oxadiazole, as therapeutic agents. Designing new hybrid molecules containing the oxadiazole moiety is a better solution for the development of new drug molecules. The designed molecules may accumulate a biological profile better than those of the drugs currently available on the market. The present review will guide the way for researchers in the field of medicinal chemistry to design new biologically active molecules based on the oxadiazole nucleus. Antitubercular, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, anti-HIV, antibacterial, and anticancer activities of various oxadiazoles have been reviewed extensively here.

Biosynthesis and optimization of highly stable gold nanoparticles, nanoconjugates, nanodrug conjugates and chitosan nanoconjugates using medicinal plants

BackgroundIn the present study, the medicinal plants were exclusively selected based on their significant anti-HIV and anticancer activities. The green synthesis of gold nanoparticles was carried out using the 15 medicinal plant extracts on reduction with chloroauric acid. The present study also focused on a novel pharmacognostic approach over the usage of plants source. The nanoparticle synthesized through medicinal plants possessed the potential therapeutic properties of the plants. The resultant nanoparticle carried the attributes of a nanomaterial alongside the phytoactivity.ResultsInitially, individual nanoparticle (NP) was synthesized through a single plant extract and studied for its effective anti-HIV and anticancer activity. Finally, a nanoconjugate (NC) comprising of the 3 extracts (trio extract) in one nanoparticle was synthesized. The nanoparticles which exhibited comparatively high anti-HIV and anticancer activity were chosen for the synthesis of nanoconjugate, thereby achieving a synergistic anticancer and anti-HIV activity. Further, a nanodrug conjugate (NDC) was prepared in combination of AuNPs and the chemotherapeutic drug, doxorubicin (Dox) for cancer and AuNPs with antiretroviral drug azidothymidine (AZT) for HIV.ConclusionsA nanodrug conjugate helps to enhance the efficiency of the drug. The nanodrug conjugate brings about a combinatorial effect of the nanomaterials and the drug. Further, a biocompatible nanocarrier was developed as a conjugate with chitosan and gold nanoparticles using STPP as gelating agent for the drug doxorubicin. The synthesis reaction was optimized under various underlying parameters. The gold nanoparticles proved to be stable at high temperature and different buffers and ensured to be a safe option for bioassays and in vivo applications. Upon storing the synthesized AuNPs at different storage conditions, the nanoparticles were observed to be highly stable for a period of more than 48 months. The present study resulted in biosynthesis of highly stable gold nanoparticles using medicinal plant extracts as reducing and stabilizing agents.

C3-Symmetric Aromatic Core of Griffithsin Is Essential for Potent Anti-HIV Activity.

Lectins, carbohydrate-binding proteins of nonimmune origin, bind to carbohydrates and glycan shields present on the surfaces of cells and viral spike proteins. Lectins thus hold great promise as therapeutic and diagnostic proteins, exemplified by their potent antiviral activities and the desire to engineer synthetic carbohydrate receptors based on lectin recognition principles. Here, we describe a new carbohydrate-binding architectural motif─namely, a C3-symmetric tyrosine-based aromatic core, present in the therapeutic lectin griffithsin (GRFT). By using structure-based amino acid substitutions, X-ray crystallography, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and HIV-1 neutralization assays, we show that this core is critical for potent (pM) antiviral activity and nanomolar binding to the glycan shield largely consisting of high mannose glycans. Crystal structures and MD simulations show that CH-π interactions stabilize the aromatic cluster to maintain the three pseudo-symmetric carbohydrate-binding sites, nonaromatic amino acid substitutions (Tyr to Ala) abrogate antiviral activity, and increasing the aromatic CH-π edge-to-centroid interface via a Tyr to Trp substitution yields a GRFT variant with improved potency and increased residence time of Man-9 observed in MD simulations. NMR titrations of a Tyr-to-Ala variant indicate that disruption of the aromatic prevents the intermolecular crosslinking between two equivalents of Man-9 and one carbohydrate-binding face observed in wild-type GRFT and known to be critical for picomolar potency of this lectin. This C3-symmetric aromatic core defines a new recognition motif for the design of carbohydrate receptors and suggests principles for engineering known lectins to have increased affinity and stability.

Design, synthesis and biological activity of 4-amino-5-(Benzimidazole-1-yl) triazole

Triazoles are an important class of nitrogen containing heterocycles, because many of them exhibit interesting biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, antifungal, anticancer,anti-TB, analgesic and hypoglycemic. Sulfur-linked 1,2,4-triazoles represent an important group in lead compound discovery. Many bioactive sulfur-linked 1,2,4-triazole have been reported, such as antibacterial activity, antitumor activity, anti-HIV activity, anti-TMV (tobacco mosaic virus) activity, and so on. We report Synthesis and Biological activity of 4-amino-5-(Benzimidazole-1-yl) Triazole.

Design, synthesis, and bio-evaluation of novel triterpenoid derivatives as anti-HIV-1 compounds

Two betulinic acid derivatives, RPR103611 (2) and IC9564 (3) were previously reported to be potent HIV-1 entry inhibitors. In this current study, a SAR study of the triterpenoid moiety of 2 and 3 has been performed and an oleanolic acid derivative (4) was identified as a novel HIV-1 entry inhibitor. In addition, the combination of 4 with several-type of HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies provided significant synergistic effects. The synthetic utility of the CC double bond in the C-ring of 4 was also demonstrated to develop the 12-keto-type oleanolic acid derivative (5) as a potent anti-HIV compound. This simple transformation led to a significantly increased anti-HIV activity and a reduced cytotoxicity of the compound.

One-Pot Synthesis of Novel Hydrazono-1,3-Thıazolıdın-4-One Derivatives as Anti-HIV and Anti-Tubercular Agents: Synthesıs, Bıologıcal Evaluatıon, Molecular Modelling and Admet Studıes

The necessity for newer anti-HIV and anti-tubercular medications has arisen as a result of the prevalence of opportunistic infections caused by HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). A series of ten new hydrazono 1,3-thiazolidin-4-one derivatives were synthesized in one-pot and evaluated for anti-HIV and anti-tubercular activities. Molecular Docking was accomplished with HIV-1 reverse transcriptase protein (PDB ID: 1REV) and Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) H37Rv protein (PDB ID: 2YES) receptors along with drug-likeness and ADMET properties. One-pot synthesis of hydrazono 1,3-thiazolidin-4-one derivatives was carried out by ketones, thiosemicarbazide and ethylchloroacetate with the catalyst of anhydrous sodium acetate. All the synthesized compounds were characterized and evaluated for their in-vitro anti-HIV and also evaluated for their in-vitro anti-tubercular activity against M. tuberculosis H37Rv. In-silico predicted physicochemical parameters were done by MedChem DesignerTM software version 5.5 and ADMET parameters by pkCSM online tool. Furthermore, molecular docking was performed with pyrx 0.8 by autodock vina software. All the synthesized compounds were characterized and evaluated for their in-vitro anti- HIV activity for inhibition of syncytia formation, which shows KTE1 with EC50 47.95 μM and Selectivity Index (SI) of >4.17 and for inhibition of p24 antigen production EC50 was found to be 80.02 μM and SI of >2.49. The compounds were also evaluated for their in-vitro anti-tubercular activity against M. tuberculosis H37Rv, in which KTE1 MIC values of 12.5μg/ml with SI of >4.0 and cytotoxicity against Vero cell lines. In-silico predicted physicochemical parameters for synthesized compounds which were found to be drug-like. Furthermore, docking has shown a good dock score and binding energy with anti-HIV and anti-tubercular receptors. From the novel synthesized molecules, none of the molecule is as effective as standards for anti-HIV and anti-tubercular drugs and hence can be further explored for its potential activities. Furthermore, derivatization was made to achieve more potent compounds for anti-HIV and anti-tubercular drugs.

Metagenomic-Metabolomic Mining of Kinema, a Naturally Fermented Soybean Food of the Eastern Himalayas.

Kinema is a popular sticky fermented soybean food of the Eastern Himalayan regions of North East India, east Nepal, and south Bhutan. We hypothesized that some dominant bacteria in kinema may contribute to the formation of targeted and non-targeted metabolites for health benefits; hence, we studied the microbiome–metabolite mining of kinema. A total of 1,394,094,912 bp with an average of 464,698,304 ± 120,720,392 bp was generated from kinema metagenome, which resulted in the identification of 47 phyla, 331 families, 709 genera, and 1,560 species. Bacteria (97.78%) were the most abundant domain with the remaining domains of viruses, eukaryote, and archaea. Firmicutes (93.36%) was the most abundant phylum with 280 species of Bacillus, among which Bacillus subtilis was the most dominant species in kinema followed by B. glycinifermentans, B. cereus, B. licheniformis, B. thermoamylovorans, B. coagulans, B. circulans, B. paralicheniformis, and Brevibacillus borstelensis. Predictive metabolic pathways revealed the abundance of genes associated with metabolism (60.66%), resulting in 216 sub-pathways. A total of 361 metabolites were identified by metabolomic analysis (liquid chromatography-mass spectrophotometry, LC-MS). The presence of metabolites, such as chrysin, swainsonine, and 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine (anticancer activity) and benzimidazole (antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-HIV activities), and compounds with immunomodulatory effects in kinema supports its therapeutic potential. The correlation between the abundant species of Bacillus and primary and secondary metabolites was constructed with a bivariate result. This study proves that Bacillus spp. contribute to the formation of many targeted and untargeted metabolites in kinema for health-promoting benefits.

A Review on Medicinally Important Heterocyclic Compounds

Heterocyclic compounds account for the most prominent and diverse class of organic compounds. A significant number of heterocyclic compounds have been synthesized up to this point. Heterocyclic compounds are rapidly increasing in number due to extensive synthetic research and also their synthetic utility. Such compounds have a wide range of uses in the field of medicinal chemistry. Dyestuff, sanitizers, corrosion inhibitors, antioxidants, and copolymer synthesis are additional well-known applications. There are always distinguishing characteristics of an efficient approach for producing newly discovered heterocyclic compounds and their moieties. According to prior research, more than 90% of medicines containing heterocyclic compounds have been developed after the obtainment of a thorough scientific grasp of the biological system. It was discovered in the neoteric developments of heterocyclic compounds that these play a vital role in curative chemistry, and exert anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antiallergic, antibacterial, anti-HIV, antiviral, anti-convulsant, and other biological activities. The present article provides detailed information regarding such heterocyclic compounds.

Organotropic dendrons with high potency as HIV-1, HIV-2 and EV-A71 cell entry inhibitors

We have recently described a novel family of compounds of reduced size and dual anti-HIV and anti-EV71 activity that encompasses tripodal and tetrapodal derivatives. The tripodal prototype, AL-470, has a nitro group at the focal point of the central scaffold and three attached tryptophan residues, each of which bearing an isophthaloyl moiety at the C2 position of the indole ring. A nitro to amino substitution has allowed us now to introduce a chemically addressable functionality to perform further structural modifications consisting of both direct and linker-mediated attachment of several aromatic groups, including the fluorescent dye Alexa Fluor 647 and the antibody-recruiting 2,4-dinitrophenyl motif. Some of the derivatives turned out to be more potent and selective than AL-470 against HIV-1, HIV-2 and EV-A71. The fluorescent probe demonstrated a specific tropism for intestines and lungs, two important niches for the human microbiome in health and disease.

Hirshfeld Surface Analysis, DFT Calculations And Molecular Docking Studies Of 2-Amino-N-(2-Fluorophenyl)-4,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-1-Benzothiophene-3-Carboxamide

Thiophene is a heterocyclic compound having pharmacological properties. In medicine, its derivates shows anti-HIV and anti-cancer activities. Benzothiophene derivatives exhibits various biological activities like antibacterial and antifungal characteristics. Intermolecular interactions were studied using the Hirshfeld surface analysis and it shows that H-H contacts have 47.3% and H-C contacts have 16.3% contribution. In addition, the molecular structure was optimized using density functional theory with B3LYP hybrid functional method. The UV-Visible spectrum shows strong absorption peak at 306.0 nm. NBO analysis reveals inter and intra molecular hydrogen bonding and hyperconjugative interactions accountable for the stability of molecular structure. The molecular docking studies were performed using AutoDock 4.2 tool. The ligand molecule (1a) docked with protein target 3FDN having binding energy of -07.2 kJ per mol with a ligand efficiency of -0.36.

Catalyst-Free α-Alkylation-α-Hydroxylation of Oxindole with Alcohols.

3-Alkyl-3-hydroxyoxindoles, a subclass of oxindole products, have antioxidant, neuroprotective, anticancer, and anti-HIV activities. In this study, a green and economical protocol for the synthesis of 3-alkyl-3-hydroxyoxindoles is developed for the first time via α-alkylation-α-hydroxylation of oxindole with benzyl alcohols without using any transition-metal catalysts in yields of 29-93%.

ФАКТОР РЕСТРИКЦИИ ВИЧ APOBEC3G И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ЕГО ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ В ГЕННОЙ ТЕРАПИИ ВИЧ-ИНФЕКЦИИ

The mechanisms for the protection of the human body from viral or bacterial agents are extremely diverse. In one such mechanism, an important role belongs to the cytidine deaminase APOBEC3 family, which is the factor of congenital immunity and protects the organism from numerous viral agents. One of the proteins of this family, APOBEC3G, is able to protect against Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 in the absence of viral protein Vif. In turn, Vif opposes APOBEC3G action, causing polyubiquity of the protein and degradation in the proteasome. The review describes possible ways to increase the anti-HIV activity of APOBEC3G, giving it resistance to viral protein Vif, as well as potential approaches to the use of modified APOBEC3G in gene therapy for HIV.

In silico design, synthesis and anti-HIV activity of quinoline derivatives as non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)

A series of quinoline derivatives has been designed, synthesized and screened for their anti-HIV properties. The drug-like properties of compounds were evaluated first and then molecular docking using DS v20.1.0.19295 software showed that the compounds behaved as non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) while interacting at the allosteric site of target HIV-RT protein (PDB:3MEC). The docking results revealed that all compounds formed hydrogen bonds with Lys101, Lys103, Val179, Tyr188, Gln190, Gly190, Pro225, Phe227, and Tyr318, and showed π-interaction with Tyr188 and Tyr318. TOPKAT (Toxicity Prediction by Komputer Assisted Technology) results confirmed that the compounds were found to be less toxic than the reference drugs. Density functional theory (DFT) analysis was performed to assess the binding affinity of all compounds. Further, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed on compound 6 and delavirdine with HIV-RT enzyme. Comprehensive MD analyses showed a similar pattern of conformational stability and flexibility in both the complexes suggesting alike inhibitory action. The hydrogen-bonding interactions and the binding energy of active-site residues for the compound 6 complex revealed strong inhibitory activity than the reference (delavirdine) complex. Thus, the compound 6 might act as a potential inhibitor against HIV-RT. Overall, this study revealed that compound 6 (5-hydroxy-N-(4-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-8-yl) thiophene-2-sulfonamide) has prudent anti-HIV activity against both HIV-1 (SI = 2.65) and HIV-2 (SI = 2.32) that can further be utilised in drug discovery against HIV virus.

A REVIEW ON ANTICANCER ACTIVITIES OF NOVEL DIHYDRO PYRIMIDINONES / THIONES DERIVATIVES

Dihydropyrimidinones and thiones are a significant class of organic as well as heterocyclic compounds synthesized by cyclo condensation reaction, called Biginelli reaction that was reported for the first time by Italian chemist Pietro Biginelli in 1893. The synthesis of dihydropyrimidinones and thiones involve one pot multicomponent reaction (MCR) of various aldehydes, β- ketoester and urea or thiourea. Now, the dihydropyrimidinones and thiones have emerged as one of the most advantaged medicinal pharmacophores as they appear as an important structural part in many naturally occurring and synthetically prepared medicinal drugs. It possesses wide spectrum of biological activities like antitubercular, Anti-malarial, anticancer, anti-HIV activity, analgesic, antiepileptic, CNS activity, anti-inflammatory, calcium and potassium channel blocker [2], antihypertensive agents [3], α-la-antagonist [4], antioxidants [6] and neuropeptide Y (NPY) antagonists.[7]

Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamic Studies, Synthesis, Characterisation of Thiazolidine-4-One Derivatives

Background: Antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antitubercular, anti-HIV, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and ulcerogenic activities have all been documented for thiazolidine derivatives. Molecular docking has become a crucial step in the drug discovery process, with the goal of predicting the binding mechanism and affinity of the protein-ligand complex. AutoDock is a popular non-commercial docking tool that successfully docks ligands to their target proteins (accurate and computationally fast). The Discovery Studio Visualizer is a free viewer that may be used to open data produced by other Discovery Studio tools.&#x0D; Aim: The main aim of this study is:&#x0D; &#x0D; To study the molecular docking and molecular dynamic studies of the different thiazolidine derivatives.&#x0D; To synthesise the compound based on the results produced in the molecular dynamics and molecular studies.&#x0D; To Characterise the synthesised compounds using FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and Mass Spectral studies.&#x0D; &#x0D; Procedure: In two phases, a new series of Thiazolidine-4-one derivatives was created. The production of Schiff base is the first step, followed by the condensation of Schiff base with Chloro acetyl chloride and subsequent cyclisation steps. FTIR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and Mass Spectroscopy were used to characterise the chemical structures of the produced compounds.&#x0D; 1BVR protein that was taken from the protein database website&#x0D; The structures were drawn using Chem draw Ultra 8.0 and Biovia draw 2018. Using the Smiles Online Translator, it was stored in Mol format and then converted to PDB format. The Cygwin toolings were used to log all of the files.&#x0D; Conclusion: The conformation was computed using a ranking system. This indicates whether the molecule has strong ligand binding energy, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic interaction with the receptor. According to the findings, thiazolidine-4-one derivatives have antitubercular efficacy when used in conjunction with the Enoyl-acyl carrier protein (enoyl-ACP) reductase enzyme.&#x0D; For the docking analysis it indicates if the compound has strong ligand binding energy, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic binding with the receptor shows good activity. Using Auto dock 4.2 it was found out that among the above 20 compounds (including the control compound), C2, C5, C6, C8, C11. C13, C15 and C17 directly bind with the functional domain (Casein kinase II phosphorylation site) of the amino acid (252 to 255). The above compounds bind at the 252nd position of the Chain C, where Alanine is present (The target protein, 1BVR () contains ABCDEF chains).

Synthesis, Characterisation and Evaluation of Azetidine-2-One Derivative

Antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antitubercular, anti-HIV, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and ulcerogenic activities have all been documented for azetidinone derivatives.&#x0D; The reaction of Schiff base((Z)-N (4-dimethylamino)benzylidene)pyrimidine-2-amine) with chloroacetyl chloride yielded a novel chemical called Azetdine-2-one derivative. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy were used to confirm the chemical structures of the produced substances. The antimicrobial activity shows that the compound showed mild Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

Two cationic meso-thiophenium porphyrins and their zinc-complexes as anti-HIV-1 and antibacterial agents under non-photodynamic therapy (PDT) conditions

The anti-HIV-1 and antimicrobial activities of novel cationic meso-thiophenium porphyrins and their zinc-complex are reported under in vitro non-photodynamic (PDT) conditions. While all the cationic porphyrins led to the inhibition of de novo virus infection, the Zn(II)-complexes of T2(OH)2M (A2B2-type) and T(OH)3M (AB3-type) displayed potent inhibition of HIV-1 entry with T2(OH)2MZn displaying maximal anti-HIV activity. The Zinc complex of both the thiophenium porphyrins T2(OH)2M and T(OH)3M also depicted antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and more prominently against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923). Again, the antibacterial activity was more potent for T2(OH)2MZn. Our study highlighted that the presence of two thiophenium groups at the meso-positions of the A2B2-type porphyrins along with zinc strongly enhanced anti-HIV and antimicrobial properties of these novel thiophenium porphyrins under non-PDT conditions.